~Group Sophia~ Topic: VOLCANOES

Good morning Mr Azraiee and fellow classmates. Today, our group, consisting of Sophia,
Ingku, Darshini, Oscar, Hongjae, and Divyesh, is going to present about Volcanoes. Let’s
begin.

Objectives/What will we cover/What will you learn about

What are Volcanoes?
What are the Types of Volcanoes?
How are volcanoes formed?
How are they measured?
How do they Affect people?
What causes a volcano’s eruption?
How do you protect yourself/avoid getting injured when it erupts?
How long do eruptions last?
What happens after it erupts?
Why are Volcanoes Important?
And last but certainly not least, Fun facts

What are Volcanoes?

Volcanoes are vents, or openings in Earth's crust. They release ash, gases and steam, and
liquid rock called lava. When the lava cools and hardens, it forms into the cone-shaped
mountain we think of as a volcano. Most of the world's volcanoes are found around the
edges of tectonic plates, both on land and in the oceans.
Volcanoes are found on both land and the ocean floor. When volcanoes erupt on the ocean
floor, they often create underwater mountains and mountain ranges as the released lava
cools and hardens. Volcanoes on the ocean floor become islands when the mountains
become so large they rise above the surface of the ocean.

What are the Types of Volcanoes?

There are 3 types of volcanoes. Active, dormant, and extinct. Active volcanoes have a recent
history of eruptions; they are likely to erupt again, like Mount Merapi in Indonesia. Dormant
volcanoes have not erupted for a very long time but may erupt at a future time, like Mount
Fuji in Japan. Extinct volcanoes are not expected to erupt in the future, like Mount Butay in
Camiguin, in the Philippines.

How are volcanoes formed?

On land, volcanoes form when one tectonic plate moves under another. Usually a thin,
heavy oceanic plate moves under, or subducts, a thicker continental plate. When this
happens, the ocean plate sinks into the mantle.
Not all volcanoes are related to subduction, however. Another way volcanoes can form is
what's known as hotspot volcanism. In this situation, a zone of magmatic activity—or a
hotspot—in the middle of a tectonic plate can push up through the crust to form a volcano.

How are Volcanoes Measured?

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) is a numeric scale that measures the relative explosivity of
historic eruptions. Volume of products, eruption cloud height, and qualitative observations
are used to determine the explosivity value.

How do they Affect people?

Health concerns after a volcanic eruption include infectious disease, respiratory illness,
burns, injuries from falls, and vehicle accidents related to the slippery, hazy conditions
caused by ash. When warnings are heeded, the chances of adverse health effects from a
volcanic eruption are very low.
But, if inhaled, volcanic ash can cause breathing problems and damage the lungs. Inhaling
large amounts of ash and volcanic gases can cause a person to suffocate. Suffocation is the
most common cause of death from a volcano. Plus, volcanic ash is very difficult to clean.

What Causes a Volcano’s Eruption?

Volcanic eruptions are among the most stunning phenomena in the natural
world. Volcanoes erupt because of the way heat moves beneath the Earth’s surface. Heat is
conveyed from the planet’s interior to its surface largely by the transfer of heat by
movement of a heated fluid. In this case, the fluid is magma, which is formed by the partial
melting of the Earth's mantle and crust. The magma rises, and, in the last step in this heat-
releasing process, erupts at the surface through volcanoes.
How do you Protect Yourself/Avoid getting Injured when it Erupts?
You can do many things to protect yourself and your family from the dangers a volcanic
eruption can cause.
The best way to do protect yourself and your family is to follow the advice of local officials.
Local authorities will provide you with information on how to prepare for a volcanic
eruption, and if necessary, on how to evacuate or take shelter where you are.

How Long, on average, do Volcanic Eruptions Last?

According to the catalogue, "Volcanoes of the World", 9% of eruptions end in less than one
day, 16% within two days, 24% within one week, 30% within two weeks, 43% within a
month, 53% within two months, 83% within a year, and 93% within three years. Thus,
Kilauea’s current eruption is in the top 7 percent of the 3,211 historical eruptions examined.
It is halfway toward achieving what only 0.5 percent of those eruptions have--a duration of
30 years or more.

What happens after a Volcano Erupts?

1. The Ash Effect
Ash from volcanoes can do more than darken the skies, hurt air quality, contaminate water,
coat highways, cover yards and ground airplanes. After an eruption, roofs on buildings may
collapse and kill people if enough volcanic ash particles land on them.

2. Serious Catastrophic Effects

More serious problems may occur when fires start as a result of contact with hot lava.
Flowing lava can kill people, animals and plants that lie in its path. As plants and animals die,
famine can arrive in areas where people rely on those food supplies. Powerful volcanoes,
such as Krakatoa, can cause catastrophic damage. Exploding with the power of 13,000
nuclear bombs in 1883, Krakatoa destroyed entire villages and killed over 36,000 people.
The shockwave was so powerful that it destroyed most of the island and instruments
detected the blast thousands of miles away.

Why are Volcanoes Important?

Without volcanoes, most of Earth's water would still be trapped in the crust and mantle.
Early volcanic eruptions led to the Earth's second atmosphere, which led to Earth's modern
atmosphere. Besides water and air, volcanoes are responsible for land, another necessity for
many life forms.

Fun Facts!
There are around 1,500 active volcanoes in the world.
The largest volcano on Earth is Mauna Loa in Hawaii.
Lava can get up to 1,250° Celsius.
The oldest lava flows found on Earth, near the village of Inukjuak, on the shore of Hudson
Bay in Canada, are 3.825 billion years old.

This is the end of our presentation. Thanks for listening!