Conceptual Integrated Science 2nd Edition Hewitt

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Chapter 8 Waves-Sound and Light

Multiple-Choice Questions

1) A wiggle in time is a
A) vibration.
B) wave.
C) both A and B
D) neither A nor B
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.1

2) The source of all wave motion is a

A) wave pattern.
B) harmonic object.
C) vibrating object.
D) region of variable high and low pressure.
E) none of the above
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.2

3) Unlike a transverse wave, a longitudinal wave has no

A) amplitude.
B) frequency.
C) wavelength.
D) speed.
E) all of the above
Answer: E
Diff: 1
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Objective: 8.1

4) In a longitudinal wave, the compressions and rarefactions travel in

A) the same direction.
B) opposite directions.
C) neither A nor B
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.3

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5) Which of the following is not a transverse wave?
A) sound
B) light
C) radio
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.3

6) The vibrations of a transverse wave move in a direction

A) along the direction of wave travel.
B) at right angles to the direction of wave travel.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.3

7) The vibrations of a longitudinal wave move in a direction

A) along the direction of wave travel.
B) at right angles to the direction of wave travel.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.3

8) How many vibrations per second are associated with a 101-MHz radio wave?
A) less than 101,000,000
B) 101,000,000
C) more than 101,000,000
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.1

9) If the frequency of a certain wave is 10 Hz, its period is

A) 0.1 s.
B) 10 s.
C) 100 s.
D) none of the above
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.1

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10) A 60 vibration per second wave travels 30 m in 1 s. Its frequency is
A) 30 Hz and it travels at 60 m/s.
B) 60 Hz and it travels at 30 m/s.
C) neither A nor B
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.2

11) A mass on the end of a spring bobs up and down 1 complete cycle every 2 s. Its frequency is
A) 0.5 Hz.
B) 2 Hz.
C) neither A nor B
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.1

12) Wave interference occurs for

A) sound waves.
B) light waves.
C) water waves.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.12

13) The Doppler effect is characteristic of

A) water waves.
B) sound waves.
C) light waves.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.13

14) The Doppler effect occurs when a source of sound moves

A) toward you.
B) away from you.
C) both A and B
D) none of the above
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.13

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15) A floating leaf oscillates up and down two complete cycles each second as a water wave
passes by. What is the wave's frequency?
A) 0.5 Hz
B) 1 Hz
C) 2 Hz
D) 3 Hz
E) 6 Hz
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Objective: 8.2

16) A floating leaf oscillates up and down two complete cycles in 1 s as a water wave passes by.
The wave's wavelength is 10 m. What is the wave's speed?
A) 2 m/s
B) 10 m/s
C) 20 m/s
D) 40 m/s
E) more than 40 m/s
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Objective: 8.2

17) A wave travels an average distance of 6 m in 1 s. What is the wave's velocity?

A) less than 0.2 m/s
B) 1 m/s
C) 3 m/s
D) 6 m/s
E) more than 6 m/s
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Objective: 8.2

18) A wave travels an average distance of 1 m in 1 s with a frequency of 1 Hz. Its amplitude is
A) less than 1 m.
B) 1 m.
C) more than 1 m.
D) not enough information given
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Objective: 8.1

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19) The frequency of the second hand on a clock is
A) 1 Hz.
B) 1/60 Hz.
C) 60 Hz.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Objective: 8.1

20) The period of the second hand on a clock is

A) 1 s.
B) 1/60 s.
C) 60 s.
D) 3600 s.
E) 12 h.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Objective: 8.1

21) For light, a red shift indicates the light source moves
A) toward you.
B) away from you.
C) at right angles to you.
D) actually, all of the above
E) none of the above
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Objective: IS 8C

22) A weight on an end of a spring bobs up and down one complete cycle every 2 s. Its
frequency is
A) 0.5 Hz.
B) 1 Hz.
C) 2 Hz.
D) none of the above
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Objective: 8.1

23) A weight on the end of a spring bobs up and down one complete cycle every 2 s. Its period is
A) 0.5 s.
B) 1 s.
C) 2 s.
D) none of the above
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Objective: 8.1

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24) A weight suspended from a spring bobs up and down over a distance of 1 m in 2 s. Its
frequency is
A) 0.5 Hz.
B) 1 Hz.
C) 2 Hz.
D) none of the above
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Objective: 8.1

25) Some of a wave's energy dissipates as heat. In time, this will reduce the wave's
A) speed.
B) wavelength.
C) amplitude.
D) frequency.
E) period.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Objective: 8.1

26) The amplitude of a particular wave is 1 m. The top to bottom distance of the disturbance is
A) 0.5 m.
B) 1 m.
C) 2 m.
D) none of the above
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Objective: 8.1

27) If you double the frequency of a vibrating object, its period

A) doubles.
B) halves.
C) is quartered.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Objective: 8.1

28) You dip your finger repeatedly into water and make waves. If you dip your finger more
frequently, the wavelength of the waves
A) shortens.
B) lengthens.
C) stays the same.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Objective: 8.1

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29) During a single period, the distance traveled by a wave is
A) one-half wavelength.
B) one wavelength.
C) two wavelengths.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Objective: 8.2

30) A floating object oscillates up and down two complete cycles in 1 s as a water wave of
wavelength 5 m passes by. The speed of the wave is
A) 2 m/s.
B) 5 m/s.
C) 10 m/s.
D) 15 m/s.
E) none of the above
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Objective: 8.2

31) A wave oscillates up and down two complete cycles each second. If the wave travels an
average distance of 6 m in 1 s, its wavelength is
A) 0.5 m.
B) 1 m.
C) 2 m.
D) 3 m.
E) 6 m.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Objective: 8.2

32) Radio waves travel at the speed of light, 300,000 km/s. The wavelength of a radio wave
received at 100 MHz is
A) 0.3 m.
B) 3.0 m.
C) 30 m.
D) 300 m.
E) none of the above
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Objective: 8.2

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33) As a train of water waves goes by, a piece of cork floating on the water bobs up and down
one complete cycle each second. The waves are 2 m long. What is the speed of the wave?
A) 0.25 m/s
B) 0.50 m/s
C) 1.0 m/s
D) 2 m/s
E) 4 m/s
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Objective: 8.2

34) A skipper on a boat notices wave crests passing the anchor chain every 5 s. The skipper
estimates the distance between crests is 15 m. What is the speed of the water waves?
A) 3 m/s
B) 5 m/s
C) 15 m/s
D) not enough information given
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Objective: 8.2

35) If at a concert, a wind blows directly from the orchestra toward you, the frequency of the
sound you hear will be
A) decreased.
B) increased.
C) neither decreased nor increased.
Answer: C
Diff: 3
Objective: 8.4

36) If at a concert, a wind blows directly from the orchestra toward you, the speed of the sound
you hear will be
A) decreased.
B) increased.
C) neither decreased nor increased.
Answer: B
Diff: 3
Objective: 8.4

37) At a concert, a wind blows directly from the orchestra toward you. Consequently, the
wavelength of the sound you hear will be
A) decreased.
B) increased.
C) neither decreased nor increased.
Answer: B
Diff: 3
Objective: 8.4

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38) Your favorite song will sound the loudest
A) in your air-filled room.
B) underwater.
C) in outer space.
D) behind a wall.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Objective: IS 8A

39) What is the approximate range for human hearing?

A) ten to one-hundred Hertz
B) twenty to twenty-thousand Hertz
C) ninety to ninety-thousand Hertz
D) one-hundred to one million Hertz
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Objective: IS 8A

40) The source of all sounds is something that is

A) vibrating.
B) moving.
C) accelerating.
D) undergoing simple harmonic motion.
E) a net emitter of energy.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.4

41) A sound source of high frequency emits a high

A) speed.
B) amplitude.
C) pitch.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.4

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42) Double the frequency of sound and you also double its
A) wavelength.
B) speed.
C) amplitude.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
Answer: E
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.4

43) We are best at hearing

A) infrasonic sound.
B) ultrasonic sound.
C) both A and B
D) neither A nor B
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.4

44) A sound wave is a

A) longitudinal wave.
B) transverse wave.
C) standing wave.
D) shock wave.
E) none of the above
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.4

45) Compressions and rarefactions are characteristic of

A) longitudinal waves.
B) transverse waves.
C) both A and B
D) neither A nor B
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.4

46) Compressions and rarefactions normally travel in

A) the same direction in a wave.
B) opposite directions in a wave.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.4

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47) Sound travels faster in
A) air.
B) water.
C) steel.
D) a vacuum.
E) about the same speed in all of the above
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.4

48) Sound waves cannot travel in

A) air.
B) water.
C) steel.
D) a vacuum.
E) They can travel in all of the above.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.7

49) The speed of a sound wave in air depends on

A) its frequency.
B) its wavelength.
C) the air temperature.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.4

50) Sound travels faster in air if the air is

A) warm.
B) cold.
C) neither warm nor cold.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.4

51) A wave having a frequency of 1000 Hz vibrates at

A) less than 1000 cycles per second.
B) 1000 cycles per second.
C) more than 1000 cycles per second.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.1

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52) The explanation for refraction must involve a change in
A) frequency.
B) wavelength.
C) speed.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.10

53) When the speed of sound near the ground is greater than higher in the air, sound tends to be
bent
A) upward.
B) downward.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.10

54) Refraction of sound can occur in

A) air.
B) water.
C) both A and B
D) neither A nor B
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.10

55) The energy of sound in air eventually becomes

A) increased internal energy of the air.
B) weaker and weaker until it disappears.
C) cancelled by destructive interference.
D) cancelled by both destructive and constructive interference.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.4

56) Sound will be louder if a struck tuning fork is held

A) in the air.
B) with its base against a table top.
C) with its prongs in shallow water.
D) same in all these cases
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.5

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57) A bass fiddle is louder than a harp because of its
A) thicker strings.
B) sounding board.
C) lower pitch.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.5

58) The least amount of energy is required to produce forced vibration in an object
A) below its natural frequency.
B) at its natural frequency.
C) above its natural frequency.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.5

59) Enrico Caruso, a famous opera singer, is said to have made a crystal chandelier shatter with
his voice. This is a demonstration of
A) an echo.
B) sound refraction.
C) beats.
D) resonance.
E) interference.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.5

60) In designing a music hall, an acoustical engineer deals mainly with

A) modulation.
B) forced vibrations.
C) resonance.
D) beats.
E) wave interference.
Answer: E
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.12

61) Sound waves can interfere with one another so that no sound results.
A) True
B) False
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.12

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62) Which doesn't belong to the same family?
A) infrasonic waves
B) ultrasonic waves
C) radio waves
D) shock waves
E) longitudinal waves
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.6

63) When you tune a radio to a certain station, you match the frequency of the internal electrical
circuit to the frequency of that radio station. In so doing, you are employing the principle of
A) forced vibrations.
B) resonance.
C) beats.
D) reverberation.
E) wave interference.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.5

64) Resonance can be looked at as forced vibration with the

A) least amount of energy input.
B) maximum amount of energy input.
C) matching of wave amplitudes.
D) matching of constructive and destructive interference.
E) minimum beat frequency.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Objective: 8.5

65) High-pitched sound has a high

A) speed.
B) frequency.
C) number of partial tones.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.4

66) Most of the electromagnetic spectrum consists of visible light.

A) True
B) False
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.6
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67) Electromagnetic waves consist of
A) compressions and rarefactions of electromagnetic pulses.
B) vibrating electric and magnetic fields.
C) particles of light energy.
D) high-frequency gravitational waves.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.6

68) The source of all electromagnetic waves is

A) changes in atomic energy levels.
B) vibrating atoms.
C) accelerating electric charges.
D) crystalline fluctuations.
E) none of the above
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.6

69) What is the wavelength of an electromagnetic wave that has a frequency of 1 Hz?
A) less than 1 m
B) 1 m
C) more than 1 m
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Objective: 8.6

70) What is the wavelength of an electromagnetic wave that has a frequency of 3 kHz?
A) less than 1 km
B) 1 km
C) more than 1 km
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Objective: 8.6

71) The main difference between a radio wave and a light wave is its
A) speed.
B) wavelength.
C) frequency.
D) all of the above
E) two of these
Answer: E
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.6

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72) What is the frequency of an electromagnetic wave that has a wavelength of 300,000 km?
A) less than 1 Hz
B) 1 Hz
C) more than 1 Hz
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Objective: 8.6

73) Which of these electromagnetic waves has the shortest wavelength?

A) radio waves
B) infrared waves
C) X rays
D) ultraviolet waves
E) light waves
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.6

74) Relative to ultraviolet waves, the wavelength of infrared waves is

A) shorter.
B) longer.
C) the same.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.6

75) Relative to radio waves, the velocity of visible light waves in a vacuum is
A) less.
B) more.
C) the same.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.6

76) If the Sun were to disappear right now, we wouldn't know about it for 8 minutes because it
takes 8 minutes
A) for the Sun to disappear.
B) to operate receiving equipment in the dark.
C) for light to travel from the Sun to Earth.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Objective: 8.6

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77) If an electric charge is shaken up and down,
A) sound is emitted.
B) light is emitted.
C) electron excitation occurs.
D) a magnetic field is created.
E) its mass decreases.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.6

78) If an electron vibrates up and down 1000 times each second, it generates an electromagnetic
wave having a
A) period of 1000 s.
B) speed of 1000 m/s.
C) wavelength of 1000 m.
D) frequency of 1000 Hz.
E) wavelength of 1000 km.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.6

79) The source of all electromagnetic waves is

A) heat.
B) magnetic fields.
C) electric fields.
D) vibrating charges.
E) none of the above
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.6

80) The natural frequency of the atoms in glass is in the

A) infrared part of the spectrum.
B) visible part of the spectrum.
C) ultraviolet part of the spectrum.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.8

81) When ultraviolet light is incident upon glass, atoms in the glass
A) are forced into vibration.
B) resonate.
C) pass the light energy along practically undiminished.
D) freely absorb and reemit most of the ultraviolet light.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.8

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82) When visible light is incident upon clear glass, atoms in the glass
A) are forced into vibration.
B) resonate.
C) convert the light energy into internal energy.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.8

83) Consider light energy that is momentarily absorbed in glass and then reemitted. Relative to
the absorbed light, the frequency of the reemitted light is
A) considerably less.
B) slightly less.
C) the same.
D) slightly more.
E) considerably more.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.8

84) Materials generally become warmer when light is

A) absorbed by them.
B) reflected by them.
C) transmitted by them.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.9

85) Glass is opaque to light with wave frequencies that

A) match its natural frequencies.
B) are below its natural frequencies.
C) both A and B
D) none of the above
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Objective: 8.8

86) Color depends on what characteristic of light?

A) its frequency
B) its wavelength
C) both A and B
D) neither A nor B
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.9

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87) When the frequency of light matches the natural frequency of molecules in a material, light
is
A) absorbed.
B) transmitted.
C) reflected.
D) none of the above
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.9

88) The color of an opaque object is the same as the light that is
A) transmitted.
B) absorbed.
C) reflected.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.9

89) What color light is transmitted by a piece of blue glass?

A) red
B) white
C) blue
D) yellow
E) orange
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.9

90) The brightest color emitted by the Sun is

A) red.
B) orange.
C) yellow-green.
D) green-blue.
E) violet.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.9

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91) Complementary colors are two colors that
A) look good together.
B) are additive primary colors.
C) are subtractive primary colors.
D) produce white light when added together.
E) are right for each other.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Objective: IS 8B

92) The complementary color of blue is

A) red.
B) green.
C) yellow.
D) cyan.
E) magenta.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Objective: IS 8B

93) Magenta light is really a mixture of

A) red and blue light.
B) red and cyan light.
C) red and yellow light.
D) yellow and green light.
E) none of the above
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Objective: IS 8B

94) The greenish blue of water is evidence of the

A) reflection of greenish-blue light.
B) reflection of red light.
C) absorption of greenish-blue light.
D) absorption of red light.
E) interaction between green and blue frequencies of light.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Objective: IS 8B

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95) The part of the electromagnetic spectrum most absorbed by water is
A) infrared.
B) lower frequencies in the visible.
C) middle frequencies in the visible.
D) higher frequencies in the visible.
E) ultraviolet.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.9

96) A red crab very deep in water, where sunlight is dim, appears
A) red.
B) orange.
C) cyan.
D) brown.
E) no color—black.
Answer: E
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.9

97) A sheet of red paper will look black when illuminated with
A) red light.
B) yellow light.
C) magenta light.
D) cyan light.
E) none of the above
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Objective: 8.9

98) A blue object will appear black when illuminated with

A) blue light.
B) cyan light.
C) yellow light.
D) light.
E) none of the above
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Objective: 8.9

99) Diffraction is more pronounced through relatively

A) small openings.
B) large openings.
C) same for each
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.11

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100) Waves diffract the most when their wavelength is
A) short.
B) long.
C) Both diffract the same.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.11

101) For viewing tiny objects in a microscope, diffraction is

A) helpful.
B) a hindrance.
C) not a factor.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.11

102) For radio reception, diffraction is

A) helpful.
B) a hindrance.
C) not a factor.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.11

103) The incident light ray, the reflected light ray, and the normal between them
A) lie in the same plane.
B) may or may not lie in the same plane.
C) lie in planes that are perpendicular to one another.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.7

104) The law of reflection holds for

A) plane mirrors.
B) curved mirrors.
C) both A and B
D) neither A nor B
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.7

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105) Diffuse reflection occurs when the size of surface irregularities is
A) small compared to the wavelength of the light used.
B) large compared to the wavelength of the light used.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.7

106) When light reflects from a surface, there is a change in its

A) frequency.
B) wavelength.
C) speed.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
Answer: E
Diff: 2
Objective: 8.7

107) A diver shines light up to the surface of a smooth pond at a 10° angle to the normal. Some
light passes into the air above, and the part that reflects back into the water makes an angle to the
normal of
A) less than 10°.
B) 10°.
C) more than 10°.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Objective: 8.7

108) Light travels faster in

A) warm air.
B) cool air.
C) a vacuum.
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.10

109) Light refracts when traveling from air into glass because light
A) intensity is greater in air than in glass.
B) intensity is greater in glass than in air.
C) frequency is greater in air than in glass.
D) frequency is greater in glass than in air.
E) travels slower in glass than in air.
Answer: E
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.10

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110) The type of lens that spreads parallel light is a
A) converging lens.
B) diverging lens.
C) combination converging-diverging lens.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.10

111) Is light a wave or particle?

A) wave
B) particle
C) both
D) neither
Answer: C
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.14

Essay Questions

1) What is the relationship between wave frequency and period? What is the period, in seconds,
that corresponds to each of the following frequencies: (a) 10 Hz, (b) 0.2 Hz, (c) 60 Hz?
Answer: Wave frequency and period are reciprocals of each other: T = 1/f, and f = 1/T. (a) 0.10
s, (b) 5 s, (c) 1/60 s.
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.1

2) How does wave speed relate to wave frequency? If the speed of a longitudinal wave is 340
m/s and the frequency is 1000 Hz, what is the wavelength of the wave?
Answer: Speed = wave frequency × wavelength. So wavelength = speed/frequency = (340
m/s)/1000 Hz = 0.34 m.
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.2

3) Distinguish between a transverse wave and a longitudinal wave. Give examples of each.
Answer: All waves are vibrations in space and time. In a transverse wave, the vibrations are
perpendicular to the direction of wave travel. Vibrations in a longitudinal wave are along the
direction of wave travel. Transverse waves include those of a vibrating string, waves on water,
and electromagnetic waves. Examples of longitudinal waves are sound, those in a to-and-fro
vibrating slinky, and some types of earthquake waves.
Diff: 1
Objective: 8.3

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4) What is wave interference, and what two types are there?
Answer: Wave interference is the result of two or more waves combining. When they combine
in phase—that is, with crests overlapping crests and troughs overlapping troughs—the resulting
wave has greater amplitude. This is constructive interference. When crests overlap with troughs,
waves are cancelled or diminished. This is destructive interference.
Diff: 2
Objective: 8.12

5) What is an echo, and why is it weaker than the original sound?

Answer: An echo is simply reflected sound. Because sound from a small source spreads out via
the inverse square law, sound intensity per unit area decreases with distance to the reflecting
surface, and when reflected continues to decrease with distance. So the echo you hear is much
less loud than the original sound.
Diff: 2
Objective: 8.4

6) Why will a struck tuning fork sound louder when it is held against a table?
Answer: The sound is louder because the vibrating surface area is increased when the fork is
held against the table. The table top with its large area is set into forced vibration.
Diff: 2
Objective: 8.5

7) What is the Doppler effect, and how is it produced? Cite two examples.
Answer: The Doppler effect is an increase or decrease in frequency produced by relative motion
between a receiver and the source of a wave. If a wave source approaches a receiver, waves
encounter the receiver more often and a higher frequency is perceived. If a wave source recedes,
waves encounter a receiver less often and a lower frequency is perceived. In the case of sound,
when a train blowing its whistle approaches you, its pitch is higher. And when the train passes,
moving away, the pitch is lower. In the case of light, the spin of a star can be determined by
noting that one edge has a slightly different color than the opposite edge. The edge spinning
toward you will be slightly blue-shifted, while the edge spinning away from you has a slight red
tinge.
Diff: 2
Objective: 8.13

8) What is resonance and what conditions cause it? Give examples.

Answer: Resonance is an unusually large increase in amplitude when a system is driven at its
natural frequency by an outside force. A good example is someone pushing another person on a
swing. When the pushes are in rhythm with the natural swing motion, very soon the swing is
high in the air with little effort by the person doing the pushing. Another example is the sounding
of a tuning fork by the vibrations of another nearby fork of matched frequency. Another example
is the destruction of a bridge when small pushes are applied in rhythm with the natural frequency
of the bridge.
Diff: 2
Objective: 8.5

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9) How is light transmitted through glass?
Answer: According to the model of light presented in the text, when a photon is incident on a
glass surface, it is absorbed by a glass molecule or atom and forces it to vibrate. This vibration
results in the emission of an indistinguishable photon, which travels to the next atom or molecule
to repeat the process. A cascading process of absorption and reemission occurs until the glass
molecule at the far surface absorbs and reemits the photon.
Diff: 2
Objective: 8.9

10) What are the three primary colors for light addition? What colors appear when light of only
two primary colors are shone on a white screen? How would the color purple be produced?
Answer: The three primary colors are red, green, and blue. When two primaries overlap, the
resulting color is the complementary color of the third primary color. When red and green
overlap, for example, the color produced is the complement of blue, which is yellow. A TV set
produces purple by adding red and blue lights.
Diff: 1
Objective: IS 8B

11) On a color TV screen, red, green, and blue spots of fluorescent materials are illuminated at a
variety of relative intensities to produce a full spectrum of colors. What spots are activated to
produce yellow? Red? Magenta? White?
Answer: Yellow is produced by simultaneously activating red and green; red is activated by red
only; magenta by red and blue, and white by all three primaries.
Diff: 1
Objective: IS 8B

12) Why is hearing better in an auditorium with grooves in the walls than with flat walls?
Answer: Grooves in the wall reflect sound in many different directions so you hear all parts of
the orchestra at the same time. With flat walls, you hear some parts of the orchestra better than
other parts and you depend on other reflective surfaces to direct all parts of the orchestral sound
to your ears.
Diff: 2
Objective: 8.7

13) What is refraction, and how does it occur?

Answer: Refraction is the bending of a wave (sound or light) as it passes from one medium into
another. The bending occurs when the wave encounters a surface at an angle, for then one part of
the wave travels at a different speed than another part.
Diff: 2
Objective: 8.10

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