John Paul College Criminal Justice Education

“Status of the Implementation of Magna Carta of Women (RA 9710) in

the Municipality of Roxas, Oriental Mindoro”

An Undergraduate Thesis

Presented to the Faculty of Criminal Justice Education

JOHN PAUL COLLEGE

Odiong, Roxas, Oriental Mindoro

In partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of

Bachelor of Science in Criminology

By

John Evric F. Lolor

John Paul F. Canubas

April 2023

Table of Contents

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 John Paul College Criminal Justice Education

Title Page No.

Cover Page i

Approval Sheet ii

Abstract iii

Acknowledgment iv

Dedication v

Table of Contents vi

List of Tables

List of Figures

Chapter 1 The Problem and Its Background

Introduction

Theoretical Framework

Conceptual Framework

Statement of the Problem

Statement of Hypothesis

Significance of the Study

Scope and Delimitation

Definition of Terms

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Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature and Studies

Foreign Literature

Local Literature

Foreign Studies

Local Studies

Chapter III Methodology

Research Design

Respondents of the Study

Research Instrument

Data Gathering and Procedures

Statistical Treatment of Data

Chapter I

The Problem and Its Background

Introduction

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 John Paul College Criminal Justice Education

The Magna Carta of Women is comprehensive women’s human rights

law that seeks to eliminate discrimination against women by recognizing,

protecting, fulfilling and promoting the rights of Filipino women, especially

those in marginalized sector of the society. It conveys framework of rights for

women based directly on international law.

The Magna Carta of Women establishes the Philippine government’s

pledge of commitment to the CONVENTION ON THE Elimination of All forms

of Discrimination against Women’s committee (CEDAW) in its 36 th session in

2006 and to the UN Human Rights Council on its first Universal Periodic

review in 2009. It is the local translation of the provisions of the CEDAW,

particularly in defining gender discrimination, state obligations, substantive

equality, and temporary special measures. It also recognizes human rights

guaranteed by the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural

rights (ICESCR).

Salient features of the law include: Increasing the number of women in

third level positions in government to achieve a fifty-fifty (50-50) gender

balance within he next five years, while the composition of women in all levels

of development planning and program implementation will be at least 40

percent; Leave benefits of two months will full pay based on gross monthly

compensation for women employees who undergo surgery caused by

gynaecological disorders, provided that they have rendered continuous

aggregate employment service of at least six months for last twelve months;

Non- discrimination in employment in the field of military, police and other

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similar services that include according the same promotional privileges and

opportunities as their men counterpart, including pay increases, additional

benefits, and awards, based on competency and quality of performance.

Provision for equal access and elimination of discrimination in

education, scholarships, and training. Thus, expulsion, non-readmission,

prohibiting enrolment, and other related discrimination of women students and

faculty due to pregnancy out of marriage shall be outlawed. Non-

discriminatory and non-derogatory portrayal of women in media and film to

raise the consciousness of the general public in recognizing the dignity of

women and the role and contribution of women in family, community and the

society through the strategic use of mass media; Equal status given to men

and women on the titling of the land and issuance of stewardship contracts

and patents. In addition to guaranteeing substantive rights, the MCW

establishes the responsibility of the government to take actions in order to

end discrimination against women. It provides that the Philippines

government must ensure the substantive equality of men and women and

mandates the State to take steps to review, amend or repeal existing laws

that are discriminatory towards women. Generally, education is referred as

capacity of citizens participating in the development process, including

ethical, moral and social behaviours of each participating individual efficiently

(Eshetu, 2018).

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According to the Engine (2018), education is not a charity rather a

fundamental human right for all people irrespective of their sex, race,

economic status is the key to sustainable development, peace and stability

among countries. In any society, the provision of education is a fundamental

and basic for human resource development. Education represents a major

form of human resources development.

According to (Brock & Cammish, 2019) stated that teachers’ attitudes,

school factors and socioeconomic factors affect female students’ academic

performance. The major factors contributed the female student’s academic

performance are included in; school related factors such as distance from

school; teachers’ qualification; pedagogy; leadership styles of head teachers;

and curriculum implementation (Adhiambo & Ward, 2019). Many empirical

researches conducted by African countries stated that the major factors

affecting female students’ academic performance in schools are factors such

as lack of resources or technology to research the genetic differences

(Bassey et al., 2019). Other international studies reveal that poverty and

family background account for the difference in academic performance

between boys and girls (Chessman et al, 2020). Many girls in sub-Saharan

Africa doesn`t have the chance to get enrolled in school. Though female do

enroll, they drop out more frequently than boys and their academic

performance compared to that of boys is poor at every level of schooling

(Gobina, 2021).

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Establishing the determinants of academic performance is pivotal in

reducing the broader inequalities in society which reflect the fact that women

are lagging behind more frequently than men in educational attainment and

outcomes (UNESCO, 2021).

Based from MOE&S.,(2018) the Somaliland government has taken a

number of measures, particularly aimed at improving quality of education,

enhancing the major factors influencing female students' academic

performance in public secondary schools and in realizing the importance of

quality education However, as the government strives to expand education, it

has also faced challenges in minimizing the major factors affecting

performance, especially those that are faced by female. The ministry of

education and science, and its Somaliland Education Sector Strategic Plan

(SESP, 2017-2021), in this document indicates the major factors contribute

female students’ academic performance is constrained by economic, socio-

cultural, familial personal and school factors. Moreover, empirical studies on

effective schools have also been conducted in East Africa countries. For

instance, Verspoors (2019), research on what determines education quality

in sub- Saharan Africa (SSA) identified the following school factors such

(time, grouping procedures, instructional strategies, curriculum, age

difference, language, communication, the school environment and others are

key factors, which are stimulated female students’ performance in publics

secondary schools.

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In addition, leadership emphasis and influences on academic

performances, achievement and administration school development that

improves and reinforces on educational performance, such as vision,

standards, resources, relevant curriculum, incentives for teachers. It also

provides direction, and improving community education, such as promoting

home environment, and support for education that can enhance and ensure

local relevance and ownership.

Educating women is imperative because it enables women to

participate in the labour force and allows them to sustain her and the needs of

the family. This stems from the fact that in modern Filipino Families, both

husband and wife should engage in productive work to earn enough for their

family’s needs. Education has been a facilitating factor towards women’s

economic empowerment.

Aemiro, 2018 said that the participation and performance of the girls in

all primaries, secondary and tertiary education levels was lower than that of

the boys. Some of the challenges that female faces in obtaining an education

are the same for males, but, in females, the challenge are more difficult.

In fact, the working municipal and barangay officials in the Municipality

of Roxas, Oriental Mindoro; the numbers of men officials are more dominant

compare to the numbers of women officers. But still the gender equality is

being implemented in the Roxas, Oriental Mindoro.

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In the light of the given situation, this study was conducted to

evaluate the “Status of the Implementation of Magna Carta of Women (RA

9710) in the Municipality of Roxas, Oriental Mindoro”

Theoretical Framework

1. LIBERAL FEMINISM THEORY

The central features of liberal feminism is women are assertion of

their equality with men and their demand for access to those roles and

position of public life traditionally regarded as the province of male. Liberal

feminism in education has been primarily apolitical /legislative battle against

the rules of exclusion. Through such strategies women and girls have gained

access to public life, which nevertheless tends to remain male. Access in the

first place, means the right to attend an educational institution rules of

exclusion operate through legislation, through institutional structure and

practice, through finding practical and so on. Struggles to remove rules of

exclusion have taken place at every level of education removal of rules of

exclusion has thus consumed and continues to consume, most of the energy

of those who are actively trying to bring about gender equality. Women and

girls have faced a long history of resistance as have sought and continue to

seek, entrance to the “male world”.

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2. RADICAL FEMINISM THEORY

In radical feminism, the men symbolic order to which women gained

access through liberal feminism strategies, is seen as constitutive of women’s

operation and not something in which women can or should function in the

way men do maleness is questioned and female way of being are extolled. In

terms of social structure, single sex class has been one the most prominent of

radical feminist strategies. Removing women and girls from an oppressive

male presence at giving them the space in which they can come to value

themselves, in their own way, has been an ideal informing such separatist

strategies. Single sex schools, in contrast, are not necessarily seen as

compatible with these ideal and may well create class divisions, such that

middle class girls can establish themselves as superior to working class ones.

Further, single sex schools have not decreased the sexism of boys, rather the

reverse.

3. FEMINIST POST CULTURAL THEORY

Feminist post centralist and practice in relation to schooling is

relatively new. However, it has had a profound effect on feminist theorizing. In

order to explore the material of social structure further, and the effects of

these on the individual psyche, feminist post cultural writers have turned their

attention to discourse and have begun to take place in the subject matter

though in schools and are being picked up and develop in this process.

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The recognition of hegemonic disciplines as essentially masculinity

constriction is being further revealed through an analysis of the narrative

structure, which informs the science, the humanity and the art. The manner in

which teaching is done also is shifting in light of feminist post cultural theory,

through the inevitable questioning of the auto reactive voice of both male and

female authors and teachers who make claims to universal truth. Students,

authors, and teachers were developing skills with which to recognize the

constitutive force of spoken and written text and learn strategies of resistance

to being constituted in unitary and oppressive ways.

4. WELBERG’S THEORY OF ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT

This theory posits that psychological characteristics of individual

students and their immediate psychological environments influence

educational outcomes (cognitive, behavioural, and attitudinal). Further,

Walberg’s identified nine key variables that influence educational outcomes

as: student ability/ prior achievement, motivation , age, developmental level,

quantity of instruction, classroom climate, home environment, peer group, and

exposure to mass media outside of the school.

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Statement of the Problem

The study will observe the “Status of the Implementation of Magna

Carta of Women (RA 9710) in the Municipality of Roxas, Oriental Mindoro”.

Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

1. What is the Extent of Implementation of Magna Carta of women in the

Municipality of Roxas in terms of:

1.1 Government Official Engagement

1.2 Law Enforcement

1.3 Community Participation

1.4 Awareness

2. What is the status the Implementation of Magna Carta of Women in the

Municipality of Roxas, Oriental Mindoro in terms of:

2.1 Working Industry

2.2 Self- esteem

2.3 Equality

2.4 Human Rights

3. What are the implications of the findings of the study?

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Conceptual Framework

Based on the foregoing theories, the conceptual framework is hereby

presented

IV DV

What is the level Extent of The level of the status the

Implementation of Magna Implementation of Magna
Carta of women in the Carta of Women in the
Municipality of Roxas in Municipality of Roxas,
terms of: Oriental Mindoro in terms of:
1.1 Government Official
2.1 Working Industry
Engagement
2.2 Self- esteem
1.2 Law Enforcement
2.3 Equality
1.3 Community Participation
2.4 Human Rights
1.4 Awareness

IMPLICATION
The diagram above shows the variables of the given study. The study has two

variables. The independent variable consists the level Extent of

Implementation of Magna Carta of women in the Municipality of Roxas in

terms of Government Official Engagement, Law Enforcement, and

Community Participation and Awareness. The dependent variables pertain to

the level of the status the Implementation of Magna Carta of Women in the

Municipality of Roxas, Oriental Mindoro in terms of Working Industry, Self-

esteem, Equality and Human Rights. This implied that the variables have

significant relationship to one another.

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Significance of the study

The researchers believed that this study would benefit the following:

Professors. This study will help the instructors and teachers to guide their

students that would benefit to the welfare of women students and gender

equality.

Present Researchers. This study would be beneficial to the present

researchers. This study may be one of the bases of new theory in learning

that will arise.

Future Researchers. This study would serve as a guide for future

researchers to provide background on the related field or study for more

satisfying way of research.

Women students. This study would serve as their guide and inspiration to

continuously be competent in school despite of being a woman.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The given study will focus on the Status of the Implementation of

Magna Carta (RA 9710) in the Municipality of Roxas, Oriental Mindoro.

The study will be conducted in Municipality of Roxas, Oriental Mindoro

from April 2023 onwards.

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The respondents of the study were the selected women residing in the

Municipality of Roxas, Oriental Mindoro.

Definition of terms

In order to achieve clarity and understanding throughout the study the

researcher herby defines the following terms operationally.

GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL ENGAGEMENT

-It means promoting the quality of life in a community, through both political

and non-political processes.”1 Civic engagement includes both paid and

unpaid forms of political activism, environmentalism, and community and

national service.

LAW ENFORCEMENT

-Understanding the terms used by officers, other operators, and citizens is an

important part of properly assessing and dispatching calls for service. Some

of these terms can be considered jargon or slang.

COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION

- The vagueness and lack of conceptualization of the concepts of participation

and empowerment cause confusion over expectations and over the

evaluation of outcomes of the participatory development process.

AWARENESS

- The ability to perceive, to feel, or to be conscious of events, objects,

thoughts, emotions, or sensory patterns.

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WORKING INDUSTRY

- a group of companies with similarities in the business activities they conduct

and the products or services they sell.

SELF ESTEEM

- how we value and perceive ourselves. It's based on our opinions and beliefs

about ourselves, which can feel difficult to change. We might also think of this

as self-confidence. Your self-esteem can affect whether you: Like and value

yourself as a person.

EQUALITY

- is about ensuring that every individual has an equal opportunity to make the

most of their lives and talents.

HUMAN RIGHTS

- are the basic rights and freedoms that belong to every person in the world,

from birth until death. They apply regardless of where you are from, what you

believe or how you choose to live your life.

FEMINISM

-people who advocates for the equal rights of the women

THE LEVEL OF EXTENT OF EXTENT OF IMPLEMENTATION OF MAGNA

CARTA OF WOMEN IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF ROXAS IN TERMS OF

GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL ENGAGEMENT, LAW ENFORCEMENT, AND

COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION AND AWARENESS.

- It refers to the independent variables where the utilization of this technology

is measured in the study.

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THE LEVEL OF THE STATUS THE IMPLEMENTATION OF MAGNA CARTA

OF WOMEN IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF ROXAS, ORIENTAL MINDORO IN

TERMS OF WORKING INDUSTRY, SELF- ESTEEM, EQUALITY AND

HUMAN RIGHTS

- it refers to the dependent variable of the study need to be measured.

SELECTED WOMEN OF ROXAS, ORIENTAL MINDORO

- it will be the respondents of the study.

MUNICIPALITY OF ROXAS, ORIENTAL MINDORO

- it is where the study will be conducted.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Foreign Literature

Henning-Stout and Close-Conoley, (2019) stated that females earn

higher grades than males, and some possible explanations have been

proposed by researchers. The reasons proposed are both biological and

environmental. In carefully controlled studies of learning disabilities, males

have been found to have more learning disabilities than females by a ratio of

two to one. Males are classified as emotionally disturbed at four times the rate

of females.

According to Starkweather, (2018) some researchers have estimated

that males are 10 times more likely to exhibit stuttering, a language problem.

There are four to five times more males who are dyslexic than females (Stein

2018). Of course, one is taking a leap of faith to assume that learning

disability testing is not biased by sex stereotypes as well. Males also display

a greater amount of negative social behavior than females in the classroom

and this is thought to play a role in their academic performance.

According to Bericat & Sánchez Bermejo, 2018; Hsiao-Chin & Shu-

Ching Karam, 2019) education drives the movement of the social conditions

of these changing times as long as it is implemented in an inclusive manner

that will not contribute to the collective destruction of nations and communities

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(UNESCO-MGIEP [Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Education for Peace and

Sustainable Development], 2017; United Nations, 2018). In particular,

education should be made accessible to everyone regardless of gender and

vulnerabilities. This inclusivity can be actualized by streamlining curriculums

and integrating inclusive educational policies for female students. In the

Philippines, several steps have been considered to ensure that all women will

get equal access to quality education, notably the institution of laws that

discourage oppression of women, such as the Magna Carta of Women,

Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2019, and Gender

Streamlining of Higher Education.

Local Literature

According to National Science Foundation (2019) girls are now taking

biology and chemistry at a higher rate than boys; in 1998, more girls took

Algebra II and Geometry than in 1990, and the percentage of females taking

Pre-calculus has jumped from 31% to 44 % over the last decade.

Traditionally, girls did not take as many math and science courses as boys,

and environmental factors certainly played. Girls and young women are

closing the gender gap, and a reason for this is because there are more

programs that help students become interested in math courses while

removing the preconceived fear of math, and also, perhaps, removing the

gender stereotype that math is for boys, not girls.

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There may be some biological reasons for females traditionally

avoiding math courses. Researchers have consistently shown a difference in

math performance between males and females. Males perform better in

visual-spatial abilities than do females.

William C. (2020) stated that males are more apt to use imagery to

solve problems, especially problems that involve moving object.

According to Richard G. (2021) for many young people today,

traditional patterns guiding the relationships and transitions between family,

school and works are being challenged. Social relations that ensure a smooth

process of socialization are collapsing, lifestyle trajectories are becoming

more varied and less predictable. The restricting of the labor market, the

extension of the maturity gap and arguably. The more limited opportunities to

become an independent adult are all changes influencing relationships with

family and friends, educational opportunities an choice, labor market

participations, leisure activities and lifestyle. It is not only the develop

countries that are facing this situation, in developing countries transition from

childhood to independence. Rapid population growth, the unavailability of

having support services, poverty, unemployment and underemployment

among youth. The decline in the authority of local communities, overcrowding

in urban areas, the disintegration of the family, and ineffective educational

systems are some of the pressures young people must deal with.

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Related Studies

The study of learning environments from the student

perspective in schools has a rich, but rather

recent history. Studies of learning environments, particular

during the past 40 years, have rapidly drawn the interests of

educational researchers and theorists.

Several educational researchers, Bennett, (2021) have proposed

theoretical modelsto explain linkages existing among learning variables

and student’s educational outcomes. Specifically, each theoretical

model includes characteristics of the learner, the learning

environment, and the quality of instruction the learner

receives.

Haertel, Walberg, & Weinstein, (2021) reviewed

the empirical literature on the correlates and predictors

of academic achievement, indicated that student characteristics

exhibit the most significant direct influence on achievement. In recent

decades, studies of learning environments have been concerned

with conceptualization and theory development. Student ratings have also

been traditionally included in faculty and course evaluation in higher

education settings.

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According to (Astin, 2021) Research on learning environments show

that psychosocial characteristics of classroom learning environments

demonstrate incremental validity in predicting student achievement. These

psychosocial characteristics (such as self-concept, attitudes,

behaviors, intrinsic motivation, and overall student engagement in

learning) are useful in curriculum evaluation studies, and can provide

teachers with useful information to arrange more optimally

functioning classrooms. Researchers working on the assessment of learning

environments have also developed and validated constructivist-based,

personal forms of learning environment measures to tap students’ individual,

rather than collective perspectives of classroom life.

Local studies

(Reyes 2018; Richard F. 2019) found out that research shows females get

better course grades than males even in traditionally male content areas,

such as physics and math, but males score higher on ability tests in these

subjects.

Henry T. (2018) studied that there’s a time when our nation is mourning

overall low math and technical scores, it seems that one group has improved

its performance. When sex is controlled, a significant decline is apparent in

school performance, especially among minorities and students from low-

income families. While every other group, in terms of race and social class,

had declined in performance levels, females actually improved in the area of

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math and technology as reflected in classroom performance. Females are

now much more likely to take advanced math and science classes and to

perform competitively with their male counterparts. Current research shows a

common trend of females performing better than in the past. Women are also

making strides in fields that involve math and science that were at one time

overwhelmingly dominated by males.

According to the study of Stephen K. (2019) females have better

memory in general than males, and this includes all types of memory:

episodic, spatial, short-term, visual, and specific memories such as odor and

early memories.

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Chapter III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methods that were used in the given study.

Research Design

The researchers will use the questionnaires method of research. This is

designed to obtain information from a large number of people and/or people

who may not have the time to attend an interview or take part in experiments.

In this method, researchers enable people to take their time, think

about it and come back to the questionnaire later. Respondents can state

their views or feelings privately without worrying about the possible reaction of

the researcher.

Questionnaires will contain attitude scales questions. Questionnaires

can be administered in a number of different ways (e.g. sent by post, as email

attachments or private message in social media accounts, posted on Internet

sites, handed out personally or administered to captive audience (such as

people attending conferences).

It will aim to determine the “Status of the Implementation of Magna

Carta of Women (RA9710) in the Municipality of Roxas, Oriental Mindoro.”

According to Gay (1992: 217), descriptive research involves collecting data in

order to test hypotheses or to answer questions concerning the current status

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of the subject of the study.

According to Calderon (2006), defined descriptive research as a

purposive process of gathering, analyzing, classifying, and tabulating data

about prevailing conditions, practices, processes, trends, and cause-effect

relationships and then making adequate and accurate interpretation about

such data with or without or sometimes minimal aid of statistical methods.

Also, this method ascertains prevailing conditions of facts in a group under

study that gives either qualitative or quantitative, or both, descriptions of the

general characteristics of the group as results.

According to Creswell (1994) said the descriptive method of research is to

gather information about present existing condition. Creswell (2012, p. 274)

explained the purpose of descriptive method is to find a detailed explanation

and description about the object of the research systematically.

Respondents of the study

The respondents of the given study will be the selected women in the

Municipality Roxas, Oriental Mindoro.

The respondents of the study were composed of 50 selected women

in the Municipality Roxas, Oriental Mindoro. Random sampling technique will

be used in the study.

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Research Instrumentation

The researchers will use non-standardized questionnaire consisting of

two parts. Part one will be focused on the “Status of the Implementation of

Magna Carta of Women (RA9710) in the Municipality of Roxas, Oriental

Mindoro.”.

Since the questionnaire was non-standardized, it was subjected to the

face and content validity. It was presented to the research advisers for their

comments and suggestions. After some modifications, it was presented to the

criminology adviser for final approval and it was distributed to the target

respondents.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers will write a letter to the Municipality of Roxas

administration to ask for their permission to gather or conduct a research.

After securing the said permit, the researcher will distribute to the

respondents the questionnaires and will explaine to them what are they going

to do and what the study is all about.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The following statistical tools were used to the gathered data:

The data gathered through the research instrument were tallied and tabulated

using statistical tools such as frequency and mean.

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These were interpreted by the researchers

The formula for the getting the mean is as follows:

X= € fd

Where:

X= is the given mean

f= is the number of occurrences

€fd= is the total sum of product

€N= is the total number of occurrences.

Evaluation and Scoring

To determine the level of Extent of Implementation of Magna Carta of

women in the Municipality of Roxas in terms of Government Official

Engagement, Law Enforcement, and Community Participation and

Awareness, the following measures were used:

Assigned Points Range Verbal Interpretation

1 1.00- 1.49 Very low

2 1.50- 2.49 Low

3 2.50- 3.49 Moderate

4 3.50- 4.49 High

5 4.50- 5.00 Very High

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To determine the level of The dependent variables pertain to the level

of the status the Implementation of Magna Carta of Women in the Municipality

of Roxas, Oriental Mindoro in terms of Working Industry, Self- esteem,

Equality and Human Rights, the following measures were used:

Assigned Points Range Verbal Interpretation

1 1.00- 1.49 Poor

2 1.50- 2.49 Fair

3 2.50- 3.49 Satisfactory

4 3.50- 4.49 Very Satisfactory

5 4.50- 5.00 Outstanding

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