Genetics Canadian 2nd Edition Hartwell Test Bank 1

Test Bank for Genetics Canadian 2nd Edition by Hartwell
Goldberg Fischer ISBN 1259370887 9781259370885

Full download link at:
Test bank: https://testbankpack.com/p/test-bank-for-genetics-canadian-2nd-edition-by-hartwell-

goldberg-fischer-isbn-1259370887-9781259370885/
1. Which type of chromosome has the centromere located approximately in the middle?
A) Acrocentric
B) Metacentric
C) Paracentric
D) Submetacentric
E) Telocentric
2. Which type of chromosome has a centromere displaced toward one end, creating a long
arm and a short arm?
A) Acrocentric
B) Metacentric
C) Paracentric
D) Submetacentric
E) Telocentric
3. Which type of chromosome has the centromere near one end, producing a long arm and
a knob?
A) Acrocentric
B) Metacentric
C) Paracentric
D) Submetacentric
E) Telocentric
4. Which type of chromosome has the centromere at or very near the end?
A) Acrocentric
B) Metacentric
C) Paracentric
D) Submetacentric
E) Telocentric
Page 1
5. The complete set of chromosomes possessed by an organism is called a:
A) polyploid.
B) chromatin complement.
C) karyotype.
D) phenotype.
E) diploid.
6. Which type of chromosome mutation INCREASES the amount of genetic material for
all chromosomes?
A) Translocation
B) Aneuploidy
C) Polyploidy
D) Inversion
E) Transversion
7. Which type of chromosome mutation can DECREASE the amount of genetic material
for one entire chromosome?
A) Translocation
B) Aneuploidy
C) Polyploidy
D) Inversion
E) Transversion
8. How is colchicine useful for studying chromosomal mutations?

A) Colchicine inhibits microtubule polymerization, which stalls cells in metaphase
with condensed chromosomes that can be observed with a microscope.
B) Colchicine induces chromosome condensation during interphase, which allows the
visualization of interphase chromosomes.
C) Colchicine causes chromosomal breakage, leading to inversions and translocations
that can be observed with a microscope.
D) Colchicine aids in the formation of microtubules during mitosis, which promotes
anaphase and completion of the cell cycle.
E) Colchicine is an inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation. Reduced mitochondrial
function slows down mitosis and increases the number of metaphase cells.
9. _____ can cause genes to move from one linkage group to another.
A) Inversions
B) Deletions
C) Polyploidy
D) Translocations
E) Unequal crossing over
Page 2
10. Which of the following is NOT a rearrangement that causes chromosomal mutations?
A) Deletion
B) Duplication
C) Inversion
D) Translocation
E) Transversion
11. Which type of chromosome mutation decreases the amount of genetic material?
A) Deletion
B) Duplication
C) Inversion
D) Translocation
E) Transversion
12. Which type of chromosome mutation increases the amount of genetic material?
A) Deletion
B) Duplication
C) Inversion
D) Translocation
E) Transversion
13. Which type of chromosome mutation results in a chromosome segment that is turned
180 degrees?
A) Deletion
B) Duplication
C) Inversion
D) Translocation
E) Transversion
14. Which of the following chromosome mutations would NOT cause loops to form during
chromosome pairing in prophase I of meiosis?
A) Chromosome deletion
B) Tandem duplication
C) Paracentric inversion
D) Pericentric inversion
E) Reciprocal translocation
Page 3
15. A constriction or gap at particular locations on a chromosome that is prone to breakage
under certain conditions is called:
A) chromosome inversion.
B) fragile site.
C) copy-number variation.
D) nondisjunction.
E) aneuploidy.
16. Which of the following concepts is NOT associated with differences in the number of
copies of particular DNA sequences?
A) Chromosome deletions
B) Chromosome duplications
C) Chromosome inversion
D) Red–green color blindness in humans
E) Bar phenotype in Drosophila
17. Chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans all have 48 chromosomes, whereas humans have
46 chromosomes. Human chromosome 2 is a large, metacentric chromosome with G-
banding patterns that closely match those found on two different acrocentric
chromosomes of the apes. What would BEST explain these findings?
A) A translocation took place in a human ancestor, creating a large metacentric
chromosome from the two long arms of the ancestral acrocentric chromosomes.
The other small chromosome produced by this translocation was lost.
B) Meiotic nondisjunction gave rise to a nullisomic gamete. The fusion of two
nullisomic gametes produced the ancestor of the human species with 46
chromosomes instead of 48 chromosomes.
C) A nonreciprocal translocation and subsequent fusion of the chromosomal
fragments created a genome of 46 chromosomes without the loss of any genetic
information.
D) Infection by a primate virus created a new chromosome when the viral DNA
became a permanent part of the genome. Humans were not affected by this virus,
so they did not acquire the extra chromosome.
E) Humans have the correct number of chromosomes. The extra chromosome pair in
the other apes is a classic case of tetrasomy as a result of meiotic nondisjunction in
the primate ancestor.
Page 4
18. Approximately _____ of the gametes produced by an individual heterozygous for a
translocation will be nonviable.
A) all
B) half
C) none
D) one-quarter
E) one-eighth
19. Two chromosomes have the following segments, where - represents the centromere.
KLM-NOPQR
STUV-WXYZ
What type of chromosome mutation would result in the following chromosomes?
KLM-NOPQR
STUV-WZ
A) Deletion
C) Displaced duplication
D) Reverse duplication
E) Pericentric inversion
F) Paracentric inversion
G) Nonreciprocal translocation
H) Reciprocal translocation
KLM-NOPQR
STUV-WXYZ
KLM-NOPOPQR
STUV-WXYZ
A) Deletion
Page 5
KLM-NOPQR
STUV-WXYZ
KLM-NOPQR
STXYUV-WXYZ
A) Deletion
KLM-NOPQR
STUV-WXYZ
KLM-NOPRQQR
STUV-WXYZ
A) Deletion
Page 6
KLM-NOPQR
STUV-WXYZ
KLM-NOPQR
STXW-VUYZ
A) Deletion
KLM-NOPQR
STUV-WXYZ
KLM-NORQP
STUV-WXYZ
A) Deletion
Page 7
KLM-NOPQR
STUV-WXYZ
KLM-NOPQRYZ
STUV-WX
A) Deletion
KLM-NOPQR
STUV-WXYZ
KLM-NOXYZ
STUV-WPQR
A) Deletion
27. Which of the following is a form of aneuploidy in which two members of the same
homologous pair are absent?
A) Nullisomy
B) Monosomy
C) Disomy
D) Trisomy
E) Tetrasomy
Page 8
28. Which form of aneuploidy describes an organism that is missing a single chromosome?
A) Nullisomy
B) Monosomy
C) Disomy
D) Trisomy
E) Tetrasomy
29. Which of the following is NOT a form of aneuploidy in diploid organisms?

A) Nullisomy
B) Monosomy
C) Disomy
D) Trisomy
E) Tetrasomy
30. Which form of aneuploidy causes primary Down syndrome?

A) Nullisomy
B) Monosomy
C) Disomy
D) Trisomy
E) Tetrasomy
31. Which of the following is a form of aneuploidy in which four members of the same
homologous pair are present?
A) Nullisomy
B) Monosomy
C) Disomy
D) Trisomy
E) Tetrasomy
32. What is responsible for primary Down syndrome?

A) Disomy
B) Inversion
C) Nondisjunction
D) Polyploidy
E) Translocation
Page 9
33. Which type of chromosome mutation is responsible for familial Down syndrome?
A) Disomy
B) Inversion
C) Nondisjunction
D) Polyploidy
E) Translocation
34. A man has a condition where all of his gametes undergo nondisjunction of the sex
chromosomes in meiosis I, but meiosis II proceeds normally. He mates with a woman
who produces all normal gametes. What is the probability that the fertilized egg will
develop into a child with Turner syndrome (XO)? Assume that all gametes and zygotes
are viable.
A) 1/8
B) 1/4
C) 1/3
D) 1/2
E) 0
35. A man has a condition where all of his gametes undergo nondisjunction of the sex
chromosomes in meiosis I, but meiosis II proceeds normally. He mates with a woman
develop into a child with Klinefelter syndrome (XXY)? Assume that all gametes and
zygotes are viable.
A) 1/8
B) 1/4
C) 1/3
D) 1/2
E) 0
36. A man has a condition where all of his gametes undergo meiosis I normally, but there is
nondisjunction of the sex chromosomes in every meiosis II. He mates with a woman
develop into a child with Klinefelter syndrome (XXY)? Assume that all gametes and
zygotes are viable.
A) 1/8
B) 1/4
C) 1/3
D) 1/2
E) 0
Page 10
37. A woman has a condition where all of her gametes undergo nondisjunction of
chromosome 21 in meiosis I, but meiosis II proceeds normally. She mates with a man
develop into a child with Down syndrome? Assume that all gametes and zygotes are
viable.
A) 1/8
B) 1/4
C) 1/3
D) 1/2
E) 0
38. Wild-type Arabidopsis has five chromosomes (2n = 10). Trisomic plants are designated
as Tr followed by the trisomic chromosome number—that is, Tr1 is trisomic for
chromosome 1. Assuming that trisomy is fully viable and that all possible pairing
configurations (including nonpairing) are possible at meiosis, what proportion of the
progeny from the cross wt × Tr1 will have a wild-type chromosomal complement?
A) 1/2
B) 1/3
C) 1/4
D) 1/9
E) 1/81
progeny from the cross Tr1 × Tr1 will have a wild-type chromosomal complement?
A) 1/2
B) 1/3
C) 1/4
D) 1/9
E) 1/81
Page 11
progeny from the cross wt × Tr1;Tr2 will have a wild-type chromosomal complement?
A) 1/2
B) 1/3
C) 1/4
D) 1/9
E) 1/81
progeny from the cross Tr1;Tr2 × Tr1;Tr2 will have a wild-type chromosomal
complement?
A) 1/2
B) 1/3
C) 1/4
D) 1/9
E) 1/81
42. What would be the consequence of a diploid gamete (resulting from meiotic
nondisjunction) being fertilized by a haploid gamete from the same species?
A) Allodiploid
B) Allotriploid
C) Autotriploid
D) Allotetraploid
E) Autotetraploid
43. What type of organism results from the hybridization of a haploid gamete from one
species with a diploid gamete from a different species?
A) Allodiploid
B) Allotriploid
C) Autotriploid
D) Allotetraploid
E) Autotetraploid
Page 12
44. Which type of polyploidy is synonymous with amphidiploid?
A) Allodiploid
B) Allotriploid
C) Autotriploid
D) Allotetraploid
E) Autotetraploid
45. An explorer stumbled upon a remote valley and found plants that produced a colorful,
sweet fruit. Many of these plants were autopolyploid and came in varieties that
differed by their ploidy and the size of fruit that was produced. Which of the following
plant genomes would MOST likely produce the largest fruit?
A) Diploid (2n)
B) Triploid (3n)
C) Tetraploid (4n)
D) Hexaploid (6n)
E) Octaploid (8n)
46. An explorer stumbled upon a remote valley and found plants that produced a colorful,
sweet fruit. Many of these plants were autopolyploid and came in varieties that
differed by their ploidy and the size of fruit that was produced. Which of the following
plant genomes would MOST likely produce sterile plants?
A) Diploid (2n)
B) Triploid (3n)
C) Tetraploid (4n)
D) Hexaploid (6n)
E) Octaploid (8n)
47. A plant species has 2n = 18 chromosomes. How many chromosomes would you expect
to find in a tetrasomic individual of this species?
A) 17
B) 19
C) 20
D) 22
E) 36
Page 13
48. A newly discovered species of dung beetle has 2n = 16 chromosomes. It mates with a
closely related beetle species that has 2n = 12 chromosomes. How many chromosomes
would there be in an allotriploid beetle produced from this cross?
A) 13 or 17
B) 19 or 25
C) 18 or 24
D) 20 or 22
E) 36 or 48
49. A newly discovered species of dung beetle has 2n = 16 chromosomes. It mates with a
closely related beetle species that has 2n = 12 chromosomes. How many chromosomes
would there be in an amphidiploid beetle produced from this cross?
A) 12
B) 14
C) 16
D) 28
E) 12 or 16
50. Most strains of cultivated bananas were created by crossing plants within and between
two diploid species: Musa acuminata (genome = AA) and Musa balbisiana (genome =
BB). The Cavendish banana (genome = AAA), the variety most often sold in grocery
stores, has what type of genome?
A) Allodiploid
B) Allotriploid
C) Autotriploid
D) Allotetraploid
E) Autotetraploid
51. Most strains of cultivated bananas were created by crossing plants within and between
two diploid species: Musa acuminata (genome = AA) and Musa balbisiana (genome =
BB). Bananas with a genome of AAB are an example of which kind of polyploidy?
A) Allodiploid
B) Allotriploid
C) Autotriploid
D) Allotetraploid
E) Autotetraploid
Page 14
52. Arabidopsis thaliana has 2n = 10 chromosomes, and a close relative Capsella rubella
has 2n = 16. You created a hybrid between them and suspect that it is an
allotetraploid. If you are right, what possible chromosome numbers could the hybrid
have?
A) 20
B) 23
C) 26
D) 29
E) 32
F) All of the answers are correct.
G) 20 or 32
H) 23 or 26 or 29
53. List the four basic types of chromosome rearrangements.
54. Given an individual with a single recessive allele, explain how a deletion could result in
the expression of the recessive phenotype.
55. Describe two ways in which an inversion can alter gene expression.
56. How can a chromosome deletion be detected?
57. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is normally an X-linked recessive human disease
affecting boys. Girls afflicted with DMD are rare. Cytogenetic studies of several girls
with DMD have in each case revealed that these individuals carry X-autosome
translocations. The autosomes vary, but the breakpoint on the X in every case is in band
p21, which is the location of the DMD gene. Cytogenetic studies further revealed that in
all cells studied in such DMD girls the normal X chromosome exists as a Barr body.
How might these observations account for the existence of DMD-affected girls? Why is
only the normal X seen as a Barr body?
Page 15
58. Isochromosomes have the structure ABC-CBA (where - represents the centromere, and
A, B, and C represent wild-type alleles of three different genes). In some cases, such
isochromosomes are derived from two copies of one-half of a metacentric chromosome,
which has a centromere near its center. For example, a wild-type metacentric
chromosome ABC-DEF might form two distinct isochromosomes, ABC-CBA and FED-
DEF. The centromeres of such distinct isochromosomes can be homologous, so that
they cause the segregation of the two distinct isochromosomes from each other during
meiosis.
a. A mutant of genotype ABC-CBA/FED-DEF is viable. If you cross this mutant

with a wild-type individual, what would you expect to be the genotype of the offspring?
Would these offspring be viable or not? Explain.
b. What would you expect if you cross this mutant with another individual of
genotype ABC-CBA/FED-DEF? Explain.
c. You are given a pericentric inversion mutant in which this same chromosome is
of genotype ABD-CEF. In an individual heterozygous for this inversion and a wild-type
chromosome there is a crossover between C and the centromere, as follows:
Indicate the gametes that would be generated.

d. Assume that the inversion interval is very small, so that both duplications and
deletions for this interval (from C to D) do not cause inviability. Indicate the genotypes
expected in offspring of a cross between the inversion heterozygote and an individual of
genotype ABC-CBA/FED-DEF.
59. Down syndrome has, in some cases, been found to run in families. Explain the genetic
basis for this inherited form of the condition.
60. What are two ways that aneuploidy can arise?
Page 16
61. You are studying the inheritance of the recessive red-spotted (r) trait in pea plants. You
identify a phenotypically wild-type plant that when crossed to a red-spotted plant
produces 5/6 wild-type offspring and 1/6 red-spotted offspring. When you look at the
chromosomes of the wild-type plant, you note that it contains an extra copy of
chromosome 2, which is where the red-spotted locus is located.
a. What is the genotype of the wild-type plant? What gametes will this plant generate? What are the
wild-type and red-spotted offspring?
b. You identify a plant that you think is genotypically Rrr. If you cross this plant to an rr individual,
wild-type and red-spotted offspring would you expect?
62. You are studying two different mutant fish lines (A and B). You suspect that both have
mutations that cause nondisjunction for a particular chromosome, which when
aneuploid results in an altered egg phenotype. You notice that all of the eggs from the A
mutants have the altered phenotype. In contrast, only half the eggs laid by B mutants
have the altered phenotype. If you are right and the mutants are suffering nondisjunction
during meiosis, what could explain the frequency difference in egg phenotype?
63. Explain the genetic basis for sterility in autopolyploid organisms.
64. Species I is diploid (2n = 6) with chromosomes AABBCC; a related species II is diploid
(2n = 6) with chromosomes MMNNOO. Indicate the chromosomes that would be found
in individuals with the following chromosome mutations.
a. Trisomic for chromosome A

b. Tetrasomic for chromosome N
c. An autotriploid of species I
d. An allotetraploid
e. An autotetraploid of species II
f. Monosomic for chromosome B
g. A double trisomic for chromosomes A and C
h. A nullisomic for chromosome O
Page 17
65. Species A and B are closely related. Species A has 2n = 12 chromosomes, and species B
has 2n = 14 chromosomes. Chromosome numbers (2n) for the following related species
are thought to have arisen through polyploidy. For each species, indicate what type of
polyploid it is, and how it may have formed.
a. Species C 18
b. Species D 24
c. Species E 26
d. Species F 28
e. Species G 36
f. Species H 52
g. Species I 56
Page 18
Answer Key
1. B
2. D
3. A
4. E
5. C
6. C
7. B
8. A
9. D
10. E
11. A
12. B
13. C
14. E
15. B
16. C
17. A
18. B
19. A
20. B
21. C
22. D
23. E
24. F
25. G
26. H
27. A
28. B
29. C
30. D
31. E
32. C
33. E
34. D
35. D
36. E
37. D
38. B
39. D
40. D
41. E
42. C
43. B
44. D
Page 19
45. E
46. B
47. C
48. D
49. D
50. C
51. B
52. H
53. Deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations.
54. If a recessive allele for a locus is present on one chromosome, and the homologous
chromosome contains a deletion of that locus, then the recessive allele will be
expressed, because no wild-type product is produced to mask the recessive phenotype.
The normally recessive alleles expressed in individuals heterozygous for deletions are
said to display pseudodominance.
55. (1) Position effect–Inversions may reposition alleles in different genomic contexts, which may
significantly alter their expression. For example, alleles may be repositioned to a
heterochromatic region and be inhibited, or to a highly active region and be induced.
(2) Gene disruption–Because inversions involve cutting pieces of chromosomes and splicing pieces
of chromosomes back together, gene sequences may be disrupted. Breakpoints can occur in gene
regulatory regions, coding domains, introns, and so forthany or all of which may ultimately
alter phenotypic expression.
56. (1) Large deletions can be easily seen by means of microscopy because the chromosome will be
shortened. In heterozygotes, this will be obvious because sections of the longer chromosome
(corresponding to the region missing in the truncated chromosome) will form unpaired loops of
chromatin during meiotic pairing.
(2) If the deletions are relatively small and contain known genetic markers, no recombination will be
observed for the markers located within the deleted section.
(3) In deletion heterozygotes, phenotypic expression of recessive alleles, present on the undeleted
chromosome, can be expressed. This phenomenon is called pseudodominance.
(4) Deletions can also cause imbalances in the formation of quantifiable gene products (i.e., gene
dosage difference). For example, quantification of specific gene products (e.g., levels of protein
or mRNA, biochemical assays for production, or activities of specific enzymes) in individuals
with different genotypes (e.g., heterozygote versus homozygote) could indicate the number of
functional alleles present. Note in this case, however, that the presence of a nonfunctional allele
would cause the same phenotype as a deleted allele because in neither case would product be
formed.
Page 20
57. The translocation breakpoint likely falls in or near the wild-type DMD gene, such that
these DMD girls are heterozygous for a wild-type allele and a disrupted DMD gene.
Inactivation of the normal X chromosome in all cells of these females eliminates wild-
type DMD gene activity. The females thus exhibit the DMD disease phenotype.
Preferential inactivation of the untranslocated X chromosome may occur because
autosomal sequences adjacent to X chromosomal sequences on the translocated
chromosome prevent inactivation. In this case, the wild-type X chromosome would be
inactivated in all cells by default. Alternatively, X inactivation may occur randomly in
the translocation heterozygotes. However, cells that inactivate the translocated
chromosome would also be expected to inactivate autosomal genes; these cells may die
due to inappropriate reduced gene dosage of autosomal genes. In either case, consistent
inactivation of the wild-type X chromosome would eliminate wild-type DMD
expression in these girls, resulting in the development of DMD.
Page 21
58. a. The gametes from the mutant would be 1/2 ABC-CBA and 1/2 FED-DEF. All
gametes from a wild-type strain would be ABC-DEF. The resultant progeny would be:
(i) 1/2 ABC-DEF/ABC-CBA

(ii) 1/2 ABC-DEF/FED-DEF
Individuals of genotype (i) are duplicated for the ABC arm of the chromosome and
deficient for the DEF arm. Likewise, individuals of genotype (ii) are duplicated for
DEF, and deficient for ABC. Duplications and deletions of such large regions of the
chromosomes would likely result in lethality, so the offspring would not be expected to
be viable.
b. If the mutant were crossed with an individual carrying the same isochromosomes,
three genotypes of progeny would be generated:
(i) 1/4 ABC-CBA/ABC-CBA

(ii) 1/2 ABC-CBA/FED-DEF
(iii) 1/4 FED-DEF/FED-DEF
Individuals of genotypes (i) and (iii) would likely be inviable. Individuals of genotype
(ii) are identical to the parents.
c. The crossover will generate the following gametes in the inversion heterozygote:
ABD-CEF (parental)
ABD-CBA (recombinant)
FED-CEF (recombinant)
ABC-DEF (parental)
d. In a cross with the ABC-CBA/FED-DEF individual, the parental gametes would

all result in lethality due to significant duplications and deletions.
1) ABC-CBA/ABD-CEF
2) ABC-CBA/ABC-DEF
3) FED-DEF/ABD-CEF
4) FED-DEF/ABC-DEF
However, the recombinant gametes from the inversion heterozygote can result in four
classes of progeny:
1) ABC-CBA/ABD-CBA lethal
2) ABC-CBA/FED-CEF Dp(C), Df(D)
3) FED-DEF/FED-CEF lethal
4) FED-DEF/ABD-CBA Dp(D), Df(C)
Since duplication and deletion of the inverted region does not cause inviability, classes 2
and 4 will be viable. Class 2 individuals have an extra copy of C and are missing a copy
of D. Class 4 individuals are missing a copy of C and have an extra copy of D.
Page 22
59. The most common form of Down syndrome involves trisomy 21, which results from
nondisjunction during meiosis in one parent. The rare cases of heritable familial Down
syndrome are caused by the translocation of most of chromosome 21 to the end of
chromosome 14, forming a 14/21 translocation. The compound chromosome (14/21
translocation) can be transmitted through an individual's gametes and has been
confirmed to run in families.
60. (1) Aneuploidy can arise from fertilization between balanced gametes from one
parent and unbalanced gametes from the other parent. The unbalanced gametes were
formed by chromosome nondisjunction during meiosis.
(2) Aneuploidy can arise from balanced gametes from one parent combining with
unbalanced gametes present in individuals that are translocation carriers (e.g., familial
Down syndrome). The unbalanced gametes were formed through the anomalous
segregation of chromosomes during meiosis.
61. a. The wild-type plant is RRr. To be wild type in phenotype, it must possess at least one R allele. How
the expected offspring from the testcross to the rr individual would be 1 2 wild type and 1 2 red-sp
chromosome suggests that the wild-type individual could be either RRr or Rrr. The gametes produc
would be RR, Rr, R, and r; by the second plant, Rr, rr, R, and r. However, the distribution of the gam
will not be even. If gametes with the extra chromosome 2 are just as viable as those with only one c
expect approximately half of the gametes to carry a single copy and half of the gametes to carry two
there could be gametes with either three copies of a single chromosome or no copies of a chromoso
these outcomes are significantly less likely they will not be treated in the probability calculations th
calculate the probability of each gamete produced by an RRr individual as follows:
p(r) = 1/3 [probability of the r allele] × 1 2 [probability of only getting one chromosome during seg
p(R) = 2/3 [probability of the R allele] × 1 2 = 1/3.
p(RR) = 2/3 [probability of the first chromosome carrying the R allele] × 1 2 [probability of the se
carrying the R allele] × 1 2 [probability of getting two chromosomes during segregation] = 1/6.
p(Rr) = (2/3 [probability of the first chromosome carrying the R allele] × 1 2 [probability of the sec
carrying the r allele] × 1 2 ) + (1/3 [probability of the first chromosome carrying the r allele] × 2/2 [
second chromosome carrying the R allele] × 1/2) = 1/3.
Therefore, the offspring from a testcross to rr should be 1/6 rr (red-spotted), 1/3 Rr (wild type), 1/6
1/3 Rrr (wild type).
b. The fraction of gamete types produced by the Rrr individual should be as follows:
p(R) = 1/3 × 1 2 = 1/6

p(r) = 2/3 × 1 2 = 1/3
p(Rr) = (1/3 × 2/2 × 1 2 ) + (2/3 × 1
2 × 1
2 ) = 1/3
p(rr) = 2/3 × 1 2 × 1 2 = 1/6
Thus, the offspring would be 1/6 Rr (wild type), 1/3 rr (red-spotted), 1/3 Rrr (wild type), and 1/6 rr
phenotypically, 1 2 wild type and 1 2 red-spotted. Therefore, in this cross it is difficult to distingu
individual from a normal heterozygous individual, since both produce a 1:1 ratio of wild type:red-s
Page 23
62. In Mutant A nondisjunction occurs in meiosis I, resulting in half the gametes being n +
1 and half being n – 1. In Mutant B nondisjunction occurs in meiosis II, resulting in a
fourth of the eggs being n + 1, a fourth being n – 1, and half being n.
63. In autopolyploids, all the chromosome sets come from the same species, and thus all the
chromosomes are homologous and attempt to align during meiotic prophase 1. The
result is that some of the chromosomes align, others do not align, and sometimes all the
homologs align. During anaphase, the chromosomes segregate unevenly, producing
gametes containing various unpredictable numbers of each homolog in them; some
gamete cells may even be missing specific homologs. Subsequent fertilization
frequently results in formation of aneuploid zygotes, which are genetically unbalanced
and usually unviable.
64. a. AAABBCC
b. MMNNNNOO
c. AAABBBCCC
d. AABBCC; MMNNOO
e. MMMMNNNNOOOO
f. AABCC
g. AAABBCCC
h. MMNN
65. a. Species C: This is a triploid that could have arisen through nondisjunction of the entire
chromosome set in a gamete from species A that subsequently fertilized with a normal haploid (n
= 6) gamete.
b. Species D: This is a tetraploid of species A that could have arisen through chromosome doubling
of both gametes prior to their fusion, or of the diploid cell(s) just after gamete fusion.
c. Species E: This is an allotetraploid (also called an amphidiploid) formed by fusion of gametes
from species A and species B followed by chromosome doubling, or by two chromosome
doublings followed by gamete fusion.
d. Species F: This is an autotetraploid of species B that could have arisen through chromosome
doubling of both gametes prior to their fusion, or of the diploid cell(s) just after gamete fusion.
e. Species G: This is an autohexaploid of species A that could have arisen through fertilization of a
tetraploid-like species D by a gamete having doubled chromosomes (possibly also caused by
fusion of two gametes containing tripled chromosomes).
f. Species H: This is an allooctaploid that could have arisen through doubling of chromosomes in
tetraploid species D and tetraploid species F followed by gamete fusion, or gamete fusion
followed by chromosome doubling.
g. Species I: This is an autooctaploid that could have arisen through doubling of chromosomes in
two different plants of tetraploid species F and subsequent fusion of their gametes, or normal
gamete fusion in species F followed by chromosome doubling.
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Test Bank for Genetics Canadian 2nd Edition by Hartwell

Goldberg Fischer ISBN 1259370887 9781259370885

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8. How is colchicine useful for studying chromosomal mutations?

What type of chromosome mutation would result in the following chromosomes?

What type of chromosome mutation would result in the following chromosomes?

What type of chromosome mutation would result in the following chromosomes?

What type of chromosome mutation would result in the following chromosomes?

What type of chromosome mutation would result in the following chromosomes?

What type of chromosome mutation would result in the following chromosomes?

What type of chromosome mutation would result in the following chromosomes?

What type of chromosome mutation would result in the following chromosomes?

29. Which of the following is NOT a form of aneuploidy in diploid organisms?

30. Which form of aneuploidy causes primary Down syndrome?

32. What is responsible for primary Down syndrome?

53. List the four basic types of chromosome rearrangements.

56. How can a chromosome deletion be detected?

a. A mutant of genotype ABC-CBA/FED-DEF is viable. If you cross this mutant

Indicate the gametes that would be generated.

60. What are two ways that aneuploidy can arise?

63. Explain the genetic basis for sterility in autopolyploid organisms.

a. Trisomic for chromosome A

(i) 1/2 ABC-DEF/ABC-CBA

(i) 1/4 ABC-CBA/ABC-CBA

d. In a cross with the ABC-CBA/FED-DEF individual, the parental gametes would

p(R) = 1/3 × 1 2 = 1/6

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