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Chapter 07 - Genetic Linkage and Mapping in Eukaryotes
Concepts of Genetics 2nd Edition Brooker

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Chapter 07
Genetic Linkage and Mapping in Eukaryotes
Multiple Choice Questions
1. (p. 132) Which of the following defines gene linkage?

A. Two or more genes that are physically connected on a chromosome.
B. Genes that are transmitted to the next generation as a group.
C. The process by which genetic information is exchanged between homologous
chromosomes.
D. All of these choices are correct.
E. Both two or more genes that are physically connected on a chromosome and genes that are
transmitted to the next generation as a group.
Genetic linkage, or simply linkage, is the phenomenon in which genes that are close together
on the same chromosome tend to be transmitted as a unit. For this reason, linkage has an
influence on inheritance patterns.
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 07.01.01 Define genetic linkage.
Section: 07.01
Topic: Overview of Linkage
7-1
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
2. (p. 133) Assume that genes C and D are located on the same chromosome. On one
chromosome alleles C and D are found, while the homologue contains alleles c and d. Which
of the following would be an example of a recombination event?
A. alleles C and D together on one chromosome
B. alleles c and d together on one chromosome
C. alleles C and d together on one chromosome
D. alleles c and D together on one chromosome
E. both alleles C and d together on one chromosome and alleles c and D together on one
chromosome
See Figure 7.2 for a pictorial representation of the consequence of recombination.
Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate

Learning Outcome: 07.02.01 Describe how crossing over can change the arrangements of alleles along a chromosome.
Section: 07.02
Topic: Relationship Between Linkage and Crossing Over
3. (p. 132) The first observational evidence that genes may be inherited together rather than by
simple Mendelian inheritance was provided by _____.
A. Mendel
B. Morgan and Bridges
C. Bateson and Punnett
D. Boveri and Sutton
Please see the subsection entitled "Bateson and Punnett Discovered Two Characters That Did
Not Assort Independently" on page 132 for additional details.
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 07.01.02 Explain how linkage affects the outcome of crosses.
Section: 07.01
7-2
4. (p. 133) Experimental evidence that crossing over occurs between the X chromosomes of
female Drosophila was provided by _____.
A. Morgan
B. Punnett
C. Darwin
D. Bateson
Morgan provided evidence for the linkage of X-linked genes and proposed that crossing over
between X chromosomes can occur.

Section: 07.02
5. (p. 136) Which of the following statistical tests is used to determine if two genes are linked or
assorting independently?
A. sum rule
B. binomial expansion
C. product rule
D. chi-square test
Please review page 136 for how a chi-square analysis can be used to distinguish between
linkage and independent assortment.

Learning Outcome: 07.02.03 Apply a chi square analysis to distinguish between linkage and independent assortment.
Section: 07.02
7-3
6. (p. 136) In a chi-square test to determine if two genes are linked or assorting independently,
what is the default (null) hypothesis that is tested?
A. The genes are linked to one another.
B. The genes are assorting independently.
C. The genes are located on the sex chromosomes.
D. No crossing over occurs.
The hypothesis we are testing is called a null hypothesis, because it assumes there is no real
difference between the observed and expected values.

Section: 07.02
7. (p. 139) The visual proof that chromosomes exchange pieces of information during crossing
over was provided by _____.
A. Bateson and Punnett
B. Morgan and Bridges
C. Creighton and McClintock
D. Watson and Crick
Please review Figure 7.6 on page 139 for a pictorial representation of Creighton's and
McClintock's work.

Learning Outcome: 07.02.04 Analyze the data of Creighton and McClintock and explain how it indicated that recombinant offspring carry
chromosomes that are the result of crossing over.
Section: 07.02
7-4
True / False Questions
8. (p. 145) The process of recombination may rarely occur during mitosis.
TRUE
Mitosis normally does not involve the homologous pairing of chromosomes to form a
bivalent. Therefore, crossing over during mitosis is expected to occur much less frequently
than during meiosis. Nevertheless, it does happen on rare occasions. Mitotic crossing over
may produce a pair of recombinant chromosomes that have a new combination of alleles, an
event known as mitotic recombination. Please review Section 7.4 beginning on page 145 for
more information on mitotic recombination.

Learning Outcome: 07.04.01 Describe the process of mitotic recombination and explain how it can produce a twin spot.
Section: 07.04
Topic: Mitotic Recombination
9. (p. 145) Twin spotting provides evidence of what genetic event?

A. meiotic recombination
B. mitotic recombination
C. linkage
D. mutation
Refer to Figure 7.10 for a pictorial representation of how twin spotting can arise due to
mitotic recombination.

Section: 07.04
7-5
10. (p. 145) An organism that contains patches of tissue that vary for a specific characteristic,
such as a pigment, is an example of _____.
A. linkage
B. meiotic recombination
C. mitotic recombination
D. translocations
Refer to Figure 7.10 for a pictorial representation of how twin spotting can arise due to
mitotic recombination.

Section: 07.04
11. (p. 140) Which of the following are necessary characteristics of an organism in order to
easily construct a genetic linkage map?
A. short generation times
B. produces large numbers of offspring
C. easily crossed
D. All of these choices are correct.
The genetic linkage map approach has been useful for analyzing organisms that are easily
crossed and produce a large number of offspring in a short period of time.

Learning Outcome: 07.03.01 Describe why genetic mapping is useful.
Section: 07.03
Topic: Genetic Mapping in Plants and Animals
7-6
12. (p. 140) A genetic linkage map indicates that precise distance between two genes of interest.
FALSE
The frequency of recombinant offspring due to crossing over provides a way to deduce the
linear order of genes along a chromosome, not their precise distance of any two genes of
interest.

Section: 07.03
13. (p. 142) Crossing over is more likely to occur between genes that are ______ on a
chromosome.
A. close together
B. far apart
C. not
In diploid eukaryotic species, homologous chromosomes can exchange pieces with each
other, a phenomenon called crossing over. See Figure 7.9 and page 142 for additional
information.

Section: 07.03
7-7
14. (p. 141) A testcross is always performed between the individual that is heterozygous for the
genes to be mapped and an individual who is _____.
A. heterozygous for the genes
B. homozygous dominant for the genes
C. homozygous recessive for the genes
D. lacking the genes
To interpret a genetic mapping experiment, the experimenter must know if the characteristics
of an offspring are due to crossing over during meiosis in a parent. This is accomplished by
conducting a testcross. Most testcrosses are between an individual that is heterozygous for
two or more genes and an individual that is homozygous recessive for the same genes.

Section: 07.03
15. (p. 142) While mapping two genes in Drosophila, you observe 30 recombinants among 200
total offspring. What is the distance between these genes?
A. 30 map units
B. 6.67 map units
C. 200 map units
D. 15 map units
Map distance = (Number of recombinant offspring) / (Total number of offspring) x 100 = (30
recombinants) / (200 offspring total) x 100 = 15 map units
Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze

Learning Outcome: 07.03.02 Calculate the map distance between linked genes using data from a testcross.
Section: 07.03
7-8
16. (p. 142) A map distance of 23.6 between two genes indicates which of the following?
A. The genes are 23.6 millimeters apart.
B. There are 23.6 other genes between the two genes of interest.
C. 23.6% of the offspring exhibit recombination between the two genes.
D. 23.6% of the offspring do not survive.
The map distance is defined as the number of recombinant offspring divided by the total
number of offspring, multiplied by 100. One map unit is equivalent to a 1% frequency of
recombination.

Section: 07.03
17. (p. 133) The individual who is credited with discovering genetic linkage in Drosophila is
_____.
A. Thomas Hunt Morgan
B. Gregor Mendel
C. Alfred Sturtevant
D. Barbara McClintock
Morgan discovered genetic linkage in Drosophila and proposed that recombinant offspring
are produced by crossing over during meiosis (see Figures 7.3, 7.4).

Section: 07.02
7-9
18. (p. 142) In a mapping experiment with three genes, which phenotype should occur most
often in the F2 offspring?
A. parental phenotypes
B. phenotypes of individuals with single crossover events
C. phenotypes of individuals with double crossover events
D. All of these choices should be equal in the F2 generation.
Generally, the parental phenotypes will be more common than recombinant phenotypes due
to the rarity of crossing over between two closely linked genes. See page 142 for additional
information.

Section: 07.03
19. (p. 143) The middle gene of a three gene mapping experiment can be determined by
examining the genotypes of which of the following?
A. offspring that resemble the parents
B. offspring that exhibit a single crossover event
C. offspring that exhibit double crossover events
D. None of these choices are correct.
When a chromatid undergoes a double crossover, the gene in the middle becomes separated
from the other two genes at either end.

Section: 07.03
7-10
20. (p. 134) Which of the following is not one of the properties of gene linkage that Morgan
obtained from his experiments?
A. Genes that are on the same chromosome may be inherited together.
B. Crossing over exchanges pieces of chromosomes and creates new allele combinations.
C. The likelihood of crossing over occurring between two genes is dependent on the distance
of the genes from one another.
D. Genes that are on the same chromosome are always transmitted together as a unit.
Refer to page 134 for a summary of Morgan's conclusions about gene linkage.

Learning Outcome: 07.02.02 Explain how the distance between linked genes affects the proportions of recombinant and nonrecombinant
offspring.
Section: 07.02
21. (p. 132) In humans, there are _______ autosomal linkage groups, plus an X and Y
chromosome linkage group.
A. 23
B. 46
C. 22
D. 92
Chromosomes are sometimes called linkage groups, because a chromosome contains a group
of genes that are physically linked together.

Section: 07.01
7-11
22. (p. 132) Another name for a chromosome is a _______, since it contains genes that are often
inherited together.
A. linkage group
B. crossing over group
C. genetic recombinant
D. bivalent
Chromosomes are sometimes called linkage groups, because a chromosome contains a group
of genes that are physically linked together.

Section: 07.01
23. (p. 132) Two genes that are located on the same chromosome are said to be _____.
A. linked
B. recombinant
C. parental-like
D. nonparental-like
Genetic linkage, or simply linkage, is the phenomenon in which genes that are close together
on the same chromosome tend to be transmitted as a unit.

Section: 07.01
7-12
24. (p. 138) Creighton and McClintock worked with _____ as their model system to show that
homologous chromosomes physically exchange genetic information during crossing over.
A. fruit flies
B. peas
C. corn
D. tobacco
Creighton and McClintock focused much of their attention on the pattern of inheritance of
traits in corn.

Learning Outcome: 07.02.04 Analyze the data of Creighton and McClintock and explain how it indicated that recombinant offspring carry
chromosomes that are the result of crossing over.
Section: 07.02
25. (p. 133) The rearrangement of alleles by the process of crossing over is called genetic
linkage.
FALSE
An event leading to a new combination of alleles is known as genetic recombination.

Section: 07.02
26. (p. 142) Map distance is the number of recombinant offspring divided by the total number of
nonrecombinant offspring.
FALSE
Map distance = (Number of recombinant offspring) / (Total number of offspring) x 100

Section: 07.03
7-13
27. (p. 133) Following crossing over, chromosomes with genetic combinations that resemble the
parents are called nonrecombinant.
TRUE
Nonrecombinant cells occur when the arrangement of linked alleles have not been altered
from those found in the original cell.

Section: 07.02
28. (p. 142) A map unit or centiMorgan is equal to a 10% recombination frequency.
FALSE
One map unit, or centiMorgan is equivalent to a 1% frequency of recombination.

Section: 07.03
29. (p. 142) Map distances above 50 are considered unreliable due to the occurrence of double-
crossovers between the genes.
TRUE
Please refer to Figure 7.9 on page 142 for a pictorial representation of the relationship
between the percentage of recombinant offspring and the actual map distance between genes.

Section: 07.03
7-14
30. (p. 140) The locus is the physical place of a gene on a chromosome.
TRUE
Each gene has its own unique locus. The locus is the site where the gene is found within a
particular chromosome.

Section: 07.03
Numeric Response Questions
31. (p. 138) The parental genotypes for a series of crosses are wild-type male fruit flies mated to
females with white eyes and miniature wings. The phenotypes of the F1 generation were wild-
type females, and males with white eyes, and miniature wings, indicating sex chromosome
linkage. These flies were allowed to mate with each other and produced the following
offspring:
Red eyes, long wings 770

White eyes, miniature wings 716
Red eyes, miniature wings 401
White eyes, long wings 318
220
Total
5
What is the chi square value for this data to the nearest hundredth?
275.81
Beginning on page 136, follow the outlined steps to calculate the 2 for the above data.

Section: 07.02
7-15
32. (p. 142) The parental genotypes for a series of crosses are wild-type male fruit flies mated to
females with white eyes and miniature wings. The phenotypes of the F1 generation were wild-
type females, and males with white eyes, and miniature wings, indicating sex chromosome
linkage. These flies were allowed to mate with each other and produced the following
offspring:
Red eyes, long wings 770

White eyes, miniature wings 716
Red eyes, miniature wings 401
White eyes, long wings 318
220
Total
5
How many map units is the gene for eye color from the gene for wing length to the nearest tenth?
32.6
Map distance is equal to the number of recombinant offspring divided by the total number of
offspring multiplied by one hundred.

Section: 07.03
7-16

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Chapter 07 - Genetic Linkage and Mapping in Eukaryotes

Concepts of Genetics 2nd Edition Brooker

Multiple Choice Questions

1. (p. 132) Which of the following defines gene linkage?

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

See Figure 7.2 for a pictorial representation of the consequence of recombination.

Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

True / False Questions

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Multiple Choice Questions

9. (p. 145) Twin spotting provides evidence of what genetic event?

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

True / False Questions

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Multiple Choice Questions

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

True / False Questions

An event leading to a new combination of alleles is known as genetic recombination.

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Map distance = (Number of recombinant offspring) / (Total number of offspring) x 100

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

One map unit, or centiMorgan is equivalent to a 1% frequency of recombination.

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Numeric Response Questions

Red eyes, long wings 770

Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate

Red eyes, long wings 770

Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate

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