FEEDBACK MECHANISM ○ Somatostatin - a cyclic

● Stimulus - external factors that peptide well known for its

cause change in the body. strong regulatory effects
● Homeostasis - the act of being throughout the body.
balanced ○ Not eating - Low sugar level
● Feedback Loops ■ Makes sugar level go
up.

● Thermoregulation

- Controlling the body temp

- Heating mechanisms are
activated (shivering)
- Cooling mechanisms are
activated (sweating)
➔ Stimulus produces change in the - Perspiration during a fever
body means that the body is doing
◆ May nalaglag na butiki normal response
➔ Change is detected by receptor
◆ Using the 5 senses (hear, Types of Thermoregulations
taste, feel, see & smell) 1. Ectotherm
➔ Information is sent along afferent - Outside
pathway to the brain - Also called cold-blooded /
◆ Response to the falling ipis conformers
(shock, disgust) - Adjust temp is based on the
➔ Info sent along afferent pathway to environment
effector - Hot-high body temp, Cold-Low
◆ Doing the response body temp
➔ Response of effector feedsback to - Mollusks, insects, aquatic,
the influence magnitude of stimulus & reptiles, crabs & dragonfly
returns variable to homeostasis
◆ Calming down 2. Endotherm
- Inside
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK - Have their own temp, doesn’t
base their temp on the
environment
- Also called warm-blooded /
regulator
- Birds & Humans

POSITIVE FEEDBACK
● Stimulus adds more stimulus
to the bod.
● Pregnancy
○ High oxytocin levels –
Adds more oxytocin
★ Negative feedback ● Cuts
○ Gain balance ○ Bleeding – bleeds
■ Eating sugar - more in order for the
increasing sugar level platelets to clot the
■ Makes sugar level go blood.
down

Nicole Andre Bautista

 ANATOMICAL REGION - Skin repair (migrate,
proliferate, and differentiate to
restore the epidermal barrier

● Melanocytes
- in the layer of basal
cells at the deepest
part of the epidermis
- cell in the skin and
eyes that produces
and contains the
pigment called melanin

● Langerhans Cell (LCs)

- outermost guard of the
cutaneous immune
system
- play an important role
during the
inflammatory phase of
acute wound healing

● Merkel Cell
- special type of cell
found right below the
epidermis (top layer of
skin)
- receive the sensation
of touch and may be
involved in touch

DERMIS (Corium another term) -

INTEGUMENTARY middle layer & inner layer of the two
SKIN - the largest organ of the body main layers of the skin
- support and protect the skin
Other integumentary and deeper layers, assist in
1. Hair thermoregulation, and aid in
2. Nails sensation
3. Sweat and oil glands Papillary dermis - thin upper layer
Reticular dermis - thick lower layer
EPIDERMIS - the outermost layer of skin
● Keratinocytes HYPODERMIS - bottom layer of skin
- most dominant cell type in your body
constituting the epidermis - subcutaneous tissue
(“beneath the skin,”)

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Other term
● Corpuscle - Tactile, Lamellar &
Follicle
● Insensible & Sensible
● Vasoconstriction & Vasodilation
SKIN COLORATION
● Cyanosis - a bluish color in the skin,
lips, and nail beds caused by a
shortage of oxygen in the blood
(blue-purple tint)
● Jaundice - a yellow discoloration of
the body tissue resulting from the
accumulation of excess bilirubin.
● Erythema - redness of the skin
caused by injury or another
inflammation-causing condition
(RASH / SUNBURN)
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Locomotion
1. Active Locomotion
- requirement of energy
- ability to move from one place to
another
2. Passive Locomotion
- non requirement of energy
➢ Aerial locomotion
○ self-generated movements of
any animal through the air.
○ ginagamit ang air to move,
organisms of capable of flying
(birds, eagle)
➢ Terrestrial locomotion
○ any of several forms of animal
movement such as walking
and running, jumping
(saltation), and crawling.

➢ Aquatic locomotion
○ movement through water
either by swimming or by
progression in contact with the
substrate

GLANDS
- An organ that makes one or more
substances, such as hormones,
digestive juices, sweat, tears, saliva,
or milk
Hydrostatic skeletons
- use a cavity filled with water
- jellyfish and sea anemones
Exoskeletal - meaning outside shell
(mollusks & crabs)

● Eccrine sweat glands - occur over Endoskeletal - inside (human)

most of the body and open directly
onto the skin's surface. stabilizing Hematopoiesis - blood production
body temperature
● Apocrine glands - open into the hair
follicle, leading to the surface of the Functions of the Skeletal
skin (skin, breast, eyelid, and ear) 1. Movement: Skeletal system provides
points of attachment for muscles.
CERUMINOUS Your legs and arms move when the
- modified apocrine glands, which, muscles pull on the bones.
together with sebaceous glands, 2. Support: The backbone is the main
produce the cerumen, the ear wax support center for the upper body. It
holds your head up and protects your
MAMMARY spinal cord.
- Glandular organ located on the chest 3. Protection: The bones of your skull
- primary function is to secrete milk protect yourbrain. Your ribs
- Mammals get their name from the protectyour lungs and heart
Latin word mamma, "breast" frominjury.
4. Makes Blood: Red andwhite blood
SEBACEOUS cells areformed by tissue
- microscopic glands found in your hair calledmarrow, which is in thecenter of
follicles that secrete sebum (oily the bone.
substance that protects your skin)

Nicole Andre Bautista

 5. Storage: Bones
storeminerals, such ascalcium
and phosphorus,for use by the
body
Major Skeletal System Parts
1. Axial Skeleton: The axial
skeleton includesthe skull,
spine, ribsand sternum. (gitna
ng katawan naten)
2. Appendicular Skeleton: The
appendicular skeletonincludes
the appendages of the body,
which are theshoulders, arms,
hips,and legs.
4 Basic bone shapes
1. Long - arms, legs & fingers
2. Short - wrist & ankles
3. Flat - skull & sternum
4. Irregular - spine
4 Structure of bones
1. Periosteum - Covers Bones
2. Compact Bone - Lies
beneath the periosteum –
solid (pinaka matibay na part
ng buto)
3. Spongy Bone - Lies beneath
the compact bone – butas
butas
4. Bone Marrow - Fills the gaps
between the spongy bone
● Inside the compact bone is a
layer of spongy bone.
● It has many small spaces, is
light weight, but strong.
● Spongy bone is also found at
the ends of bones. In the
spaces of many bones there
is a soft connective tissue
called marrow.
Two types of Marrow:
- Red Marrow (produces most of the
body’s blood cells)
- Yellow Marrow (stores fat that can
serve as an energy reserve.)
The structure of bones make it both strong
and light weight.
▪ 20 % of an adults body weight is bone.
▪ Bone is made up of 2 minerals:
► Calcium
► Phosphorus
● Osteogenesis - creation of bone
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How do bones develop?
● As an infant, most of your skeleton is
cartilage
● Cartilage is a strong flexible tissue.
● Over time the cartilage is replaced by
solid bone,usually complete by the
time you stop growing.
206 - adult
300 - bata
CLAVICLE / COLLARBONE
- holds theshoulder joint away from the
rest of the upper body and is only as
thick as your little finger.
SCAPULA
- Located on the back side of the
ribcage and helps provide part of the
shoulder joint and movement for the
arms.
VERTIBRAL COLUMN / SPINAL CORD
1. Cervical region (neck bones)
2. Thoracic region (ribs attach to)
3. Lumbar region (lower part of the
back)
COCCYX & SACRUM
- terminal segment of the spine &
provide weight-bearing support
- shield-shaped bony structure that is
located at the base of the lumbar
vertebrae and that is connected to
the pelvis
HUMERUS (Upper Arm Bone)
- the largest bone of the upper
extremity
RADIUS & ULNA
- Radius on top
- Ulna on Bot
CARPALS (WRIST BONES)
- bones of the wrist
METACARPALS (TOP OF HANDS)
- a group of five bones of the hand
between the phalanges and the
carpus
PHALANGES (LITTLE FINGERS)
- The 14 bones that are found in the
fingers of each hand and also in the
toes of each foot.

RIB CAGE
- protect the organs inside the chest.
These organs include the heart and
lungs.
STERNUM (BREASTBONE)
- he long flat bone that forms the
center front of the chest wall.
PELVIS
- area of the body below the abdomen
that is located between the hip bones
and contains the bladder and rectum
FEMUR
- the longest and strongest bone in
your body
TIBIA & FIBULA
- shinbone, the larger of the two
bones in the lower leg.
- a long bone in the lower extremity
& smaller and thinner
TARSALS
- consist of seven short bones
located at the proximal region of the
foot
METATARSALS
- the bones of the forefoot that connect
the distal aspects of the cuneiform
- group of five long bones in the foot
PHALANGES
- The 14 bones that are found in the
fingers of each hand and also in the
toes of each foot.
Nicole Andre Bautista
JOINTS
- is a place where two bones come
together. allow thebones to move
indifferent ways.
Two types of joints:
• Immovable - allows little / no movement
• Movable
- Allow the body to move in a wide
range of movements Bones. movable
joints are held together by strong
connective tissue called ligaments.
Four types of movable joints:
• Hinge
• Ball-and-socket
• Pivot
• Gliding
Ball-and-Socket
- Round end of bone fitting snuggly
within another bone
Ex. Shoulder & Hip
Allows the greatest range of motion.
- The ball-and-socket joint allows you
to swing your arms freely in a circle.
Hinge Joint
- Movement in one direction like a
door.
Ex. Knee and Elbow
- Allows forward or backward motion.
Pivot Joint
- Bone resting atop another bone
permitting free movement.
Ex. Neck, Wrist & Ankles
- Allows one bone to rotate
around another.
▪ Allows you to turn your head
Gliding Joint
- Allows one bone to slide over
another.
Ex. Knuckles,wrist, ankle
- allows your to bend and flex as well
as make limited side to side motions
LIGAMENTS
- Connects bone to bone
TENDON
- Attaches muscles to bones
 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 1. Duodenum
organs that take in food and liquids and 2. Jejunum
break them down into substances that the 3. Ileum
body can use for energy, growth, and tissue
repair. & absorbs nutrients Large intestine
- long, tube-like organ that is
Mouth connected to the small intestine at
- Preliminary digestion one end and the anus at the othe
- water inaabsorbs
10-20x dapat ngumuya
Digestive System Processes
1. Chewing - masticating 1. Ingestion
2. Incisors - (front teeth/pustiso) - take in food through the
3. Canine - (Pangil) mouth.
4. Molar - flat teeth at the rear of the 2. Digestion
mouth - begins in the mouth with
5. Bicuspids - teeth located between chewing or mastication
your molars and canine teeth. 3. Chemical digestion
6. Hard palate - The front, bony part of - process called hydrolysis,
the roof of the mouth. (ngala-ngala) uses water and digestive
7. Soft palate - very flexible and does enzymes to break down the
not contain any bony structures complex molecules.
8. Uvula - little fleshy hanging ball in the 4. Absorption
back of your throat - simple molecules that result
9. Gum - tissue of the upper and lower from chemical digestion pass
jaws that surrounds the base of the through cell membranes
teeth 5. Elimination
10. Saliva - helps to lubricate food - food molecules that cannot be
digested or absorbed need to
Tongue be eliminated from the body.
- Very territorial The removal of indigestible
wastes through the anus, in
Pharynx (throat) the form of feces, is
- hollow tube inside the neck that starts defecation or elimination.
behind the nose and ends at the top
of the trachea (windpipe) and REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
esophagus (the tube that goes to the ● Argonauta Argo – Argonaut Octo
stomach). - Chop off
- Male argonauts use a
Bolus modified arm, known as a
- after bolus direct ng esophagus hectocotylus, to transfer their
(smooth muscles) sperm to the female
● Mantis religiosa
Esophagus - male praying mantis will leap
- muscular tube through which food onto the female
passes from the throat to the back—collapsing her thorax
stomach. and wing bases with his
forelegs. Once the collapsing
Stomach is done, he then bends his
- digest food by mixing it with digestive abdomen to place his sperm
juices and churning it into a thin into a cavity that is located on
liquid. the tip of the female's
abdomen.
Rugae - room for expansion ● Rana Pipiens
- Mating in frogs typically
Small intestine involves the male wrapping
- long tube-like organ that connects the his arms around female, the
stomach and the large intestine female depositing eggs and
the male fertilizing the eggs.

Nicole Andre Bautista

Gynecologist - a specialist doctor who Female reproductive system (INTERNAL)
manages conditions that affect the female 1. Uterine/fallopian tube - transport
reproductive system ova
2. Recto & Vesico-uterine Pouch -
Urologist - diagnosing and treating diseases hallow space
of the urinary system of the male. 3. Cervix - passage for menstrual fluid
4. Fornix - catch & retain ejaculated
Male Reproductive system semen
1. Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper's 5. Greater Vestibular Glan - lubrication
glands) of vagina
- produce a thick mucus
2. Corpus Cavernosum and Corpus ● Ovary - transport ova
Spongiosum ● Uterus - hallow space
- Erection ● Fimbriae - catches ovum
3. Ejaculatory Ducts ● Ovarian Ligament - attachment
- Spermatozoa and semen ● Broad Ligament - support
fluids channel
4. Epididymis Hormonal Control of Male Physiology
- storage for spermatids
5. External Urethral Orifice
- Exit point
6. Glans Penis
- Covered with prepuce
(movable sheath of skin that
covers the head of the penis)
7. Membranous & Prostatic Urethra
- Passage way
8. Prostate Gland
- Contributes 26% to the
volume of semen
9. Scrotum
- Protection of testis
10. Seminal Vesicles
- Seminal fluid contains a lot of
fructose

Parts of Testis
● Testis - spermatozoa and
testosterone
● Rete Testis - helps move sperm cells
● Vas Deferens - passage for
ejaculation
● Seminiferous Tubules - site for
spermatogenesis
● Tunica Albuginea - connective
tissue capsule / “white tunic”

Female reproductive system (EXTERNAL)

1. Clitoris - sensitive bulbous erectile
structure
2. Labia Majora - sudoriferous &
sebaceous glands
3. Labia Minora - sebaceous glands
but no hair
4. Mons Pubis - cushions & protects
pubic symphysis
5. Vulva - removal of urine, copulation,
childbirth

Nicole Andre Bautista

 Hormonal Regulation of Reproductive
Cycle

Gametes
1. Oogenesis - process of the formation
of a mature ovum from the oogonia in
females
2. Spermatogenesis - process by
which sperm cell production occurs

Circumcision - foreskin is removed just

behind the head of the penis using a scalpel
or surgical scissors

Female Genital Circumcision - (FGC)

involves the cutting or altering of the external
female genital organs

Sexually Trandsmitted Infection (STDs)

1. Chlamydia
2. Gonorrhea
3. Syphillis
4. Trichomoniasis
5. HSV (herpes simplex virus)
6. HPV (Human Papilloma virus)

Pubic Lice - lice attach eggs to the pubic

hair & feed on human blood

Human Papilomavirus (HPV) - Cause by

Herpes, spread thru skin-to-skin & oral,
vaginal sex

Nicole Andre Bautista