Corrections From Research To Policy To Practice 1st Edition Stohr Test Bank Download

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Stohr, Corrections: From Research, to Policy, to Practice, 1st Edition

SAGE Publishing, 2018
Corrections From Research to Policy to

Practice 1st Edition by Stohr ISBN
1483373371 9781483373379
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Chapter 6: Jails and Detention Centers
Test Bank
Multiple Choice
1. The capacity of jails to house inmates:

A. has never been worse.
B. has been worse in the recent past.
C. has been worse only in the distant past.
D. continues to be a problem, with half of jails operating at over than average
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 6-2: Identify the types of jails in operation.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Overcrowding
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. When bringing a lawsuit against jails and prisons, an offender is most likely to win
cases when the claim involves:
A. Sexual abuse
B. Poor diet
C. Inadequate healthcare
D. Overcrowding
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
1
3. In 2015 women comprised about ______ of jail inmates.
A. 2%
B. 8%
C. 10%
D. 15%
E. 24%
Ans: D
Answer Location: Gender, Juveniles, Race, and Ethnicity
4. Long-term trends over the last 25 years indicate men in jails have ______:
A. increased only slightly
B. doubled
C. decreased only slightly
D. decreased substantially
Ans: D
5. The primary reason for the increase in the minority population in jail is:
A. the war on drugs
B. immigration
C. racial profiling by police and courts
D. an increase in minority criminal activity
Ans: A
6. The racial–ethnic grouping with the largest numbers in jail are:

A. White, non-Hispanics
B. Black non-Hispanics
C. Hispanics of any race
D. all are approximately equally represented
Ans: A
2
Instructor Resource
7. Proportionate to population which racial–ethnic group are the most likely to be

incarcerated in American jails?
A. White, non-Hispanics
B. Black, non-Hispanics
C. Hispanics of any race
D. All are approximately equally likely
Ans: B
8. Jails in the United States are full of:

A. the homeless
B. the mentally ill
C. the poor
D. all of these
Ans: D
Answer Location: Mental Illness, Homelessness, Substance Abuse, and Poverty
9. What percentage of jail inmates have metal health problems?

A. 12%
B. 26%
C. 47%
D. 64%
Ans: D
10. With regard to inmates with mental health problems:

A. Prisons experience higher percentages than jails.
B. Jails experience higher percentages than prisons.
C. Prisons and jails experience comparable numbers.
D. Prisons experience higher percentages for males; jails experience a higher number
for females.
Ans: B
3
11. Of those with mental health problems, jail inmates experience:
A. 50% more delusions
B. no hallucinations
C. attacks from the staff
D. none of these
Ans: A
12. Inmates with mental illness are ______ likely to be homeless then those without an
illness:
A. less
B. 3 times as
C. twice as
D. none of these
Ans: C
13. Three-quarters of inmates with mental health problems are:

A. dependent on or abuse substances
B. homeless
C. violent
D. all of these
E. both A and B
Ans: A
14. The most common health problem of inmates in jail is:

A. HIV
B. liver failure
C. arthritis
D. paralysis
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 6-3: Explain how jails process individuals.
Answer Location: Medical Problems
4
Instructor Resource
15. What percentage of jail inmates report being under the influence at the time of their
offense?
A. 30%
B. 50%
C. 70%
D. 90%
Ans: B
Answer Location: Substance Abuse and Jails
16. Which group is more likely than others to be under the influence while committing an
offense?
A. Whites
B. Hispanics
C. Females
D. Males
E. Both A and C
Ans: E
Cognitive Domain: Application
17. Though 68% of inmates in 2002 reported substance abuse or dependent problems,
only ______ of convicted inmates in jails received treatment.
A. 6%
B. 12.4%
C. 22%
D. 34%
Ans: A
18. By 2002, the leading cause of death in jail was ______.

A. suicide
B. murder
C. illness
D. accidental overdose
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 6-4: Assess how jails affect and are affected by overcrowding, race,
gender, age, and special needs of their inmates.
5
Answer Location: Suicides
19. With respect to sexual violence in prison, approximately ______ of assaults are
perpetrated by staff.
A. a quarter
B. a third
C. over Half
D. all of these
Ans: C
Answer Location: Sexual Violence
20. If operated correctly, new generation jails are:

A. more cost-effective
B. safer
C. equipped with more amenities
D. all of these
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 6-5: Describe the various approaches jails take to address medical
problems of inmates.
Answer Location: New-Generation or Podular Direct-Supervision Jails
21. ______ are characterized by rounded architecture and living units with directly
supervising staff.
A. New generation jails
B. Community jails
C. Coequal staffing jails
D. Reentry programs for jails
Ans: A
22. Which type of institution is characterized the idea that programming on the outside
does not begin or end with incarceration?
B. Community jails
6
Instructor Resource

Ans: B
Answer Location: Community Jails
23. Which type of institution is characterized by equal pay and enhanced training for its
employees?
B. Community jails
Ans: C
Answer Location: Coequal Staffing
24. Which type of institution is characterized by the provision of services that make the
transition from incarceration to freedom more manageable?
B. Community jails
Ans: D
Answer Location: Reentry Programs for Jails
25. Jails:
A. are described as correctional afterthoughts by scholars
B. hold multifaceted and critical roles in communities
C. have often been neglected
D. all of these
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 6-1: Describe the origins of jails.
Answer Location: Introduction: The Community Institution
7
26. What percentage of jail inmates have not been convicted of the crime they are being
held for?
A. 25%
B. 42%
C. 51%
D. 60%
Ans: D
Answer Location: Jail Inmates and Their Processing
27. According to the 1976 case of Estelle v. Gamble, inmates have the right to:
A. Freedom of the press
B. Right to special religious diets
C. Right to reasonable medical care
D. All of these
Ans: C
Answer Location: Rights to Medical Care
28. Which types of jails may be better equipped to monitor and prevent suicides in their
facilities?
A. Larger
B. Smaller
C. City
D. County
Ans: A
29. What mandated that the BJS collect data on sexual assaults in adult and juvenile
jails and prisons and that they identify facilities with high levels of victimization?
A. No More Rape Act of 2003
B. End Rape Now Act of 2003
C. Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003
D. Jail Rape Elimination Act of 2003
Ans: C
8
Instructor Resource

30. Which of the following tactics are used by correctional facilities for controlling
gangs?
A. Informants
B. Isolation of leaders
C. Non intervention
D. Segregation
Ans: D
Answer Location: Gangs
True/False
1. Prisons have been in existence for much longer than jails.

Ans: F
2. Jails were at or above 100% capacity during the 1980s and 1990s.
Ans: T
3. Podular-direct supervision jails offer a management philosophy that is much more

regimented and less open than traditional jails.
Ans: F
4. Jail staff has historically, and unfortunately, received the same levels of training and
compensation as deputy sheriffs despite the fact that their jobs are much more
demanding.
Ans: F
9
Answer Location: Coequal Staffing
5. Jails often hold innocent people in the same location as violent offenders.
Ans: T
Answer Location: Summary
6. The number of adult males in jail from 1990 to 2006 almost tripled.
Ans: F
7. Black, non-Hispanic inmates outnumber White, non-Hispanic inmates by two to one.

Ans: F
8. Black, non-Hispanics are only three times as likely to be incarcerated in American

jails as White, non-Hispanics.
Ans: F
9. Those who are mentally ill are more likely to be homeless.

Ans: T
10. Female inmates experience more mental health problems than male inmates.
Ans: T
10
Instructor Resource

11. Jail inmates with mental illness are twice as likely to be homeless than inmates
without mental illness.
Ans: T
12. One half of jail inmates reported a medical problem more serious than a cold or the
flu.
Ans: T
13. Two percent of jail inmates use a walker, cane, or wheelchair.

Ans: T
14. Inmates have yet to gain a constitutional right to health care during incarceration.
Ans: F
15. Prison inmates commit suicide at 3 times the rate of jail inmates because their
incarceration experience is significantly longer.
Ans: F
16. The Prison Rape Elimination Act only collects data in prisons.
Ans: F
11
17. Reentry programs for jails focus on making reentering the prison a smoother
transition for offenders.
Ans: F
18. Women comprise about 15% of all jail inmates.

Ans: T
19. Overcrowding is a serious issue facing jails today.

Ans: T
20. Jails and prisons have comparable rates of suicides and homicides.
Short Answer
1. Explain how the mission of a jail is much more diverse than that of a prison.
Ans: These days, jails hold convicted offenders before they are sentenced; hold more
minor offenders who are sentenced for terms that are usually less than a year; they hold
juveniles; they hold women; they hold people for the state or federal authorities; and
they serve to incapacitate, deter, rehabilitate, punish, and reintegrate.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Difficulty Level: Medium
12
Instructor Resource
2. Why can a jail capacity percentage be misleading?

Ans: Certain sections of jails are designated for specific types of offenders that cannot
or do not mix well (e.g., males and females, but also juveniles, trustees, inmates with
medical problems, etc.). The percentage capacity may indicate that the jail is not
completely full, but any given section might be overwhelmed with inmates.
Difficulty Level: Hard
3. What is the primarily reason for increased numbers of women and minorities in jail?
Ans: The reason often cited for the overall increases has been the prosecution of the
drug war since the 1980s and 1990s. The “get tough” policies, which have led to longer
periods of incarceration in prisons, have also led to a greater propensity to catch and
keep low-level drug offenders in jails
4. How does being homeless increase a person’s chances of being arrested?

Ans: Being homeless puts that person at a greater risk for negative contact with the
police; lacking a home, private matters are more likely to be subject to public viewing in
public spaces, and this disturbs or offends some community members, which leads to
police involvement.
5. Why is the provision for health care to incarcerated persons important?

Ans: The Supreme Court held that to be deliberately indifferent to the medical needs of
inmates would violate the Eighth Amendment prohibition against cruel and unusual
punishment. Additionally, the provision of decent health care to incarcerated persons is
important not just because the Supreme Court mandates it, or because it is the moral
thing to do for people who are not free to access health care on their own, but because
the vast majority of jail inmates return to the community, most within a week or two.
6. When does overcrowding occur?

Ans: Overcrowding occurs when the number of inmates exceeds the physical capacity
(i.e., the beds and space) available.
13
7. How have “get tough” policies affected jails?

Ans: The “get tough” policies, which have led to longer periods of incarceration in
prisons, have also led to a greater propensity to catch and keep low-level drug
offenders in jails
8. What did the late corrections scholar, John Irwin refer the types of people who are
managed in jails as?
Ans: John Irwin referred to the types of people who are managed in jails as the “rabble,”
by which he meant disorganized and disorderly, the lowest class of people.
Answer Location: The Poor and the Mentally Ill
9. What did the Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003 mandate?

Ans: The Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003 mandated that the Bureau of Justice
Statistics collect data on sexual assaults in adult and juvenile jails and prisons and that
they identify facilities with high levels of victimization.
10. What are the two key components of a new generation jail?
Ans: Its two key components included a rounded or “podular” architecture for living units
and the “direct,” as opposed to indirect or intermittent, supervision of inmates by staff; in
other words, staff were to be in the living units full time.
Essay
1. How does overcrowding limit the ability of jails to fulfill its multifaceted mission? What
is the impact on inmates?
14
Instructor Resource
Ans: Such overcrowding limits the ability of the jail to fulfill its multifaceted mission: Less
programming can be provided, health and maintenance systems are overtaxed, and
staff are stressed by the increased demands on their time and the inability to meet all
inmate needs. From the inmates’ perspective, their health, security, and privacy are
more likely to be threatened when the numbers of inmates in their living units increase
and the amount of space, and possibly the number of staff, does not. The jail staff also
lose their ability to effectively classify and sometimes control inmates; they may be
unable to keep the offenders convicted of serious crimes away from the presumed
innocent unconvicted, or more minor-offending inmates. Judges and jail managers will
struggle over how to keep the jail population down to acceptable limits, and as a result,
even serious offenders may be let loose into communities as a means of reducing the
crowding. Therefore, though the “get tough” laws in many states were passed with the
explicit intent of incarcerating more people for longer, their actual unintended effect in
some jails may be to incarcerate serious offenders less (as there is no room) and all
offenders in less safe and secure facilities.
2. Identify the seven critical dimensions of new generation officer behavior and discuss
what research has indicated about the success in proper officer training.
Ans: The seven critical dimensions of new generation jail officer behavior: (1) proactive
leadership and conflict resolution skills; (2) building a respectful relationship with
inmates; (3) uniform, and predictable, enforcement of all rules; (4) active observation of
all inmate doings and occurrences in the living unit; (5) attending to inmate requests
with respect and dignity; (6) disciplining inmates in a fair and consistent manner; and (7)
being organized and in the open with the supervisory style. Whether officers in podular
direct supervision jails are always adequately selected and trained to fit these
dimensions of their role is as yet an open research question.
3. Discuss the Prison Rape Elimination Act Controversy.

Ans: The Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA) of 2003 required that the Department of
Justice and its subdivisions—the National Institute of Justice and the Bureau of Justice
Statistics—study and report on the amount of sexual violence in adult and juvenile
prisons and jails. In reaction to this reporting and court cases which indicated that
LGBTI inmates were particularly vulnerable to sexual abuse by inmates and staff, and
after studying the matter the National Prison Rape Elimination Commission, which was
created by the PREA legislation, released its national standards in June 2009. These
standards are extensive and require that states train staff differently, monitor inmates
differently, report offenses, treat victims and offenders, audit themselves and collect and
15
keep relevant data related to sexual violence. The U.S. Attorney General was asked to
release these standards and to require compliance with them by the Bureau of Prison
and by each Governor certifying compliance with these standards or certifying that they
were working toward compliance. If governors did not do this they risked losing 5% of
any future DOJ grants (Department of Justice, 2014). As the date for certification of
compliance neared in spring 2014 at least seven states’ governors (i.e., Arizona,
Florida, Idaho, Indiana, Nebraska, Texas, Utah, and the Northern Marianas Islands
territory) ignored the certification deadline of May 15 or indicated that they would not
certify compliance with these standards, some claiming that they were too cumbersome
and expensive to comply with.
Answer Location: Prison Rape Elimination Act Controversy
4. Discuss how an inmate is typically processed into a jail.

Ans: The first part of the typical processing of an inmate at a county or city jail is the
delivery of the arrestee to the facility by a law enforcement officer. Many arrestees may
be stressed, upset, mentally disturbed, or intoxicated. The officer may choose to
administer a Breathalyzer test at the jail or if the arrestee is injured, the jail booking staff
may require that the arrestee be taken by law enforcement to the hospital to be checked
out before he or she is admitted to the jail. If not injured, the law enforcement officer will
fill out the paperwork for admittance of the arrestee to the facility. Usually the arrestee is
still with the officer when this is occurring and often still in handcuffs. Once the required
paperwork and processing are completed, the jail will accept the arrestee, search him or
her, and begin its own paperwork for admitting the arrestee. At this juncture, and
depending on the alleged offense, the arrestee may be allowed to contact family and
friends and/or a bail bondsman. The arrestee might be released directly into the
community if the alleged offense is minor. However, if the alleged offense is serious
enough, the arrestee will need to await arraignment by a judge to determine bail and in
the interim is booked into the jail. During the booking process, jails will often strip search
arrestees (now inmates), take their property, and issue clothing and other essentials. If
the new inmate is intoxicated or belligerent, booking staff may place him or her in a
special holding cell. In the latter case, this might involve a padded room or a restraint
chair. Once the inmate is sober and calm, he or she is then classified and moved to a
more permanent housing area in the jail. Larger jails often keep new inmates in a
separate area or cell before they place them in a general housing unit so that they can
be observed and classified (based on the inmate’s alleged offense, alleged criminal
coconspirators, criminal history, gang involvements, health and other needs, etc.).
Answer Location: Jail Inmates and Their Processing
5. Describe the issues jails face regarding gangs and how they address the problem.
16
Instructor Resource
Ans: Gangs present myriad management problems for jail and prison managers.
Violence including robberies, assaults, drug smuggling and even murders tend to
naturally follow in their wake and prevent the orderly, and safe, operation of the facility
for staff and inmates. Because gangs are more prevalent in large urban areas, they are
more of a problem in large urban jails. Yet, the estimates of their prevalence in large jail
systems ranges from 16% to 25% depending on the location of the jail. However, these
estimates are likely to be low as gang members are usually not forthcoming about their
membership in a correctional. It is generally true that larger urban jails have more
problems with gangs. As jails are more likely to involve a short-term period of
incarceration, however, they may be less likely to hold as many gang members as
prisons. In order to counter the collective influence of gangs jails will try and separate
members in housing units, and placing the most disruptive members in segregation.
Another tactic is to document those involved in gangs and to track them and their
activities throughout the jail system.
Answer Location: Gangs
6. Discuss reentry, what is involved, and why it’s important.

Ans: Reentry is the process of reintegrating offenders back into the community after
release from jail or prison. Part of that process is preparing offenders through the use of
various programs targeting their risks and needs so that they will have a fighting chance
of remaining in the community. Rather than focusing on deterrence or incapacitation so
much, jail practitioners are studying how to make the transition from jails to the
community smoother and more successful so that people do not commit more crime
and return. Due to all of the medical, psychological, social, and not to mention criminal
deficits that many inmates of jails have, this transition back into the community is likely
to be fraught with difficulties. That is why any successful reentry program must include a
recognition of the problems individual inmates may have such as mental illness,
physical illness, joblessness, and homelessness and address them systematically in
collaboration with the client and the community. Women’s and men’s reentry needs may
differ; more women than men report chemical dependency and mental health needs
and women more likely to value treatment programming. Reentry is a complex process
for people with multiple problems, and it requires that jail personnel prioritize the needs
they will target and the interventions they will apply and then network with community
agencies to provide the package of services most likely to further the goal of a
successful reentry.
17

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Stohr, Corrections: From Research, to Policy, to Practice, 1st Edition

Corrections From Research to Policy to

Chapter 6: Jails and Detention Centers

1. The capacity of jails to house inmates:

6. The racial–ethnic grouping with the largest numbers in jail are:

7. Proportionate to population which racial–ethnic group are the most likely to be

8. Jails in the United States are full of:

9. What percentage of jail inmates have metal health problems?

10. With regard to inmates with mental health problems:

13. Three-quarters of inmates with mental health problems are:

14. The most common health problem of inmates in jail is:

18. By 2002, the leading cause of death in jail was ______.

20. If operated correctly, new generation jails are:

D. Reentry programs for jails

Answer Location: Sexual Violence

1. Prisons have been in existence for much longer than jails.

3. Podular-direct supervision jails offer a management philosophy that is much more

7. Black, non-Hispanic inmates outnumber White, non-Hispanic inmates by two to one.

8. Black, non-Hispanics are only three times as likely to be incarcerated in American

9. Those who are mentally ill are more likely to be homeless.

Answer Location: Mental Illness, Homelessness, Substance Abuse, and Poverty

13. Two percent of jail inmates use a walker, cane, or wheelchair.

18. Women comprise about 15% of all jail inmates.

19. Overcrowding is a serious issue facing jails today.

2. Why can a jail capacity percentage be misleading?

4. How does being homeless increase a person’s chances of being arrested?

5. Why is the provision for health care to incarcerated persons important?

6. When does overcrowding occur?

7. How have “get tough” policies affected jails?

9. What did the Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003 mandate?

3. Discuss the Prison Rape Elimination Act Controversy.

4. Discuss how an inmate is typically processed into a jail.

6. Discuss reentry, what is involved, and why it’s important.

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