For the most accurate interpretation of chemistry test results, consideration must be

giving to the following concepts:

Pre-analytical, analytical and post-analytical factors influence test
Non-disease results independently of the actual disease process(es). This section
variables includes assessment of common interferences (e.g. lipemia,
hemolysis, icterus) on clinical chemistry test results.
Reference This section provides information on how reference intervals of
intervals laboratory results are determined
Grouping tests that represent organ function or disease processes
Pattern
(e.g. liver tests, acid-base tests) helps facilitate interpretation of the
recognition
array of chemistry results.
This section provides detailed knowledge of clinical chemistry
tests grouped by organ or disease process.

 Electrolytes: Sodium, potassium, chloride

 Acid-base: Bicarbonate and anion gap, acid-base
disturbances
 Renal: Urea and creatinine
 Minerals: Calcium (total and ionized), phosphate,
magnesium
 Proteins: Total protein, albumin, globulins, AG ratio,
Test result ammonia, uric acid, electrophoresis
interpretation  Carbohydrate/lipids: Glucose, fructosamine and
glycosylated hemoglobin, triglycerides, cholesterol, non-
esterified fatty acids (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB),
transition dairy cow energy metabolite assessment
 Liver: Enzymes (ALT, AST, SDH, GLDH, LDH, ALP,
GGT), bilirubin (total, indirect, direct), bile acids, ammonia
 Pancreas: Amylase, lipase
 Muscle: AST, CK, LDH
 Iron: Iron, total iron binding capacity, % saturation, ferritin

 Interference indexes: Lipemia, hemolysis, icterus