67th Internat ional Ast ronaut ical Congress (IAC), Guadalajara, Mexico, 26-30 September 2016.

Copyright
©2016 by the Internat ional Ast ronaut ical Federat ion (IAF). All rights reserved.

GIS-BASED MAPPING AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION

IN PORT HARCOURT, SOUTHERN NIGERIA
Author: Dr. John Didacus Njoku
Federal University of Technology Owerri, Nigeria, johnnjoku@futo.edu.ng
Mr. Kingsley Ukaegbu
Federal University of Technology Owerri, Nigeria, kukaegbu53@yahoo.com
Mr. Martin Iwuji
Federal University of Technology Owerri, Nigeria, martiniwuji@gmail.com
Mr. Uchenna Nwuze
Federal University of Technology Owerri, Nigeria, henrun2002@yahoo.com

Abstract

It was discovered that it is difficult to achieve cooperation for air pollution control in developing
countries like Nigeria whose main concern is to provide the basic needs as food, shelter and
employment for her populace. Moreover, the control measures adopted have not been very
effective and fully enforced (Suleiman, 2013). It is based on the above fact that this study focuses
on mapping of the spatial distribution of air pollutants within Port Harcourt Metropolis. This study
goes further to propose some preventive and monitoring measures utilizing Geographic
Information System (GIS) as an analysis tool. The research focused on spatial variation and
distribution of air pollutants in Port Harcourt city. The main objectives of this study was to analyze
the level of atmospheric pollutants in parts of Port Harcourt metropolis and to evaluate the
temporal variation of atmospheric pollution in the study locations. A correlation test was performed
to establish the relationship between each air quality parameter within Port Harcourt Metropolis.
GIS was utilized to investigate the spatial distribution of the air pollutants. The main finding of
this research is the comparison between spatial and non-spatial (statistical) analysis approaches,
which indicated that correlation analysis and spatial interpolation analysis of GIS using the average
levels of air pollutants from a single monitoring station or by group of few monitoring stations is
a relatively efficient method for comparing the health effects of air pollution in emerging locations
of under-developing cities. There was a significant positive correlation between variable under
consideration, and the research shows an increasing trend of concentration of pollutants in maps
which was used to con- firm the depleting air quality in Rumokoro, Garrison and Mile 1 areas of
Port Harcourt. A non-spatial approach alone may be insufficient for an appropriate evaluation of
the impact of air pollutant variables and their inter-relationships and spatial distribution within
cities. It is important to evaluate the spatial features of air pollutants before modeling the air
pollution-health relationships. Hence, this air quality maps could play a vital role in the decision
making process for air pollution monitoring strategies and policies.

KEY WORDS GIS, GPS, Buffer Analysis, Spatial Analysis, Spatial Interpolation, Correlation
Analysis, Air pollution, Vehicular Pollution.

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67th Internat ional Ast ronaut ical Congress (IAC), Guadalajara, Mexico, 26-30 September 2016. Copyright
©2016 by the Internat ional Ast ronaut ical Federat ion (IAF). All rights reserved.
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Atmospheric pollution is the state
whereby some gases in the atmosphere exist
at higher than normal conditions, and can be
seriously harmful to human health and
environment (Suleiman, 2013).
Atmospheric pollution occurs as a
result of anthropogenic activities (such as
industrial air pollution and photochemical
pollution) and/or natural phenomenon (such
as volcanic eruption pollutants and
photochemical pollutants e.g. NOx from
electrical discharges in thunderstorms). The
major driving forces of air pollution (from
anthropogenic activities) are economic
development, urbanization, energy
consumption, transportation/motorization
and rapid population growth (Colbeck and
Lazaridis, 2010). The levels of air pollutants
can vary from city to city, from region to
region, from country to country and from
continent to continent (WHO, 2004b).
This study investigated the level of
priority pollutants in parts of Port Harcourt
metropolis; with high industrial activities,
high vehicular and human traffic density.
AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE
STUDY
The aim of the study is to determine
the components and rates/values of
atmospheric pollutants around the study
locations. The basic objectives includes:
To measure atmospheric pollutants in
parts of Port Harcourt metropolis
To investigate the spatial distribution of
atmospheric pollutants in parts of Port
Harcourt metropolis
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To evaluate the correlation of assessed air
quality parameters within Port Harcourt
metropolis.
To make recommendations based on the
results obtained so as to reduce the load
of pollutants and exposure.
Scope of the Work
The study did not analyze the possible
reasons for the evolution of pollution levels.
It did not conduct an econometric study of
pollution levels on a wide array of non-
income variables as it first needs to establish
the soundness of the EKC (Environmental
Kuznets Curve) equation for the simple per
capita income. Hence, it was not able to
determine an empirically based relationship
between variables such as population density,
gross capital formation, education, literacy,
policy applications, etc. on pollution levels.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study will help contribute to
country’s view in attaining a sustainable
environmental development especially
having contributed in solving air pollution
problems in the country’s heart of economic
resource. In order to achieve this, it focused
at the determination of the level of
atmospheric pollutants in Port Harcourt
Metropolis by the adoption of scientific
models, GIS-base analysis and statistical
means of evaluating the variation in the level
of atmospheric pollution in the study
locations, determining the components and
values of the atmospheric pollutions; through
the use of the best modern technological
means available, to measure the atmospheric
components within the study locations.
Research Methodology
Introduction
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©2016 by the Internat ional Ast ronaut ical Federat ion (IAF). All rights reserved.
This chapter outlines the steps taken
in this research and adopted methods, sample
selection, data collection and data analysis. It
is devoted to the materials, tools and methods
employed in collecting, analyzing
(interpreting) and presenting various data for
this study in order to carry out the proposed
aim and objectives of this study.
Types and Sources of Data
Types of Data
Air quality data; pollutants present in the
atmosphere within the study area, such as
Carbon monoxide (CO), Carbon dioxide
(CO2), Nitrogen Oxide (NO), Nitrogen
dioxide (NO2), Ozone (O3), Particulate
matter (PM2.5 and < PM10), Sulphur oxides
(SO2), Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S), Methane
(CH4) and National ambient air quality
standards (NAAQS) and World health
organization air quality standards.
Sources of Data
The sources of data used for this study
include: Pollution data such as
Concentrations of CO, SO2, NO2, LEL, H2S,
O2, CH4, NH2, and O3 used in this study were
sourced by measuring each of the parameters
from the following sampling points of the
five selected locations using hand-held Gas
analyzer; Drager X-am 5000. The Pollution
data such as concentrations of SPM, used in
this study were sourced by measuring these
parameters at the above listed sampling
points of the five selected locations using a
hand-held Gas analyzer; Aerocet-531 Met
One Instrument: Additional information was
gleaned from other sources such as academic
journals, gazettes, brochures, Internet and
statistical publications of the Environmental
Protection Institutions.
Methods of Data Collection
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Data was collected by measuring at in
situ, the parameters of contaminants in the
atmosphere within the sampling locations.
This method involved a continuous (real
time) monitoring, in which air was constantly
measured and the data was automatically
transmitted and saved into the database of the
monitoring device. Each air quality monitor
was taken at a height of about 2m in the
direction of the prevailing wind at each
sampling point and readings were taken when
the fluctuating sensor of the monitor
stabilizes. The readings was measured in
parts per million. The formula for converting
gaseous pollutant from ppm to μgm-3 is given
by Zane-Satterfield (2004): 1ppm = μg/m3 x
0.0224/M. where M is the molecular weight
of the pollutant.
Geo-reference coordinates of all
sampling point in each location was taken
with the use of a Global Positioning System,
the coordinate readings of each sampling
point was taken when the sensor of the GPS
stabilizes.
The monitoring period at each
sampling location was morning and evening.
Tools of Data Collection
A Drager X-am 5000 with high
sensitivity to keep the user safe (Hand-held
air-quality monitoring equipment) was used
to measure the parameters of contaminant
(Hydrogen Sulphide, Carbon monoxide,
Nitrogen Oxides, Sulphur dioxide, Carbon
dioxide, Oxygen, Ozone, Methane); it is a
new generation and smallest gas detection
instrument for up to 5 gases. This 1 to 5-gas
detector reliably measures combustible gases
and vapours as well as oxygen and harmful
concentrations of CO, H2S, CO2, Cl2, HCN,
NH3, NO2, PH3, SO2 and organic vapors.
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67th Internat ional Ast ronaut ical Congress (IAC), Guadalajara, Mexico, 26-30 September 2016. Copyright
©2016 by the Internat ional Ast ronaut ical Federat ion (IAF). All rights reserved.
A Met One Instrument Aerocet-
531, battery operated & fully portable
handheld particle counter was used to
determine the concentration of air-borne
suspended particulate matter of size of up to
1 milligram per cubic meter within the study
area. The instrument performs either mass
PM measurements or particle
counts with networked data in real time; data
logged values, or printed data.
It consists of 5 Mass Ranges & 2 Particle
Sizes. All 5 important mass ranges of size
TSP, PM10, PM7, PM2.5, and PM1 can
be seen as mass mode on the display along
with 2 frequently used cumulative particle
sizes of > 5.0 and > 0.5 microns in the
particle mode.
Software used for data Collection and
analyses include: Geographic Information
System (GIS), Geographical Maps; to help
discuss the concentration of each air quality
parameter in the study area, Bar graphs;
consisting of a series of horizontal bars
representing statistical data of the accessed
air quality parameters, Statistical Package for
Social Sciences (SPSS); used to carryout
hypothesis test.
Description of Study Area
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A city of Southeast in the Niger River delta
southeast of Nigeria. Port Harcourt local
government area is included in the Greater
Port Harcourt region. It is situated 52
kilometres (32 mi) southeast of Ahoada and
about 40 kilometres (25 mi) northwest
of Bori. It is bounded to the south by Okrika,
to the east by Eleme, to the north by Obio-
Akpor and to the west by Degema. It has a
total size of 109 square kilometres (42 sq mi).
The total population in the area was last
recorded at 638,360 people in 2011 from
538,558 in 2006. Port Harcourt has a tropical
climate. Rainfall is significant most months
of the year, and the short dry season has little
effect. This climate is considered to be Am
according to the Köppen-Geiger climate
classification. The average annual
temperature is 26.4 °C in Port Harcourt.
Precipitation here averages 2708 mm.
Methods of Results Presentations
This study revealed its results using
maps, figures and tables showing the
interpolated results in maps for easy
understanding of the variation in the
concentration of air quality parameters in the
study area. Descriptive Statistical analysis
result was presented in table and charts to
illustrate the correlation and further relation
between the assessed parameters across the
sampling locations. These results revealed
the concentration of various air quality
parameters in the area and the table of results
was displayed in bar charts for more visual
interpretation of the results.
Data Analysis and Results Presentation
Introduction
The rates of atmospheric pollutants
around the study locations have been
assessed and the results are presented using
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67th Internat ional Ast ronaut ical Congress (IAC), Guadalajara, Mexico, 26-30 September 2016. Copyright
©2016 by the Internat ional Ast ronaut ical Federat ion (IAF). All rights reserved.
the geostatistics and spatial interpolation
method of the Inverse Distance Weighted
(IDW) models and the final results are
presented and displayed in maps to help
discuss the concentration of each air quality
parameter in the study area.
Distribution of Spatial Interpolation of
Carbon Monoxide (Co)
From the interpolation Carbon
monoxide was observed to be high in
concentration, above normal exposure in the
entire monitored site. In Port Harcourt city,
motor vehicles are likely to contribute up to
90 % of all carbon monoxide emissions
(USEPA, 1994). Figure 4.1a and 4.1b below
show the distribution of the concentration of
CO in the city.
Figure 4.1: Distribution of CO in the study
area.
Distribution of Spatial Interpolation of
Nitrogen Oxide (No2)
Fig. 4.2 shows the level of distribution of
nitrogen dioxide concentration in the city at
all monitoring sites. It has been observed that
there is a decreasing trend of concentration of
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nitrogen dioxide at the East and Western
region of the city but an increasing trend was
observed at the North and Southern site of the
city. There are several factors that possibly
contribute to the increasing trend at these
points such as its central location with the
junction of major roads and a cluster of minor
roads at the North and South. As regards the
East and West of the city is not the center of
the city and thus has less number of local
vehicles as compared to other locations.
Moreover, the data levels of nitrogen dioxide
are consistently below the DPR and NAAQS
air quality goal in the (overall) study region.
Figure 4.2: Concentration and Trend of
NO2
Distribution of Spatial Interpolation of
Hydrogen Sulphide (H2s)
The highest concentration of H2S was
revealed at waterlines, been located at the
center of the city; this was during the morning
hours. This of course, can be attributed to
traffic congestion and vehicle intersection at
the points where long waiting time for
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67th Internat ional Ast ronaut ical Congress (IAC), Guadalajara, Mexico, 26-30 September 2016. Copyright
©2016 by the Internat ional Ast ronaut ical Federat ion (IAF). All rights reserved.
vehicles was observed. Moreover, it was
observed that there exist significant
variations in all the air pollutant parameters
during the periods of emission inventory.
This finding corroborates with Utang and
Peterside (2011) study of spatial variations in
vehicular emissions in the city of Port
Harcourt. They discovered that variation
exist in observed pollutants parameters
within the state and between time periods.
The reason for this variation could be
attributed to variation in vehicle operation
modes, local meteorological conditions and
variation in motor characteristics
Figure 4.3: Concentration and Trend of
H2 S
Distribution of Spatial Interpolation of
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
Figure 4.4 below shows the level of
concentration of the sulphur dioxide in the
study area at the time of monitoring. The SO2
concentration in all the sampling points was
in the range of 0.090-104.4µg/m3, the highest
value was found at northern part of the study
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area. The reason for the high value could be
due to traffic congestion and road
intersection, where long waiting time for
vehicles is observed.
Figure 4.4: Distribution of the SO2
concentration in the study area
Distribution of Spatial Interpolation of
Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)
According to the result obtained for
SPM, it shows that SPM concentration was
much lower in the western part of the study
area but was revealed to be of very high
concentration at the central city of Port
Harcourt. Thus this could be as a result of the
many activities in the area, For instance,
nearly all industrial processes, as well as the
burning of fossil fuels, release particulate
matter into the atmosphere (Botkin and
Keller, 1998) Particulate matter
encompasses the small solid or liquid
substances that are released into the
atmosphere through many activities (Miller,
1994)
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 67th Internat ional Ast ronaut ical Congress (IAC), Guadalajara, Mexico, 26-30 September 2016. Copyright
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CO, µg/m3 0.1197516 1
SO2 ,
µg/m3 0.1324433 0.4256283 1
NO2,
µg/m3 0.4338781 0.4265073 0.594445443 1
H2S,
µg/m3 0.1966318 0.6370559 0.385758375 0.36689969 1
Significant at p=0.005

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND

RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary of Research Findings
Port Harcourt Metropolis is
characterized by relatively high air pollution
that varied significantly according to land use
and season. Concentrations of some of the
pollutants were higher than the WHO Air
Figure 4.5: Distribution of SPM Quality Standards and were also higher along
concentration in the study area traffic corridor than further away. The
The Correlation of Air Quality Parameters monitored pollution values varied within
Assessed In the Study Area. various locations in the study area.
Table 1 presents the correlation CONCLUSIONS
The conclusions of this study are:
 First, that there is apparent rise in
matrix between all assessed air quality
parameters. SPM was significantly correlated
with SO2 with correlation coefficient (r) atmospheric pollution in Port Harcourt
=0.132 at p=0.05 (2-tailed). The relationship Metropolis.
was directly proportional. In addition, SPM  The high emission values of Carbon
was significantly correlated with NO2 and monoxide, was deduced from gasoline
H2S with correlation coefficient (R) =0.433 generators and vehicular emission in the
and 0.196 respectively at 5% level of area, it is quite significant for the air
confidence. The least influence of quality of the city especially when we
relationship can be observed in the CO with factor in emissions from other sources in
r=0.119 and yet, directly proportional relation to other pollutants.
relationship.  The interpolation results in the previous
chapter reveals that Carbon monoxide
Table 4.1: Correlation matrix of assessed (CO) is high in concentration above
air quality parameters at the study area normal exposure especially in Rumuola
Junction and Waterlines.
SPM ,  The very significant Carbon monoxide
µg/m3 x CO, SO2 , NO2, H2S,
10^1 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3
(CO) emissions from vehicles and
SPM , gasoline generators portend danger for
µg/m3 x
10^1 1
majority of the residents in the study area

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(precious, 2013).
 The air quality data generated during
field work show that significant
quantities of carbon monoxide (CO)
which exceeded the WHO ambient air
quality standard limits were emitted into
the ambient atmosphere within all the
study locations. After the field work it
was observed that CO concentration in all
the sampling points was within the range
of 114.293 - 1485.813µg/m3. However,
the emissions of other pollutants from
vehicles and diesel generators can still be
significant over time.
 Figure 4.4 in the previous chapter shows
the level of concentration of the sulphur
dioxide (SO2) in the study area at the
periods of monitoring. The trend shows
an increase at the northwards of the study
area.
 The results from field work show that the
amount of sulphur dioxide (SO2) in the
atmosphere was appreciably lower than
the high level rate of Carbon monoxide
when compared. Moreover, it was
observed that there exist significant
variations in all the air pollutant
parameters during the periods of emission
inventory. And it was discovered that the
pollutant parameters varies within the
various locations in Port Harcourt thus
the highest concentration of SO2 was seen
in Rumuokoro and Rumuola locations
(see figure 4.4). After the field work it
was observed that SO2 concentration in
all the sampling points was within the
range of 0.090 - 104.497µg/m3. The
reason for the high value could be due to
traffic congestion and road intersection,
where long waiting time for vehicles is
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observed. The spatial distribution of the
emission of atmospheric pollutants with
the aid of spatial interpolation revealed
that Rumuokoro study location was of the
highest concentration of NO2. However, it
was discovered from the literature review
and during the field investigation that
motor vehicle emissions are the major
source of NO pollution in urban areas
especially in the above mentioned
location. The reason could also be
attributed to flaring of gases from the
Refinery and burning of fossil fuel.
 H2S was also assessed for; during the
field work, higher concentration of H2S
was discovered in Garrison, Rumuola and
UST/Mile 3 locations and the discovery
was confirmed from the spatial
interpolation of H2S which can be seen
from Fig 4.3 in the previous chapter. This
can be attributed to heavy traffic
congestion and vehicle intersection at the
points where long waiting time for
vehicles was observed along the axis of
the above mentioned locations. SPM was
revealed to be of very high concentration
at Garrison and Rumuola locations. The
concentration was discovered within the
Junction and park with SPM range of
2.060 and 2.390 µg/m3 x 101 respectively.
 The emission of these gases Sulphur
dioxide SO2, Nitrogen dioxide NO2,
Carbon Monoxide CO, Hydrogen
Sulphide H2S and Particulate matter has
been contributing greatly to
environmental problems in Port Harcourt,
located in the Niger Delta region, the hub
of oil production in Nigeria as indicated
in this study.
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
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67th Internat ional Ast ronaut ical Congress (IAC), Guadalajara, Mexico, 26-30 September 2016. Copyright
©2016 by the Internat ional Ast ronaut ical Federat ion (IAF). All rights reserved.
Air pollution represents one of the
most challenging issues facing modern day
humanity. With unprecedented economic
growth of developing countries leading to an
increase in the demand for energy and other
environmental resources, the prevention of
air degradation by means of controlling
atmospheric emissions has become a
necessary responsibility. Following the
results discussed in the previous chapter and
conclusions drawn from this study, the
following recommendations are made:
 There is the need to continuously
enlighten and educate the public in Port
Harcourt about air pollution, its causes
and effects so that they will realize the
dangers and health hazards of staying or
living in a polluted environment.
 The control measures in place for air
pollution in Port Harcourt have not
substantially reduced air pollution,
therefore the findings of this study could
be employed to support better air quality
policies and pollution mitigation

Vehicle inspection is an important
preventive measure that will ensure that
drivers not only service their cars
periodically but also have old vehicles
that emit too much smoke (carbon
monoxide) taken off the roads.
 Effective refuse collection in the urban
centers will ensure that waste materials
do not accumulate in the locality to be
burnt or incinerated. The regular
collection and disposal of waste in an
environmental friendly manner will also
ensure that there is no time for the waste
to decompose and generate bad odour
which pollutes the air.
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 Environmental organizations in Port
Harcourt need to form themselves into
pressure groups to not only raise
awareness about environmental issues
but also pressurize the government to
take action against those who pollute the
environment
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