NITTE INTERNATIONAL

SCHOOL
BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
2022-2023

THE AFFECT OF DIABETES MELLITUS AND

ITS
PREVENTION

NAME: SURYA PRAKAASH

CLASS: XI
DIVISION: SCIENCE
CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION
2. TYPES OF DIABETES
3. RISK FACTORS
4. SYMPTOMS OF DIABETES
5. COMPLICATIONS DUE TO DIABETES
6. DIAGNOSIS OF DIABETES
7. MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES
8. TREATMENT
9. SUPRISING FACTS ABOUT DIABETES
10.INTERVIEW WITH DOCTOR
INTRODUCTION
Diabetes is a chronic (long-lasting) health condition that affects
how your body turns food into energy.

Your body breaks down most of the food you eat into sugar
(glucose) and releases it into your bloodstream. When your
blood sugar goes up, it signals your pancreas to release insulin.
Insulin acts like a key to let the blood sugar into your body’s
cells for use as energy.
Insulin is a peptide hormone, which plays a major role in the
regulation of glucose homeostasis. Insulin acts mainly on
hepatocytes and adipocytes (cells of adipose tissue), and
enhances cellular glucose uptake and utilization. As a result,
there is a rapid movement of glucose from blood to
hepatocytes and adipocytes resulting in decreased blood
glucose levels (hypoglycemia). Insulin also stimulates
conversion of glucose to glycogen (glycogenesis) in the target
cells. The glucose homeostasis in blood is thus maintained
jointly by the two – insulin and glucagon. Prolonged
hyperglycemia leads to a complex disorder called diabetes
mellitus which is associated with loss of glucose through urine
and formation of harmful compounds known as ketone bodies

With diabetes, your body doesn’t make enough insulin or can’t

use it as well as it should. When there isn’t enough insulin or
cells stop responding to insulin, too much blood sugar stays in
your bloodstream. Over time, that can cause serious health
problems, such as heart disease, vision loss, and kidney disease.
There isn’t a cure yet for diabetes, but losing weight, eating
healthy food, and being active can really help

TYPES OF DIABETES
• Type 1 diabetes: This type is an autoimmune disease,
meaning your body attacks itself. In this case, the
insulinproducing cells in your pancreas are destroyed. Up
to 10% of people who have diabetes have Type 1. It’s
usually diagnosed in children and young adults (but can
develop at any age). It was once better known as
“juvenile” diabetes.
People with Type 1 diabetes need to take insulin every day.
This is why it is also called insulin-dependent diabetes.
• Type 2 diabetes: With this type, your body either doesn’t
make enough insulin or your body’s cells don’t respond
normally to the insulin. This is the most common type of
diabetes. Up to 95% of people with diabetes have Type 2.
It usually occurs in middle-aged and older people.
• Prediabetes: This type is the stage before Type 2 diabetes.
Your blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not
high enough to be officially diagnosed with Type 2
diabetes.

Gestational diabetes: This type develops in some women during

their pregnancy. Gestational diabetes usually goes away after
pregnancy. However, if you have gestational diabetes you're at
higher risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later on in life.

Less common types of diabetes include:

 • Monogenic diabetes syndromes: These are rare inherited
forms of diabetes accounting for up to 4% of all cases.
Examples are neonatal diabetes and maturity-onset
diabetes of the young..
• Drug or chemical-induced diabetes: Examples of this type
happen after organ transplant, following HIV/AIDS
treatment or are associated with glucocorticoid steroid
use.
Risk factors
• Risk factors for diabetes depend on the type of diabetes. Family history may play
a part in all types. Environmental factors and geography can add to the risk of
type 1 diabetes.

• Sometimes family members of people with type 1 diabetes are tested for the
presence of diabetes immune system cells (autoantibodies). If you have these
autoantibodies, you have an increased risk of developing type 1 diabetes. But not
everyone who has these autoantibodies develops diabetes.

• Race or ethnicity also may raise your risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Although
it's unclear why, certain people — including Black, Hispanic, American Indian and
Asian American people — are at higher risk.

• Prediabetes, type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes are more common in

people who are overweight or obese.

What are the symptoms of diabetes?

Symptoms of diabetes include:

• Increased thirst.
• Weak, tired feeling.
• Blurred vision.
• Numbness or tingling in the hands or feet.
 • Slow-healing sores or cuts.
• Unplanned weight loss.
• Frequent urination.
• Frequent unexplained infections.
• Dry mouth.

Type 1 diabetes symptoms: Symptoms can develop quickly –

over a few weeks or months. Symptoms begin when you’re
young – as a child, teen or young adult. Additional symptoms
include nausea, vomiting or stomach pains and yeast infections
or urinary tract infections.

Type 2 diabetes and prediabetes symptoms: You may not have

any symptoms at all or may not notice them since they develop
slowly over several years. Symptoms usually begin to develop
when you’re an adult, but prediabetes and Type 2 diabetes is
on the rise in all age groups.

Gestational diabetes: You typically will not notice symptoms.

Your obstetrician will test you for gestational diabetes between
24 and 28 weeks of your pregnancy.

COMPLICATIONS DUE TO DIABETES

If your blood glucose level remains high over a long period of time, your body’s
tissues and organs can be seriously damaged. Some complications can be
lifethreatening over time.

Complications include:

• Cardiovascular issues including coronary artery disease, chest pain, heart

attack, stroke, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, atherosclerosis
(narrowing of the arteries).
• Nerve damage (neuropathy) that causes numbing and tingling that starts at
toes or fingers then spreads.
 • Kidney damage (nephropathy) that can lead to kidney failure or the need
for dialysis or transplant.
• Eye damage (retinopathy) that can lead to blindness; cataracts, glaucoma.
• Foot damage including nerve damage, poor blood flow and poor healing of
cuts and sores.
• Skin infections.
• Erectile dysfunction.
• Hearing loss.
• Depression.
• Dementia.
• Dental problems.

Complications of gestational diabetes:

In the mother: Preeclampsia (high blood pressure, excess protein in urine,

leg/feet swelling), risk of gestational diabetes during future pregnancies and risk
of diabetes later in life.

In the newborn: Higher-than-normal birth weight, low blood sugar

(hypoglycemia), higher risk of developing Type 2 diabetes over time and death
shortly after birth.

How is diabetes diagnosed?

Diabetes is diagnosed and managed by checking your glucose level in a
blood test.

Checking your blood glucose level is important because the results help
guide decisions about what to eat, your physical activity and any
needed medication and insulin adjustments or additions.

The most common way to check your blood glucose level is with a
blood glucose meter. With this test, you prick the side of your finger,
apply the drop of blood to a test strip, insert the strip into the meter
and the meter will show your glucose level at that moment in time.
Your healthcare provider will tell you how often you’ll need to check
your glucose level.

Diabetes affects your whole body. To best manage diabetes, you’ll need
to take steps to keep your risk factors under control and within the
normal range, including:

How is diabetes managed?

• Keep your blood glucose levels as near to normal as possible by
following a diet plan, taking prescribed medication and increasing
your activity level.
• Maintain your blood cholesterol (HDL and LDL levels) and
triglyceride levels as near the normal ranges as possible.
• Control your blood pressure. Your blood pressure should not be
over 140/90 mmHg. Planning what you eat and following a
healthy meal plan and exercising regularly

How is diabetes treated?

Treatments for diabetes depend on your type of diabetes, how
well controlled your blood glucose level is and your other
existing health conditions.

• Type 1 diabetes: If you have this type, you must take

insulin every day. Your pancreas no longer makes insulin.
• Type 2 diabetes: If you have this type, your treatments can
include medications (both for diabetes and for conditions
that are risk factors for diabetes), insulin and lifestyle
changes such as losing weight, making healthy food
choices and being more physically active.
• Prediabetes: If you have prediabetes, the goal is to keep
you from progressing to diabetes. Treatments are focused
on treatable risk factors, such as losing weight by eating a
healthy diet (like the Mediterranean diet) and exercising
(at least five days a week for 30 minutes). Many of the
 strategies used to prevent diabetes are the same as those
recommended to treat diabetes (see prevention section of
this article).
• Gestational diabetes: If you have this type and your
glucose level is not too high, your initial treatment might
be modifying your diet and getting regular exercise. If the
target goal is still not met or your glucose level is very high,
your healthcare team may start medication or insulin.

Surprising Facts about Diabetes

Fact No. 1: Diabetes is not caused just by eating too much sugar.

Fact No. 2: Having gestational diabetes does not mean your baby will
have diabetes.

Fact No. 3: Diabetes can cause a lot of emotions.

FACT No. 3: More than 37 million people in the United States have diabetes,
and 1 in 5 of them don’t know they have it

INTERVIEW WITH DOCTOR

1. WHY IS IT OKAY TO EAT FRUITS FULL OF CARBOHYDRATE FOR A

DIABETIC PATIENT
Ans : Some fruits do contain more sugar than others, but that doesn't mean you can't
eat them if you have diabetes.
The total amount of carbohydrates in a food affects blood sugar levels more than the source of
the carbohydrates — or whether that carbohydrate source is a starch or sugar. As you decide
what fruit to eat, keep in mind that one serving of fruit should contain no more than 15 grams
of carbohydrates. So the size of the serving depends on how much carbohydrates are in the
fruit.
 2. Can someone get rid of type 2 diabetes by loosing weight and stop eating
carbs
ANS: After a Year, Low-Carb Diet Helps Many Patients Reverse Type 2 Diabetes, Lose Weight,
and Stop Insulin

3. Which food are good for diabetic patient

Ans: Eating the right foods for diabetes means eating a variety of healthy foods from all the
food groups:

• Fruits and vegetables

• Whole grains, such as whole wheat, brown rice, barley, quinoa, and oats
• Proteins, such as lean meats, chicken, turkey, fish, eggs, nuts, beans, lentils, and tofu
• Nonfat or low-fat dairy, such as milk, yogurt, and cheese

BIBLOGRAPHY
NCERT CLASS 11TH TEXT BOOK
WIKIPEDIA
BRITANICA
MEDLINEPLUS.GOV