GEC 005 Purposive Communication Reviewer

TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES
QUEZON CITY
DEPARTMENT STUDENT COUNCIL
CIVIL ENGINEERING
GEC 005 – Purposive Communication
Lesson 1
What is language?
According to linguists, language will be called a language if there is a:
- System of rules
- Sound system (phonology)
- Vocabulary (lexicon)
NATURE OF LANGUAGE
Speech community- is the kind of group that socio linguistic attempts to study
- A group of people who share similar ideas, and uses norms of language
Language acquisition- is a process where in people acquire language used by those in

community
Language learning- is a process where in people learn their second language by studying
formally in school or informally on their own.
Language contact- is a process where in people try to understand each other or to communicate
as one learns from each other
Language change – is a process wherein people are constantly interacting and communicate
with each other
Language- is indeed a human complex and it is important to be aware of its features and
behavior
Disclaimer:
*The ideas and information in this review material were taken from other sources written by different authors.
*This material may not also contain all the information needed, but as far as reviewed, all relevant details
were written as much as possible.
*The text may contain grammatical and typographical errors and does not warrant the accuracy or
completeness of the material or reliability of any information written.
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____________________________________________________________________________
Lesson 2
COMMUNICATION MODEL
Why is it important to know the process of communication?
- To help you understand how the process works and
- knowing the flow of communication will able to make the communication effective.
4 Communication Models
 Aristotle’s communication model
Speaker speech audience
 Laswell’s communication model ( by Harold Dwight Laswell -1948)
 Shannon-weaver’s communication model (by Claude elwood Shannon and Warren

Weaver 1949)
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 David Belo’s Communication model (by David berlo)-1960
(the art of communication is the language of leadership) – James Humes
Communication- generally defined as an exchange of thoughts, ideas, concept and views,

between or among two or more people various context come into play
Context – the circumstances or environment which communication takes place
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TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
- According to MODE
-  verbal or nonverbal communication
- visual communication
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO CONTEXT
- Intrapersonal communication – latin intra prefix means within or inside
- Interpersonal communication--latin prefix intra means between or among and together
- Extended communication
- Organizational communication
Two types of organizational communication
1) formal structure
allows communication to take place via designated channels of message consist of 4

approaches
A downward communication
B upward communication
C horizontal communication
D crosswise communication
2) informal
Intercultural communication – is a communication between or among people having different,

linguistic, religious, ethnic, social and professional backgrounds
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TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING
TO PURPOSE AND STYLE
Formal communication- employs formal language delivered orally or in written form
Informal communication- does not employ formal language
Lesson 3
For both oral and written communication you should be able to apply the following principles
a. know your purpose in communication

b. know your audience
c. know your topic
d. adjust your speech or writing to the context of the situation
e. work on the feedback given to you
principles of effective oral communication
a. be clear with your purpose

b. be concise
c. be natural with your delivery
d. be complete with the message you deliver
e. be specific and timely with your feedback
principles of effective written communication: the 7’s
a. be clear – to the message, it must be clear to the mind of the audience
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b. be concise-the message should not include uneccesarry details, it should be short and
complete
c. be concrete-one should be specific
d. be complete-one should include all the relevant information
e. be correct-correct language should be use
f. be coherent-it refers to the written or spoken communication express clearly, logically
and intelligibly
g. be courteous -the sender should take into consideration both feelings and viewpoints of
the receiver
lesson 4
Communication and Globalization
Globalization
 globalization is the process by which people and goods move easily across
borders. Principally, it's an economic concept
 Globalization has brought many benefits to many people. But not to everyone.
How globalization works
In simple terms, globalization is the process by which people and goods
move easily across borders. Principally, it's an economic concept – the
integration of markets, trade and investments with few barriers to slow
the flow of products and services between nations. There is also a
cultural element, as ideas and traditions are traded and assimilated.
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 Globalization has brought many benefits to many people. But not to
everyone.
 Story
 What is Globalization Anyway? By Alex Gray
Analyzation
What is Globalization Anyway? By Alex Gray
 How did globalization happen?
One example is the Silk Road, when trade spread rapidly between China
and Europe via an overland route.
Merchants carried goods for trade back and forth, trading silk as well as
gems and spices and, of course, coffee. (In fact, the habit of drinking
coffee in a social setting originates from a Turkish custom, an example of
how globalization can spread culture across borders.)
What's good about it?
 Globalization has led to many millions of people being lifted out of poverty.
For example, when a company like Starbucks buys coffee from farmers in
Rwanda, it is providing a livelihood and a benefit to the community as a whole.
A multinational company's presence overseas contributes to those local
economies because the company will invest in local resources, products and
services. Socially responsible corporations may even invest in medical and
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educational facilities.
Globalization has not only allowed nations to trade with each other, but also
to cooperate with each other as never before. Take the Paris Agreement on
Climate Change, for instance, where 195 countries all agreed to work towards
reducing their carbon emissions for the greater global good.
 What's bad about it?
While some areas have flourished, others have floundered as jobs and commerce move
elsewhere.
Steel companies in the UK, for example, once thrived, providing work for hundreds of thousands
of people. But when China began producing cheaper steel, steel plants in the UK closed down
and thousands of jobs were lost.
globalization operates mostly in the interests of the richest countries, with most of the world's
collective
Basically, done wisely (in the words of the International Monetary Fund) globalization could lead
to
"unparalleled peace and prosperity". Done poorly, "to disaster".
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Lesson 5
What is Intercultural communication?
 Science explains that each person is genetically unique. except for identical twins, each
person has a unique genetic composition. This uniqueness becomes even more
heightened because of individual experiences. Humans are formed by forces other than
genetics.
 Family background, Religious Affiliations, Educational Achievements, Socio-cultural
forces, economic conditions, emotional states, and other factors shape human identities.
Because of this, no two people can ever be exactly the same.
Communicating Across Cultures by Carol Kinsey Goman (2011)

(1) Communicating across cultures is challenging. Each culture has set rules that its
members take for granted. Few of us are aware of our own cultural biases because
cultural imprinting is begun at a very early age. And while some of a culture's knowledge,
rules, beliefs, values, phobias, and anxieties are taught explicitly, most of the information
is absorbed subconsciously.
(2) The challenge for multinational communication has never been greater. Worldwide
business organizations have discovered that intercultural communication is a subject of
importance—not just because of increased globalization, but also because their
domestic workforce is growing more and more diverse, ethnically and culturally.
(3) We are all individuals, and no two people belonging to the same culture are guaranteed
to respond in exactly the same way. However, generalizations are valid to the extent that
they provide clues on what you will most likely encounter when dealing with members of
a particular culture.
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High context vs Low context
High-context cultures (Mediterranean, Slav, Central European, Latin American, African, Arab,
Asian, American-Indian) leave much of the message unspecified, to be understood through
context, nonverbal cues, and between-the-lines interpretation of what is actually said.
By contrast, low-context cultures (most Germanic and English-speaking countries) expect

messages to be explicit and specific.
Sequential vs. Synchronic
In sequential cultures (like North American, English, German, Swedish, and Dutch),
businesspeople give full attention to one agenda item after another.
In synchronic cultures (including South America, southern Europe and Asia) the flow of
time is viewed as a sort of circle, with the past, present, and future all interrelated. This
viewpoint influences how organizations in those cultures approach deadlines, strategic thinking,
investments, developing talent from within, and the concept of "long-term" planning.
Affective vs. Neutral
In international business practices, reason and emotion both play a role. Which of these
dominates depends upon whether we are affective (readily showing emotions) or
emotionally neutral in our approach. Members of neutral cultures do not telegraph their feelings,
but keep them carefully controlled and subdued. In cultures with high affect, people show their
feelings plainly by laughing, smiling, grimacing, scowling, and sometimes crying, shouting, or
walking out of the room.
Reason and emotion are part of all human communication. When expressing ourselves,
we look to others for confirmation of our ideas and feelings. If our approach is highly emotional,
we are seeking a direct emotional response: "I feel the same way." If our approach is highly
neutral, we want an indirect response: "I agree with your thoughts on this."
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Lesson 6
Varieties of English
 According to Braj Kachru, the Three Concentric Circle

of Asian Englishes presents the three circles: Inner
Circle (English as a native language) member
countries, Outer Circle (English as second language)
member countries and Expanding Circle ( English as a
foreign language) member countries.
World Englishes (WE)
- Stands for localized varieties of English as they are

used or spoken in certain areas.
According to Bautista and Gonzalez (2006), the structural characteristic of these

new varieties differ.
In terms of social features, differences can also be highlighted through these
following varieties of English within the same Speech Community:
1. Acrolect – comes to the closest to the standard.
2. Basilect – digresses thoroughly from it and comes closest to the pidgin.
3. Mesolect – middle variety is midway between Acrolect and Basilect.
4. Edulects – these varieties resulting from certain types of education ascertained by social
class but are conveyed or transferred by the kind of instruction of the school.
According to Kachru and Nelson (2006) claim that these varieties of English are influenced by
the local language/s in various areas of their grammars and exhibit specific phonological,
lexical, syntactic and discoursal characteristics.
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Voiceless plosives such as p,t,k and often perceived by the Inner countries same as with the
b,d,g.
Expanding Countries like Japan do not properly distinguish between R and L.
Only some English varieties in Southeast Asia can be seen having a lexicon and vocabulary
words with these following examples:
1. Singapore English
actsy ‘show off’
missy ‘nurse’
chop ‘rubber stamp
Marina kids, youngsters who spend their leisure time at or around Marina Square. (Pakir, 1992,
as cited in Kachru & Nelson, 2006)
2. Philippine English
‘deep’ hard to understand
‘High Blood’ tense or upset
‘Blow out’ to treat someone with a meal
‘Motel’ used for pre-marital sex
‘Amboy’ half Filipino and American
‘Pulot boy’ boy who pick up tennis balls in a game
‘Balikbayan box’ bow where Filipinos returning from abroad put all their shopping among
others. (Bautista 1997, cited Kachru & Nelson 2006)
3. Malaysian English
‘Antilog’ a male hated by a girl
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‘Popcorn’ a loquacious person
‘Kachang’ peanuts
‘Slambar’ relax
‘day bugs’ those come to attend school do not live in residence halls (Said &Ng 2000, as
cited in Kachru &Nelson, 2006)
Language Registers/Registers of English
 David Crystal (2008) defines Register as a variety of language defined according to its
use in social situations e.g. a register of scientific, religious, formal English.
Crystal (1964) discusses Style refers to the degree of formality attached to particular
interpersonal social situation which is reflected by differences in Language. E.g. The way on
how you talk to a friend is different on how you talk to your superior.
 Crystal (1964) discusses Register refers to a kind of language whose forms are of a
deniable social situation, legal language, liturgical language and so on.
According to Lee (2001), Genre is associated with the organization of culture, register is
associated with the organization of situation.
Genre of Recipe
- Field may be analyzed in terms of social setting and the communicative purpose in
which text is produced.
Tenor
- May be described in terms of the role/s required of the writers and readers including the
cultural values shared by both.
Mode
- could be explained in light of the knowledge of other texts required of speakers/listeners

and writers/readers as regards the genre including formal text features.
Language Register
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- refers to formality of language which one speaks and used in different situations.
Formal Register
used in formal speaking and writing situations. Likewise appropriate use in professional
writing
Lesson 7
Writing an Explanation Essay
WHY- is a relevant question because if we live from ancient times “why” was not used to ask or
attempt to seek an answer. Without “Why”, we would have limited knowledge about many things
in our world.
Why – means providing explanations for phenomena
Explanation Essay – one such example a written piece of work that addresses “why”
questions.
The following reading selection is an explanation essay which attempts to answer “why”
questions similar to some. Look up the following words and phrases that are used in the
selection
• Lingua franca
• Linguistic Nationalism
• Cultural Chauvinism
• Conversant
• Siloed cubicles
• Crème de la crème
• Mano-a-mano
• Bourgeois stories
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 A Mansion of Many Languages by Danton Remoto (2017)

 In 1977, my mentor, the National Artist for Literature and Theater Rolando S. Tinio
The Blog
Writing a Blog
Blogs define as from handwritten entries on a piece of paper or a notebook page, diary
in contemporary times come in the form of online journals.
It was first used in the 1990’s.
This is different from traditional journal/diary wherein it can be uploaded to online

platforms that make easier for bloggers
it means that bloggers must present these issues in a way that would interests the general
public.
Blogs are more concerned with communicating a message, rather than simply
expressing or documenting an idea or emotion.
It also promotes your way of expressing your emotions through ideas based on your
personality.
Lesson 8
COMMUNICATION MODES
• Refers to the channel through which one express his/her communicative intent
• Conveys his/her thoughts
• Views or feelings can be communicated through face to face interaction, video, audio
and text based.
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1. Face to face interaction
How do you initiate conversations?

Margaret J. Wheatley states:
“All social change begins with a conversation”
2. Video
3. Audio
4. Text based Communication
Communication Strategies
Communication strategies are the blueprints for how this information will be exchanged.
Types of Communication Strategies
Communication strategies can be verbal, nonverbal, or visual. Integrating all the

strategies together will allow you to see the most success. This allows a business to meet
employee needs and increase workplace knowledge.
The following are the important things to remember:
• Verbal communication strategies can be broken down into the two categories of
written and oral communication. Written strategies consist of avenues such as e-mail,
text, and chat. Examples that fall into the oral category are phone calls, video chats, and
face-to-face conversation.
• Nonverbal communication strategies consist of mostly visual cues, such as body

language, facial expressions, physical distance between communicators, or the tone of
your voice. These cues are typically not intended. However, it is important to realize the
message you are sending. Otherwise, you may be saying one thing, yet the receiver is
hearing another.
• Visual communication strategies can be seen through signs, webpages, and

illustrations. These strategies are used in the workplace to draw attention and provide
documentation. Human resources is required to post certain visuals throughout the
workplace to comply with safety laws.
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Lesson 9
Physical media
 With physical media we mean channels where the person who is talking can be seen
and heard by the audience. The whole point here is to be able to not only hear the
messages but also to see the body language and feel the climate in the room.
 This does not need to be two-way channels. In certain situations the receiver expect
physical communication. This is the case especially when dealing with high concern
messages, e.g. organizational change or down sizing. If a message is perceived as
important to the receiver they expect to hear it live from their manager.
The following are example of Physical Media:
• Large meetings, town hall meetings - This channel works very well when you need to get
across strategic and important messages to a large group of people at the same time
• Department meetings (weekly meetings) - Weekly meetings are also used to follow up
on information from large meetings, management team meetings etc from a “what’s-in-it-
for-us-perspective”.
• Up close and personal (exclusive meetings) - This is a form of meetings where, often, a
senior manager meets with a “random” selection of employees to discuss and answer
questions.
• Viral communication or word of mouth - Or viral marketing as it is also called works
external as well as internal and refer to marketing techniques that use pre-existing social
networks to produce increases in awareness or knowledge through self-replicating viral
processes. It can be word-of-mouth delivered
Mechanical media
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With mechanical media we mean written or electronic channels. These channels can be used
as archives for messages or for giving the big picture and a deeper knowledge. Typically
though, because it is written, it is always interpret by the reader based on his or her mental
condition. Irony or even humor rarely travels well in mechanical channels.
• E-mail - It is suitable mainly for up-to-date and “simple” messages and where
there is no risk of misunderstanding, E-mail is an important supplement to weekly
meetings and the Intranet.
• Weekly letters or newsletters - Managers that have large groups of employees and
who has difficulties in meeting all of them often choose to publish a personally weekly
letter.
• Personal letters - At special occasions it can be justified to send a personal letter to

employees in order to get attention to a specific issue. E.g. pat on the back letter after
extra ordinary achievements.
• Billboards - But the good thing with the billboard is that you can use billboards to inform
people who does not have computers and/or access to the Intranet or to reach people
that work part time and does not attend weekly meetings.
• Intranet - The Intranet is of course one of the most used types of communication
medium and a very important communication channel and work tool for you as a
manager, but it is also your job to help your employees prioritize and pick out the
information on the Intranet.
• Magazines or papers - A Magazine offers the opportunity to deepen a specific issue,

explain context, describing consequences or tell a story. It also has the opportunity to
reach many employees.
• SMS (Short Message Service) - Or text messaging to the mobile phone is one of the
new types of communication medium and not a very widely used channel but where it is
used it is proven very effective.
• Social media - Wikipedia describe social media as “Media designed to be disseminated

through social interaction, created using highly accessible and scalable publishing
techniques. Social media supports the human need for social interaction, using Internet-
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and web-based technologies to transform broadcast media monologues (one to many)
into social media dialogues (many to many).
Push or Pull
Push channels are channels where the sender are pushing the message to the receiver.
Meaning it is up to the sender to control the communication.
• E-mail
• Newsletters and letters (if sent out)
• Magazines (if sent out)
• Meetings
• Telephone
Pull channels on the other hand is when the receiver is pulling the message from the
sender. It is up to the receiver when he or she wants to take in the message.
• Intranet
• Billboards
• New letters and letters (if not sent out)
• Magazines (if not sent out)
• Social media
The ambition Stairway
The Ambition Stairway is a useful tool for you to use when deciding what channels to
use for your level of ambition. Witch gives you control of the different types of communication
medium. Also, it is important to realize that just publishing something on the Intranet will not get
employees motivated and involved.
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Lesson 10 and 11
Genre Across Professions
1. Business Letters
a communication letter between a sender and a receiver wherein it is used for

transaction and can’t be easily relayed orally.
a. Heading
b. Inside Address
c. Salutation
d. Body
e. Complimentary close
f. Signature
2. Memorandum
came from a latin term means “it must be remembered”. It is usually used is
disseminating message by those occupying mid-level positions and up in an organization
A reminder to one’s constituents who need to act about something.
Effective memo should be written in a Powerful manner
3. Minutes of Meeting
Offices hold meetings from time to time.
In this event one should discuss important matters and issues.
4. Business Proposal
it is to attract clients or secure support from possible investors or organizations.
Your goal is to approve by the prospective client.

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3 major parts:
a. Problem Statement
b. Proposed solution
c. Costing or pricing
5. Job Interview
All a job interview does is give employers the chance to meet you and see if they like
you enough to give you a job.
Follow these 5 easy steps and you will stand the best chance of getting a job:
a. What type of interview is it?
The three main types of interview:
• One-to-one interview – The most common type… You are interviewed by just one
person (usually the boss!) and it’s a simple question and answer session.
• Panel interview – A bit scarier… This is where you’re interviewed by more than one
person at a time – expect two or more interviewers to be in the room with you.
• Competency interview – The most advanced interview type. You’ll be tested on

different situations e.g. ‘tell me about a time when you showed good teamwork’.
b. What should I wear?
It may sound silly but you must plan your interview outfit. You don’t necessarily
have to wear a suit, depending on what job you’re going for, but you should follow a few
simple dress code rules
c. Practice these interview questions
YOU MUST PRACTICE INTERVIEW QUESTIONS! OK, that was a bit dramatic, but this
is where many people mess up. By just spending a little bit of time looking at common interview
questions and answers you can really improve your chances of getting the job
d. Body language in the interview

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It may sound weird but body language has a big part to play in your job interview. For
example, if you sit slouched in your chair with your arms crossed you could come across badly,
even if your answers are good
e.Don’t forget to ask your own questions
At the end of almost every interview, the interviewer will say to you ‘do you have any
questions for me?’ If you shrug your shoulders and get tongue-tied then you can look
uninterested. Go in with a few interview questions of your own prepared, instead
6. Application Letter and Resume
A letter of application, also known as a cover letter, is a document sent with your
resume to provide additional information about your skills and experience.
The letter of application is intended to provide detailed information on why you are a qualified
candidate for the job.
A resume is a one- or two-page formal document that job hopefuls submit to hiring
managers and employment recruiters as a means of itemizing their work experience,
educational background, and special skills. Successful resumes entice potential employers to
invite applicants to interview for the position.
Lesson 12
Research based Journal
The following are the Major Sections of a Research Journal: Customary Parts of an
Education Research Paper:
• Title/Cover Page
Contains the paper's title, the author's name, address, phone number, e-mail, and the
day's date.
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• Abstract
Often only 100 to 300 words, the abstract generally provides a broad overview and is
never more than a page. It describes the essence, the main theme of the paper. It includes the
research question posed, its significance, the methodology, and the main results or findings.
Footnotes or cited works are never listed in an abstract. Remember to take great care in
composing the abstract. It's the first part of the paper the instructor reads.
• Introduction and Statement of the Problem
A good introduction states the main research problem and thesis argument. Never
provide a lengthy justification for your topic before it has been explicitly stated.
• Limitations of Study
Indicate as soon as possible what you intend to do, and what you are not going to
attempt. You may limit the scope of your paper by any number of factors, for example, time,
personnel, gender, age, geographic location, nationality, and so on.
• Literature Review
The research process uncovers what other writers have written about your topic.
Your education paper should include a discussion or review of what is known about the
subject and how that knowledge was acquired. Once you provide the general and
specific context of the existing knowledge, then you yourself can build on others'
research.
• Main Body of Paper/Argument
It's where the author supports the thesis and builds the argument. It contains most of the
citations and analysis. This section should focus on a rational development of the thesis with
clear reasoning and solid argumentation at all points. A clear focus, avoiding meaningless
digressions, provides the essential unity that characterizes a strong education paper.
• Conclusion
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After spending a great deal of time and energy introducing and arguing the points in the
main body of the paper, the conclusion brings everything together and underscores what it all
means. A stimulating and informative conclusion leaves the reader informed and well-satisfied.
• Appendices
Education research papers often contain one or more appendices. An appendix
contains material that is appropriate for enlarging the reader's understanding, but that
does not fit very well into the main body of the paper. Such material might include tables,
charts, summaries, questionnaires, interview questions, lengthy statistics, maps,
pictures, photographs, lists of terms, glossaries, survey instruments, letters, copies of
historical documents, and many other types of supplementary material.
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TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

GEC 005 – Purposive Communication

According to linguists, language will be called a language if there is a:

- Sound system (phonology)

Language acquisition- is a process where in people acquire language used by those in

GEC 005 – Purposive Communication

Why is it important to know the process of communication?

- To help you understand how the process works and

 Aristotle’s communication model

Speaker speech audience

 Laswell’s communication model ( by Harold Dwight Laswell -1948)

 Shannon-weaver’s communication model (by Claude elwood Shannon and Warren

GEC 005 – Purposive Communication

 David Belo’s Communication model (by David berlo)-1960

(the art of communication is the language of leadership) – James Humes

Communication- generally defined as an exchange of thoughts, ideas, concept and views,

Context – the circumstances or environment which communication takes place

GEC 005 – Purposive Communication

-  verbal or nonverbal communication

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO CONTEXT

- Intrapersonal communication – latin intra prefix means within or inside

- Interpersonal communication--latin prefix intra means between or among and together

Two types of organizational communication

allows communication to take place via designated channels of message consist of 4

Intercultural communication – is a communication between or among people having different,

GEC 005 – Purposive Communication

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING

TO PURPOSE AND STYLE

Formal communication- employs formal language delivered orally or in written form

Informal communication- does not employ formal language

a. know your purpose in communication

principles of effective oral communication

a. be clear with your purpose

principles of effective written communication: the 7’s

a. be clear – to the message, it must be clear to the mind of the audience

GEC 005 – Purposive Communication

How globalization works

In simple terms, globalization is the process by which people and goods

move easily across borders. Principally, it's an economic concept – the

integration of markets, trade and investments with few barriers to slow

the flow of products and services between nations. There is also a

cultural element, as ideas and traditions are traded and assimilated.

GEC 005 – Purposive Communication

What is Globalization Anyway? By Alex Gray

 How did globalization happen?

and Europe via an overland route.

coffee in a social setting originates from a Turkish custom, an example of

how globalization can spread culture across borders.)

What's good about it?

Rwanda, it is providing a livelihood and a benefit to the community as a whole.

A multinational company's presence overseas contributes to those local

services. Socially responsible corporations may even invest in medical and

GEC 005 – Purposive Communication

reducing their carbon emissions for the greater global good.

 What's bad about it?

"unparalleled peace and prosperity". Done poorly, "to disaster".

GEC 005 – Purposive Communication

What is Intercultural communication?

Communicating Across Cultures by Carol Kinsey Goman (2011)

GEC 005 – Purposive Communication

By contrast, low-context cultures (most Germanic and English-speaking countries) expect

Sequential vs. Synchronic

Affective vs. Neutral

GEC 005 – Purposive Communication