Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits 6th Edition Alexander Solutions Manual 1
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits 6th Edition Alexander Solutions Manual 1
1
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits 6th Edition Alexander
Full download at:
Solution Manual:
https://testbankpack.com/p/solution-manual-for-fundamentals-of-
electric-circuits-6th-edition-by-alexander-sadiku-isbn-0078028221-
9780078028229/
56
R 7 k
8
(a) =RC = 1/200
1 1
C 0.7143 F
200R 200X7X103
(b) =1/200= 5 ms
(c) If value of the voltage at = 0 is 56 .
1
x56 56e200t e200t 2
2
1
200t ln2
t ln2 3.466 ms
200
o o
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.2
τ = R th C
where R th is the Thevenin equivalent at the capacitor terminals.
R th = 120 || 80 + 12 = 60 Ω
τ = 60x0.05 = 3 s.
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.3
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.4
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.5
Using Fig. 7.85, design a problem to help other students to better understand source-free
RC circuits.
Although there are many ways to work this problem, this is an example based on the
same kind of problem asked in the third edition.
Problem
2Ω t=0
+ 5Ω
24 V 4 Ω
_ 4Ω
1/3 F
Solution
5Ω
4Ω
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.6
+
v 1/3 F
–
1
τ = RC = (4 + 5) = 3s
3
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
v(t) = v(0)e−t /τ = 16e
−t / 3
V
dv 1 1
i(t) = −C = − (− )16e−t / 3 = 1.778e−t / 3 A
dt 3 3
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.6
The switch in Fig. 7.85 has been closed for a long time, and it opens at t = 0. Find v(t) for
t ≥ 0.
60 V v(t)
Figure 7.85
For Prob. 7.6.
Solution
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.7
Assuming that the switch in Fig. 7.87 has been in position A for a long time and is moved
to position B at t=0. Then at t = 1second, the switch moves from B to C. Find v C (t) for t
≥ 0.
10 kΩ
A
B C
+
15 V − 2 mF
500 Ω 1 kΩ
Figure 7.87
For Prob. 7.7
Solution
Step 1. Determine the initial voltage on the capacitor. Clearly it charges to 15 volts when
the switch is at position A because the circuit has reached steady state.
This then leaves us with two simple circuits, the first a 500 Ω resistor in series with a
2 mF capacitor and an initial charge on the capacitor of 15 volts. The second circuit
which exists from t = 1 sec to infinity. The initial condition for the second circuit will be
v C (1) from the first circuit. The time constant for the first circuit is (500)(0.002) = 1 sec
and the time constant for the second circuit is (1,000)(0.002) = 2 sec. v C (∞) = 0 for both
circuits.
Step 2.
v C (t) = [15e-t]u(t) volts for 0 < t < 1 sec and = 15e–1e–2(t–1) at t = 1 sec, and
[15e–t] volts for 0 < t < 1 sec, [5.518e–2(t–1)] volts for 1 sec < t < ∞.
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.8
1
(a) RC
4
dv
-i C
dt
- 0.2e-4t C(10)(-4)e -4t C 5 mF
1
R 50
4C
1
(b)
RC 0.25 s
4
1 1
0
0.5 1 e -8t 0
1
e -8t 0
2
or e 2
8t 0
1
t 0 ln (2) 86.6 ms
8
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.9
2 kΩ t=0
+ 15 V vo 4 kΩ 3 mF
_
–
Figure 7.89
For Prob. 7.9.
Solution
Thus,
v o (t) = [10e–t/12] V for all t ≥ 0.
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.10
3
For t<0, v(0 − ) = (36V) = 9 V
3+9
For t>0, we have a source-free RC circuit
τ = RC = 3x103 x20x10 −6 = 0.06s
v o (t) = 9e–16.667t V
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.11
4Ω
24 V + 8Ω
_
4H
io
4Ω
6A 4Ω 8Ω
4||4= 4x4/8=2
i o (0–) = [2/(2+8)]6 = 1.2 A
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.12
Using Fig. 7.92, design a problem to help other students better understand source-free RL
circuits.
Although there are many ways to work this problem, this is an example based on the
same kind of problem asked in the third edition.
Problem
The switch in the circuit in Fig. 7.90 has been closed for a long time. At t = 0, the switch
is opened. Calculate i(t) for t > 0.
Figure 7.90
Solution
When t < 0, the switch is closed and the inductor acts like a short circuit to dc. The 4 Ω
resistor is short-circuited so that the resulting circuit is as shown in Fig. (a).
3Ω
+ i(0-)
12 V 4Ω 2H
−
(a) (b)
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.13
12 = 4 A
i(0 ) =
−
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
When t > 0, the voltage source is cut off and we have the RL circuit in Fig. (b).
L 2
τ = = = 0.5
R 4
Hence,
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.13
1
(a) τ = = 1ms
3
10 = 1 ms.
0.0005 0.0005
0.4
w= ∫ ∫
0.0005
pdt = 0.4e −2000t dt = − e−2000t
0 0
2000 0
60 x40
RTh = (40 + 20)//(10 + 30) = = 24kΩ
100
−3
5x10
τ = L/R = = 0.2083 µ s
3
24x10
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.15
L
(a) R Th = 2 +10 // 40 = 10Ω, τ= = 5 /10 = 0.5s
R Th
L
(b) R = 40 //160 + 48 = 40Ω, τ= = (20x10 −3 ) / 80 = 0.25 ms
Th
RTh
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.16
L eq
τ=
R eq
R 1R 3 R 2 (R 1 +R 3 ) +R 1 R 3
(a) L eq = L and R eq = R 2 + =
R1 R1 + R 3
+ R3
L(R +R )
τ=
1 3
R 2 (R 1 + R 3 ) + R 1 R 3
LL R R R (R +R ) +R R
(b) where L = 1 2 and R =R + 1 2
= 3 1 2 1 2
eq
L1 + L 2 eq 3
R 1 + R2 R1 + R2
L L (R + R )
τ= 1 2 1 2
(L 1 + L 2 )(R 3 (R 1 + R 2 ) + R 1 R 2 )
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.17
Consider the circuit of Fig. 7.97. Find v 0 (t) if i(0) = 15 A and v(t) = 0.
2H
Figure 7.97
For Prob. 7.17.
Solution
i(t) = i(0)e–t/τ where τ = L/R eq = 2/4 = (½) s. Additionally v o (t) = 3i(t) + 2di(t)/dt.
Thus, i(t) = [15e ]u(t) A and v o (t) = [45e–2t]u(t) – [(2)(2)15e–2t]u(t)
–2t
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.18
+
0.4 H
Req vo(t)
i(t) −
6 L 2 5 1
R eq = 2 || 3 = , τ= = × =
5
R 5 6 3
di -2
v (t) = -L = (-3)5e -3t = 6 e -3t V
o
dt 5
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.19
Figure 7.99
For Prob. 7.19.
Solution
i i1 i2
+
10 i1 i/2 i2 40
10i 1 1 40i 2 0
But i i2 i 2 and i i1
i.e. i1 2i 2 i
1
10i 1 20i 0 i
30
1
R th 30
i
L R th
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.19
6 0.2 s
In the circuit
30 Fig. 7.99, find i(t) for t > 0 if i(0) = 5 A.
of
i(t) 5e–5tu(t) A.
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.20
L 1
(a) R 50L
R 50
di
v L
dt
90e -50t
L(30)(-50)e -50t L 60 mH
R 50L 3 Ω
L 1
(b) 20 ms
R 50
1 1
(c) w L i 2 (0) (0.06)(30) 2 27 J
2 2
The value of the energy remaining at 10 ms is given by:
So, the fraction of the energy dissipated in the first 10 ms is given by:
(27–9.933)/27 = 0.6321 or 63.21%.
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.21
In the circuit in Fig. 7.101, find the value of R for which the steady-state energy stored in the
inductor will be 2 J.
Figure 7.101
For Prob. 7.21.
Solution
Rth
Vth + 2H
−
80
Vth = (60) = 40 V
80 + 40
80
R th = 40 || 80 + R = +R
3
Vth 40
I = i(0) = i(∞) = =
R th 80 3 + R
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.23
Since the 2 resistor, 1/3 H inductor, and the (3+1) resistor are in parallel, they
always have the same voltage.
10 10
-i 7.5 i(0) -7.5
2 3 1
The Thevenin resistance R th at the inductor’s terminals is
4 L 13 1
R th 2 || (3 1) ,
3
R th 43 4
di
v L vo L -7.5(-4)(1/3)e -4t
dt
-4t
v o 10e V , t 0
1
-4t
v x v L 2.5 e V, t 0
31
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.24
(b) i(t) = -10 [ u(t) − u(t − 3)] + 10[ u(t − 3) − u(t − 5)]
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.25
Although there are many ways to work this problem, this is an example based on the
same kind of problem asked in the third edition.
Problem
Solution
The waveforms are sketched below.
(a) i(t) (A)
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 t
(b)
v(t) (V)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 t
–1
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.26
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.27
v(t)= [5u(t+1)+10u(t)–25u(t–1)+15u(t-2)] V
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.28
Solution
i(t)
–1 0 1 2 3 4
t
–2
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.29
x(t)
(a)
3.679
0 1 t
(b) y(t)
27.18
0 t
(c) z(t) = cos 4tδ (t −1) = cos 4δ (t −1) = −0.6536δ (t −1) , which is sketched below. z(t)
1
0 t
–0.653δ(t–1)
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.30
∞
(a) 2 δ(t − 1) dt = 4t 2 t =1 = 4
∫−∞ 4t
∞
(b) 2 cos(2πt) δ(t − 0.5) dt = 4t 2 cos(2πt) t=0.5 = cos π = - 1
∫-∞ 4t
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.31
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.32
t t t
= t −1
(a)
∫ u(λ )dλ = ∫ 1dλ = λ
1 1 1
4 1 4 2
t
(b) r(t −1)dt = 0dt + (t −1)dt = − t 4 = 4.5
∫ ∫ ∫ 2 1
0 0 1
5
2 2
(c )
∫ (t − 6) δ (t − 2)dt = (t − 6) t =2 = 16
1
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.33
The voltage across a 10-mH inductor is 45δ (t – 2) mV. Find the inductor current,
assuming that the inductor is initially uncharged.
Solution
1 t
i(t) = ∫ v(τ ) dτ + i(0)
L 0
10 -3 t
It should be noted that the integration of the impulse function, δ(t–t 0 ), produces the unit
step, u(t–t 0 ). Whatever the multiplier (f(t)) of the impulse function at t = t 0 ends up
multiplying the unit step by the same amount (f(t 0 )) in this case f(2) = 4.5.
i(t) = 4.5u(t–2) A.
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.34
d
[u(t − 1) u(t + 1)] = δ (t − 1)u(t + 1) +
(a) dt
u(t − 1)δ (t + 1) = δ (t − 1)1 + 0δ (t + 1) = δ (t − 1)
d
[r(t − 6) u(t − 2)] = u(t − 6)u(t − 2) +
(b) dt
r(t − 6)δ (t − 2) = u(t − 6)1 + 0δ (t − 2) = u(t − 6)
d
[sin 4t u(t − 3)] = 4cos 4t u(t − 3) + sin 4tδ (t − 3)
dt
(c) = 4cos 4t u(t − 3) + sin 4x3δ (t − 3)
= 4cos 4t u(t − 3) − 0.5366δ (t − 3)
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.35
(a)
(b) v = Ae−2t , v(0) = A = −1
v(t) = –e–2tu(t) V
i = Ae3t / 2 , i(0) = A = 2
i(t) = 2e–1.5tu(t) A
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.36
A = 1, v(0) = 0 = 1+ B or B = -1
v(t) = 1 − e -t V, t > 0
A = -3 , v(0) = -6 = -3 + B or B = -3
v(t) = - 3 ( 1 + e t 2 ) V, t > 0
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.37
Let v = v h + v p , v p =10.
1 t / 4
0
vh 4 v
v h Ae
h
v 10 Ae 0.25t
v(0) 2 10 A
A 8
v 10 8e 0.25t
(a) 4s
(b) v() 10 V
(c ) v 10 8e
0.25 t
u(t ) V
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.38
Let i = i p +i h
i h 3i h 0
ih Ae 3t u(t)
2
Let i ku(t), i 0, 3ku(t) 2u(t)
k
p p
3
2
i u(t)
p
3
2
i ( Ae 3t )u(t)
3
2
i (1 e 3t )u(t )
3
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.39
(a) Before t = 0,
1
v(t) = (20) = 4 V
4 +1
After t = 0,
v(t) = v(∞) + [ v(0) − v(∞)] e -t τ
τ = RC = (4)(2) = v(0) = 4 , v(∞) = 20
8,
v(t) = 20 + (4 − 20) e -t 8
v(t) = 20 −16 e -t 8 V
(b) Before t = 0, v = v1 + v 2 , where v1 is due to the 12-V source and v 2 is due to the
2-A source.
v1 = 12 V
v 2 = -8 V
Thus,
v = 12 − 8 = 4 V
After t = 0, the circuit becomes that shown in Fig. (b).
2F 4Ω 2F
+ 12 V +
8V
− −
3Ω 3Ω
(a) (b)
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.40
v(∞) = 12 , v(0) = 4 , τ = RC = (2)(3) = 6
v(t) = 12 + (4 − 12) e -t 6
v(t) = 12 − 8 e -t 6 V
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.41
(a) Before t = 0, v = 12 V .
v(t) = 4 + (12 − 4) e -t 6
v(t) = 4 + 8e -t 6 V
(b) Before t = 0, v = 12 V .
t=0
2Ω
4Ω
12 V +
5F
−
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.41
Using Fig. 7.108, design a problem to help other students to better understand the step response
of an RC circuit.
Although there are many ways to work this problem, this is an example based on the same kind
of problem asked in the third edition.
Problem
Figure 7.108
Solution
30
v(0) = 0 , v(∞) = (12) = 10
36
(6)(30)
R eq C = (6 || 30)(1) = =5
36
v(t) = 10 + (0 − 10) e -t 5
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.42
(a) If the switch in Fig. 7.109 has been open for a long time and is closed at t = 0, find v o (t).
(b) Suppose that the switch has been closed for a long time and is opened at t = 0. Find v o (t).
30 V
Figure 7.109
For Prob. 7.42.
Solution
τ= (3) = 4
3
vo (t) = 20 − 20 e -t 4
v o (t) = 20(1–e–0.25t)u(t) V.
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.43
4
v (0) = (30) = 20 τ = RC = (4)(3) = 12
,
4+2
o
v o = [20{1–u(t)} + (20e–t/12)u(t)] V.
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.43
Before t = 0, the circuit has reached steady state so that the capacitor acts like an open
circuit. The circuit is equivalent to that shown in Fig. (a) after transforming the voltage
source.
0.5i vo
i
2A 40 0.5i 80
(a)
v v
0.5i 2 i
o o
,
40 80
1 vo vo 320
Hence, 2 v o
64
2 80 40 5
v
i 0.8 A
o
80
0.5i vC
i
3 mF 0.5i 80
(b)
v C (t) v C (0) e -t , R th C
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
To find R th , we replace the capacitor with a 1-V voltage source as shown in Fig. (c).
0.5i vC
1V +
0.5i 80
(c)
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
v 1 0.5
i
C
, i o 0.5i
80
80 80
1 80
R th 160 , R th C 480
io 0.5
v C (0) 64 V
-t 480
v C (t) 64 e
dv 1
0.5i -i -C C
-3
-t 480
C
dt
64 e
480
i(t) 800 e -t 480 u(t ) mA
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.44
The switch in Fig. 7.111 has been in position a for a long time. At t = 0, it moves to
position b. Calculate i(t) for all t > 0.
30 V 60V
Figure 7.111
For Prob. 7.44.
Solution
Thus,
v(t) = 20 + (10 − 20) e -t 4 = 20 −10 e -t 4
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.45
20 kΩ 10 kΩ
40 kΩ R Th
20x40 70
RTh = 10 + 20 // 40 = 10 + = kΩ
60 3
70
τ=R C = x103 x3x10 −6 = 0.07
3
Th
20 kΩ 10 kΩ
+
30V +
_ 40 kΩ vo
v o (∞) = [40/(40+20)]30 = 20 V
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.46
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.47
12
8 +
24[u(t)–u(t–1)] V
2[u(t–1)] A
+ v(t)
50 mF
Figure 7.114
For Prob. 7.47.
Solution
For t < 0, u(t) 0 , u(t 1) 0 , v(0) 0
v(t) 24 1 e -t
Thus,
24 1 e-t V , 0 t 1
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.49
R th 20 10 30 , R th C (30)(0.1) 3
v(t) 10 e -t 3 V
dv -1
i(t) C (0.1) 10 e -t 3
dt 3
-1
i(t) e -t 3 A
3
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.50
R eq 4 6 10 , R eq C (10)(0.5) 5
v(t) 8 1 e -t 5 V
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.51
For t > 0, we transform the current source to a voltage source as shown in Fig. (a).
1 kΩ 1 kΩ
+
30 V +
v 2 kΩ
−
−
(a)
2
v(∞) = (30) = 15 V
2 + 1+ 1
R th = (1+ 1) || 2 = 1 kΩ
1 1
τ = R th C = 10 ×3
×10 =-3
4 4
v(t) = 15 ( 1− e -4t ) , t > 0
iT 1 kΩ v
ix
30 mA 1 kΩ 1/4 mF 2 kΩ
(b)
i x = 30 mA − i T
v dv
R3
But
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.52
iT = +C
dt
Thus,
i x (t) = 30 − 7.5 − 7.5 e -4t mA
i x (t) = 7.5 ( 3 − e ) mA, t>0
-4t
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.53
R t=0
+
VS + i L v
dt R
di -R
i VS dt
R L
R I0 L
iV R -t
ln S
I0 VS R
i VS R
or e-t
I0 VS R
V V
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.54
i(t) I e -t
S S
R 0
R
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.52
Using Fig. 7.118, design a problem to help other students to better understand the step
response of an RL circuit.
Although there are many ways to work this problem, this is an example based on the
same kind of problem asked in the third edition.
Problem
Figure 7.118
Solution
20
= 2 A, i(∞) = 2 A
i(0) =
10
i(t) = 2 A
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.53
25
(a) Before t = 0, i= = 5A
3+ 2
L 4
τ= = = 2, i(0) = 5
R 2
(b) Before t = 0, the inductor acts as a short circuit so that the 2 Ω and 4 Ω
resistors are short-circuited.
i(t) = 6 A
After t = 0, we have an RL circuit.
L 3
i(t) = i(0)e-t τ , τ= =
R 2
i(t) = 6e -2t 3
u(t )A
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.54
(4 || 12) 3 6
i(0) 1 , i() (2) (2)
4 (4 ||12) 43 7
6 6
i(t)
1 e -2t
7 7
i(t)
1
6 e -2t A
7
10
(b) Before t = 0, i(t) 2A
23
L 2 4
R eq 4.5 9
i(0) 2
To find i() , consider the circuit below, at t = when the inductor becomes a short
circuit,
v
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.55
i
+ 24 V + 2H
10 V
2 6 3
10 v 24 v v v
v 9 i() 3 A and
2 6 3 3
i(t) 3 (2 3) e -9t 4
i(t) 3 e -9t 4 A
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.56
3 i 8
+
io + +
4io v 2
+ v 2 +
24 V 20 V
(a) (b)
3i o 24 4i o 0
i o 24
v
v(t) 4i o 96 V i 48 A
2
R th 2 ,
R th 2 4
i(t) (48) e -4t
v(t) 2i(t) 96 e -4t u(t )V
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.57
L
R eq 6 20 || 5 10 , 0.05
R
i(t) i() i(0) i() e-t
5
vx i 6
+ 20 V
+
2A 12 20 0.5 H v
20 v x v x v x v x
2 v x 12
5 12 20 6
v
i(0) 2A
x
6
Since 20 || 5 4 ,
4
i() (4) 1.6
46
v(t) - 4e -20t V
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.57
At t = 0 − , the circuit has reached steady state so that the inductors act like short circuits.
6Ω i
i1 i2
30 V + 5Ω 20 Ω
−
30 30 20
i= = = 3, i = 0.6
i = (3) = 2.4 ,
6 + (5 || 20) 10 1
25 2
For t > 0, the switch is closed so that the energies in L1 and L 2 flow through the closed switch
and become dissipated in the 5 Ω and 20 Ω resistors.
1
L1 2.5 1
i 1 (t) = i 1 (0) e -t τ1
, τ = =
R1 =
5 2
i1 (t) = 2.4e–2tu(t) A
L2 4 1
-t τ 2
i 2 (t) = i 2 (0)e , τ2 = = =
R2 20 5
i 2 (t) = 600e–5tu(t) mA
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.58
i(t) = 5 ( 1+ e -16t ) A
di
( 1+ e ) 1-16t -16t
v o (t) = 3i + L = 15 + (-16)(5)e
dt
-16t
4
v o (t) = 15 − 5 e V
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.59
Determine the step response v o (t) to i s = 6u(t) A in the circuit of Fig. 7.124.
40 Ω +
vo(t)
−
15 H
is 20 Ω
Figure 7.124
For Prob. 7.59.
Solution
At t = ∞, the inductor becomes a short and the current through the 40 Ω can be found by
using current division, i(∞) = 6x20/(20+40) = 2 A.
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.60
i() 4
i(t) i() i(0) i() e-t
i(t) 4 1 e-t 2
di -1
v(t) L (8)(-4) e -t 2
dt 2
v(t) 16 e -0.5t V
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.61
4
20u(-t) + 40u(t) +
0.5 H
L 12 1
, i(0) 5 , i() 10
R 4 8
di 1
v(t) L (-5)(-8) e -8t
dt 2
v(t) 20e–8tu(t) V
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.62
L 2
1
R eq 3 || 6
i(t) 1 e
-t
6
1 1 1
i()
3 6 2
i(t) 0.5 (0.1054 0.5)e-(t-1)
i(t) 0.5 0.3946e-(t-1)
Thus,
1
1 e -t A 0t1
i(t) 6
t1
0.5 0.3946e -(t-1) A
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.63
10
For t < 0, u(-t) 1, i(0) 2
5
i(t) 2e–8tu(t) A
di 1
v(t) L (-8)(2) e-8t
dt 2
v(t) –8e–8tu(t) V
2e–8tu(t) A, –8e–8tu(t) V
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.64
Determine the value of i L (t) and the total energy dissipated by the circuit from
t = 0 sec to t = ∞ sec. The value of i in (t) is equal to [6 – 6u(t)] A.
20 Ω
10 Ω iin(t)
10 H
iL(t)
Figure 7.129
For Prob. 7.64.
Solution
For t < 0, the value of i in = 6 A. The value of i L can be found by using current division,
i L(0) = –6x10/(20+10) = –2 A.
For 0 < t i in = 0 A and i L(∞) = –(0)(1/3) = 0 A and τ = L/R = 10/30 = 1/3. Thus,
i L(t) = i(∞) + [i(0) – i(∞)]e–t/τ
= –2e–3t A.
To find the total energy that will be dissapaited in the circuit from t = 0 to ∞ we only
need to recognize that the inductor is the only divice supplying power to the circuit after t
= 0. Thus, the total energy dissapatied by the circuit is equal to the energy stored in the
inductor at t = 0.
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.65
Since v s 10 u(t) u(t 1) , this is the same as saying that a 10 V source is turned on at
t = 0 and a -10 V source is turned on later at t = 1. This is shown in the figure below.
vs
10
-10
10
For 0 < t < 1, i(0) 0 , i() 2
5
L 2 1
R th 5 || 20 4 ,
R th 4 2
i(t) 2 1 e -2t A
i(1) 2 1 e -2 1.729
Using Fig. 7.131, design a problem to help other students to better understand first-order
op amp circuits.
Although there are many ways to work this problem, this is an example based on the
same kind of problem asked in the third edition.
Problem
For the op-amp circuit of Fig. 7.131, find v o . Assume that v s changes abruptly from 0 to
1 V at t=0. Find v o .
50 kΩ
0.5 µF
20 kΩ
–
+
+ +
vs vo
_
Solution
τ = RC = 50x103x0.5x10–6 = 25 ms
If v(0) = 10 V, find v o (t) for t > 0 in the op amp circuit in Fig. 7.132.
Let R = 100 kΩ and C = 20 µF.
R
− vo
+
+
R R
R v
C
−
Figure 7.132
For Prob. 7.67.
Solution
In this circuit, the resistor between the capacitor and the positive input terminal of the op
amp can be neglected since the current through it has to be equal to zero. This then
results in the circuit shown below. Clearly this is a voltage follower circuit with v o = v.
R −
vo
v1 + vo
+
R vo C
dv o vo
=− or -t 3RC
v o (t) = VT e
dt 3RC
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.68
This is a very interesting problem which has both an ideal solution as well as a realistic
solution. Let us look at the ideal solution first. Just before the switch closes, the value of
the voltage across the capacitor is zero which means that the voltage at both terminals
input of the op amp are each zero. As soon as the switch closes, the output tries to go to a
voltage such that both inputs to the op amp go to 4 volts. The ideal op amp puts out
whatever current is necessary to reach this condition. An infinite (impulse) current is
necessary if the voltage across the capacitor is to go to 8 volts in zero time (8 volts across
the capacitor will result in 4 volts appearing at the negative terminal of the op amp). So
v o will be equal to 8 volts for all t > 0.
What happens in a real circuit? Essentially, the output of the amplifier portion of the op
amp goes to whatever its maximum value can be. Then this maximum voltage appears
across the output resistance of the op amp and the capacitor that is in series with it. This
results in an exponential rise in the capacitor voltage to the steady-state value of 8 volts.
vC(t) = V op amp max (1 – e-t/(RoutC)) volts, for all values of vC less than 8 V,
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.69
For t > 0, the 20 kΩ and 100 kΩ resistors are in series and together, they are in parallel
with the capacitor since no current enters the op amp terminals. As t → ∞ , the capacitor
acts like an open circuit so that
−4
v (∞) = (20 + 100) = −48
o
10
3 -3
( )
v o (t) = −48 1 − e -t 3000 V = 48(e–t/3000–1)u(t)V
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.70
For t > 0, the switch is closed and the circuit becomes as shown below.
1
+
vo
2
v
+
vS +
C
R
v1 v 2 v s (1)
0 v s dv
C (2)
R dt
where v v s v o v o v s v
(3)
From (1),
dv vs
0
dt RC
v
-1 -tv
v dt v(0)
s
s
RC RC
Since v is constant,
RC (20 10 3 )(5 10 -6 ) 0.1
- 20 t
v mV -200 t mV
0.1
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.71
From (3),
v o v s v 20 200 t
v o 20(1 10t ) mV
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.71
For the op amp circuit in Fig. 7.136, suppose v s = 10u(t) V. Find v(t) for t > 0.
100 kΩ
100 kΩ
20 kΩ
−
+ +
+
vs − 20 kΩ 100 µF v(t)
Figure 7.136
For Prob. 7.71.
Solution
We recognize that the op amp operates as an inverting op amp whose output is equal to –
v s = –10u(t) V. Since the output of the op amp acts like an ideal voltage source, we can
determine the Thevenin equivalent circuit, as seen by the capacitor, with
V Thev = V oc = –10u(t)[20k/(20k+20k)] = –5u(t) V and R eq = 20kx20k/(20k+20k) = 10
kΩ. Next we get τ = R eq C = 104x10–4 = 1 s.
Additionally since the input voltage is equal to zero until t = 0, the value of v(0) = 0.
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.72
The op amp acts as an emitter follower so that the Thevenin equivalent circuit is shown
below.
+ − io
v
+ R
3u(t)
−
Hence,
v(t) = v(∞) + [ v(0) − v(∞)] e -t τ
v(0) = -2 V , v(∞) = 3 V , τ = RC = (10 ×10 3 )(10 ×10 -6 ) = 0.1
dv
io = C = (10 ×10 -6 )(-5)(-10) e -10t
dt
-10t
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.73
For the op amp circuit of Fig. 7.138, let R 1 = 10 k, Rf = 30 k, C = 20 F, and
v(0) = 1 V. Find v o .
Figure 7.138
For Prob. 7.73.
Solution
Consider the circuit below.
Rf
R1 C
v1 v2 v3
+
v + +
+
v1
vo
At node 2,
v1 v 2 dv
C (1)
R1 dt
At node 3, dv
v 3 v o
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.74
C
(2)
dt Rf
But v 3 0 and v v 2 v 3 v 2 . Hence, (1) becomes
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
v1 v dv
C
R1 dt
dv
v1 v R 1 C
dt
dv v v1
or R 1 C
dt R 1C
v
1 T 1
4 3e t0
From (2),
dv
vo R f C (3010 3 )(2010 -6 )(15e -5t )
dt
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.74
10 kΩ
2 µF
is
50 kΩ −
+ +
is
vo
−
For t > 0, i s = 10 µA .
dv v
is = C +
dt R
v(t) = v(∞) + [ v(0) − v(∞)] e -t τ
It is evident that
At steady state, the capacitor acts like an open circuit so that i s passes through R. Hence,
v(∞) = i s R = (10 ×10 −6 )(50 ×10 3 ) = 0.5 V
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.75
In the circuit of Fig. 7.140, find v o and i o , given that v s = 10[1 – e–t]u(t) V.
10 Ω io
+ vo
−
vs +
−
100 kΩ
10 µF 100 kΩ
Figure 7.140
For Prob. 7.75.
Solution
Let v a = voltage at the noninverting terminal and let v b = voltage at the inverting
terminal.
Since v s = 0 for all t < 0, all the initial voltages are equal to 0.
For t > 0, v a = v b = v s = 10[1 – e–t].
At v b , 10–5(dv b /dt) + [(v b –0)/105] + [(v b –v o )/105] + 0 = 0. Since dv s /dt = 10e–t we then
get v o = 10e–t + 2v s = 10e–t + 20 – 20e–t = [20 – 10e–t]u(t) V.
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.76
The schematic is shown below. For the pulse, we use IPWL and enter the corresponding
values as attributes as shown. By selecting Analysis/Setup/Transient, we let Print Step =
25 ms and Final Step = 2 s since the width of the input pulse is 1 s. After saving and
simulating the circuit, we select Trace/Add and display –V(C1:2). The plot of V(t) is
shown below.
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.77
The schematic is shown below. We click Marker and insert Mark Voltage Differential at
the terminals of the capacitor to display V after simulation. The plot of V is shown
below. Note from the plot that V(0) = 12 V and V(∞) = -24 V which are correct.
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Solution 7.78
(a) When the switch is in position (a), the schematic is shown below. We insert
IPROBE to display i. After simulation, we obtain,
i(0) = 7.714 A
from the display of IPROBE.
(b) When the switch is in position (b), the schematic is as shown below. For inductor
I1, we let IC = 7.714. By clicking Analysis/Setup/Transient, we let Print Step = 25 ms
and Final Step = 2 s. After Simulation, we click Trace/Add in the probe menu and
display I(L1) as shown below. Note that i(∞) = 12A, which is correct.
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
In the circuit in Fig. 7.143, determine i o .
10 Ω
io
10 Ω
2[1–u(t)] A
10 H
+
35u(t) V −
Figure 7.143
For Prob. 7.79.
Solution
For all t < 0, the voltage source is equal to zero (a short) and i o = 2x10/(10+10) = 1 A.
For all 0 < t, the voltage source is equal to 35 V and the current source is equal to zero
(an open circuit). At t = ∞, i o (∞) = 35/20 = 1.75 A. Additionally, R eq = 20 Ω and
τ = L/R eq = 10/20 = 0.5 sec.
Finally,
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
In the circuit of Fig. 7.144, find the value of i o for all values of 0 < t.
10 Ω
io
10 Ω 5Ω
10 Ω
1A
+
25[1–u(t)] V − 50 mF
Figure 7.144
For Prob. 7.80.
Solution
For all values of t < 0, the current source is equal to 1 A and the voltage source is equal to
25 V. In addition the capacitor is equal to an open circuit. Thus, if we let v o be the
voltage at the top node and taking the bottom node as reference we get,
–1 + [(v o –25)/10] + [(v o –0)/10] = 0 and v o = 35/2 = 17.5 V and v C (0) = 17.5 V. Note,
we can neglect the resistor in series with the current source.
For all values of 0 < t, the current source is still equal to 1 A but the voltage source is
now equal to zero (a short). We can now use the following equations to find i o .
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
The schematic is shown below. We use VPWL for the pulse and specify the attributes as
shown. In the Analysis/Setup/Transient menu, we select Print Step = 25 ms and final
Step = 3 S. By inserting a current marker at one terminal of LI, we automatically obtain
the plot of i after simulation as shown below.
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3 10 -3
RC
R 100 10 -6 30
C
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
v() 120, v(0) 0, RC 34x10 6 x15x10 6 510s
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
A capacitor with a value of 10 mF has a leakage resistance of 2 MΩ. How long does it
take the voltage across the capacitor to decay to 40% of the initial voltage to which the
capacitor is charged? Assume that the capacitor is charged and then set aside by itself.
Solution
The voltage across a charged capacitor is equal to v C (t) = v C (0)e–t/τ where τ = R leak C =
(2x106)(0.01) = 2x104. Thus,
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
(a) The light is on from 75 volts until 30 volts. During that time we essentially have
a 120-ohm resistor in parallel with a 6-µF capacitor.
30 120
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
v(t) v() v(0) v() e -t
v() 12 , v(0) 0
v(t) 12 1 e-t
v(t 0 ) 8 12 1 e -t 0
8 1
1 e -t 0
e -t 0
12 3
t 0 ln (3)
For R 100 k ,
RC (100 103 )(2 10-6 ) 0.2 s
t 0 0.2 ln (3) 0.2197 s
For R 1 M ,
RC (1106 )(2 10-6 ) 2 s
t 0 2 ln (3) 2.197 s
Thus,
0.2197 s t 0 2.197 s
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Let i be the inductor current.
120
For t < 0, i(0 − ) = = 1.2 A
100
At t = 100 ms = 0.1 s,
i(0.1) = 1.2 e -1 = 441mA
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
(a) τ = RC = (300 ×10 3 )(200 ×10 -12 ) = 60 µs
As a differentiator,
T > 10 τ = 600 µs = 0.6 ms
i.e. Tmin = 0.6 ms
(b) τ = RC = 60 µs
As an integrator,
T < 0.1τ = 6 µs
i.e. Tmax = 6 µs
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Since τ < 0.1T = 1 µs
L
< 1 µs
R
L < 200 mH
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
We determine the Thevenin equivalent circuit for the capacitor C s .
R
v s
, R R || R
R
th
s
R p vi th s p
Rth
Vth + Cs
R s R p M
9 9 3
Also,
R th C s 15 s
6 (2 3)
where R th R p || R s 0.6 M
62 3
15 10 -6
C s 25 pF
R th 10 6
0.6
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
12
i o (0) 240 mA , i() 0
50
L 2
R R
-t 0
i(t 0 ) 10 240 e
e t0 24
t 0 ln (24)
t0 5 2
ln (24) ln (24) 1.573
R
2
R 1.271
1.573
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
10
0 t tR
dv 4 10 -9 2 10 -3
iC
dt - 10
tR t tD
5 10 -6
20 A 0 t 2 ms
i(t) 2 ms t 2 ms 5 s
- 8 mA
t
2 ms
-8 mA
(not to scale)
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.