SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

 Fundamental law of nature and one of the most valuable discoveries of mankind.
 However this law is slightly confusing for most students, it is because it has so many complex
terms in it and that there are many ways that this second law can be stated.

What is the purpose of this Law?

 One of the main use of the 2nd law of thermodynamics is to determine whether a process is
spontaneous or not.

Example:
 2 gas mixing together
 Air is being leaked from a balloon
 Mass is falling down
 The hot tea is losing its heat
You can see that the process of moving from state 1 to state 2 will happen spontaneously,
which means without any external aid.

- But what about the opposite process?

- Will that happen spontaneously?
- With these mix gas become unmixed spontaneously without any external aid?

From the experience, we know that this will not happen. So this process is not spontaneous.

- However according to the rules of energy conservation, or the first law of thermodynamics even the
reverse process is possible because in both states, the energy is the same.
- So what is missing here?
- There must be one more loaw which governs the direction of a process, and that law is Second Law
of thermodynamics.

SPONTANEOUS
- performed or occuring as a result of a sudden inner impulse or incination and without
premeditation or external stimulus.
- Here are the 2 standard definitions of the 2 nd law. You have already heard them.
- Both these statements mean the same but they are not in the state directing useful to engineers.

CLAUSIUS INEQUALITY
- means that if you take a cyclic process, such as in a refrigerator, and all the heating action
happening at the boundary divided by the temperature of the boundary, the resulting value will be
less that, or equal to zero.

¿ HEAT OUT
HEAT ∈ − ≤0¿
T ∈, avg . T out , avg

- this is an interesting inequality, which is true for all cyclic process.

ENTROPY =Disorder+ heat transfer effect

The major statement for 2nd law.

CLAUSIUS STATEMENT
- It is impossible for any system is such a way that the sole result woub be and energy
transfer by heat from a cooler to a hotter body.

HOT RESERVOIR

Q Q

COLD RESERVOUR

KELVIN-PLANCK STATEMENT
- It is impossible for any system to operate in a thermodynamic cycle and deliver a net
amount of energy by work to its surroundings while receiving energy by heat transfer from a single
reservoir.

HEAT RESERVOIR

ENGINE W out

Qc

3rd Statement : ENTROPY STATEMENT

- It is possible for any system to operate in a way that entropy is destroyed.

ENTROPY

- So to make it easy we make 2 easier statement that would help us more in understanding this law.
1st “ HIGH TO LOW”
- For any process a natural flow will always be from higher energy value to lower energy
value.

Ex. Coffee.
- the temperature of coffee is higher than its cup and as what it says from higher
energy value so the temperature of coffee gets transferred to the cup which is cooler, lower energy
value and that’s why the cup get hotter.

Ex. Balloon
- try to compressed gas in a balloon if you open a small hole in a balloon if you open
a small hole in a ballon that’s the outside air enters the balloon? No, instead the gas in the balloon
goes outside transer its pressure to the outside air because the gas in balloon has higher pressure
than the outside air.

2nd “ PERFECT IS IMPOSSIBLE”

- For every real world process there will always be losses.

Ex. That means we cannot convert all of your car’s fuel into mechanical energy which can
rotate your car’s wheels. Proof is the gases you see on the cars muffler.

Ex. Bouncing a ball by first throwing it up to the air see that as the number of bounce is
increases the levels of bounce decreases because of the loss of energy which is transferred to the
ground. How about our foods that is our source of energy we can see the losses through our sweat
urine and solid waste.