Human Anatomy and Physiology 9th Edition Marieb Hoehn

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Exam
Name___________________________________

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers
the question.

Figure 5.1

Using Figure 5.1, match the following:

1)
Site of
the
dermal
ridges
that
produce
epiderma
l ridges
on the
epiderma
l surfaces
of the
fingers.
1)
________ _____

2)
Responsi
ble for
shock
absorptio
n and
located
in the
hypoder
mis.
2)
________ _____

3)
Pulls the
hair
follicle
into an
upright
position.
3)
________ _____

4)
Sudorifer
ous
gland.
4)
________ _____

5)
Dense
irregularl
y
arranged,
fibrous
connectiv
e tissue.
5)
________ _____

6)
Region
that
thickens
markedly
when
one gains
weight.
6)
________ _____

7)
Where
capillary
loops are
found.
7)
________ _____

MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.
Match the following:

8)
The most
abundant
cells of
the
epidermi
s.
A)
Dendritic
cells
8)
_______
B)
Cornified keratinocytes
9)
The
protein
found in
the
epidermi
s that is
responsi
ble for
tougheni
ng the
skin.
9)
_______
C)
Merkel disc
D)
10)
Cells
plus a
disc-like
sensory
nerve
ending
that
functions
as a
sensory
receptor
for touch.
Keratin
10)
______
E)
Keratinocytes
11)
Skin
macroph
ages that
help
activate
the
immune
system.
11)
______

12)
Cell
remnants
of the
stratum
corneum.
12)
______

Match the following:

13)
The layer
of the
epidermi
s where
the cells
are
considere
d
protectiv
e but
nonviabl
e.
A)
Sudorifer
ous
glands
13)
______
B)
 Stratum corneum
14)
The glands that serve an important
function in thermoregulation.
C)
Vellus
14)
______
D)
15)
The layer
that
contains
the
mitotic
viable
cells of
the
epidermi
s.
Stratum
basale
15)
______

16)
Hair that
lacks
pigment
and is
often
called
"immatur
e hair."
16)
______

Match the following:

17)
May
indicate
embarras
sment,
fever,
hyperten
sion,
inflamma
tion, or
allergy.
A)
Erythem
a
17)
______
B)
 Pallor
18)
May indicate fear, anger, anemia, or
low blood pressure.
18)
______

19)
Usually
indicates
a liver
disorder.
A)
Jaundice
19)
______
20)
Appeara
nce of a
permane
nt tan;
bronzing.
B)
Addison'
s disease
20)
______
C)
Cyanosis
21)
A bluish
color in
light-
skinned
individu
als.
21)
______

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers
the question.

Figure 5.2

Using Figure 5.2, match the following:

22)
Hypoder
mis
22)
________ _____

23)
Epidermi
s
23)
________ _____

24)
Reticular
layer of
the
dermis
24)
________ _____

25)
Papillary
layer of
the
dermis
25)
________ _____

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.
26)
The
apocrine
sweat
glands
are fairly
unimport
ant in
thermore
gulation.
26)
______

27)
Skin
surface
markings
that
reflect
points of
tight
dermal
attachme
nt to
underlyi
ng
tissues
are called
epiderma
l ridges.
27)
______

28)
The
dense
fibrous
connectiv
e tissue
portion
of the
skin is
located
in the
reticular
region of
the
dermis.
28)
______

29)
The
outermos
t sheath
of a hair
follicle is
the
connectiv
e tissue
root
sheath.
29)
______

30)
The
protein
found in
large
amounts
in the
outermos
t layer of
epiderma
l cells is
collagen.
30)
______

31)
Joe just
burned
himself
on a hot
pot. A
blister
forms
and the
burn is
painful.
Joe's
burn
would
best be
describe
d as a
third-
degree
burn.
31)
______

32)
The
hyponyc
hium is
commonl
y called
the
cuticle.
32)
______

33)
The
reason
that the
nail bed
appears
pink is
the
presence
of a large
number
of
melanoc
ytes in
the
underlyi
ng
dermis.
33)
______

34)
During
the
regressiv
e phase
of hair
growth,
the
matrix is
inactive
and the
follicle
atrophies
.
34)
______

35)
The most
dangerou
s skin
cancer is
cancer of
the
melanoc
ytes.
35)
______

36)
The skin
is not
able to
receive
stimuli
because
the cells
of the
epidermi
s are not
living
and
therefore
there are
no
sensory
receptors
in the
skin.
36)
______

37)
The
dermis is
rich in
blood
vessels
and
nerve
fibers.
37)
______

38)
A
physician
is often
able to
detect
homeost
atic
imbalanc
es in the
body by
observin
g
changes
in the
skin
color.
38)
______

39)
When an
individu
al is
exposed
to
extremel
y low air
temperat
ures, the
dermal
blood
vessels
will
dilate so
that
blood
and heat
will be
dissipate
d.
39)
______

40)
Regardle
ss of
race, all
human
beings
have
about the
same
number
of
melanoc
ytes.
40)
______

41)
6)
Cerumin
ous
glands
are
modified
merocrin
e glands.
41)
______

42)
The
stratum
corneum
(outermo
st layer
of skin)
is a zone
of
approxi
mately
four
layers of
viable
cells that
are able
to
synthesiz
e
proteins
that keep
the outer
layer of
skin
smooth
and soft.
42)
______

43)
The
pinkish
hue of
individu
als with
fair skin
is the
result of
the
crimson
color of
oxygenat
ed
hemoglo
bin
(containe
d in red
blood
cells)
circulatin
g in the
dermal
capillarie
s and
reflecting
through
the
epidermi
s.
43)
______

44)
Hair
growth
and
density
are
influence
d by
hormone
s,
nutrition,
and, in
some
cases,
lifestyle.
44)
______

45)
When a
patient is
said to
have
"third-
degree
burns,"
this
indicates
that the
patient
has
burns
that
cover
approxi
mately
one-third
or more
of the
body.
45)
______

46)
Sweat
glands
continuo
usly
produce
small
amounts
of sweat,
even in
cooler
temperat
ures.
46)
______

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or
answers the question.
47)
Select the
most
correct
statemen
t
concerni
ng skin
cancer.
47)
______
A)
Squamous cell carcinomas arise from the stratum corneum.
B)
Melanomas must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing.
are rare but
C)
Basal cell carcinomas are the least common but most malignant.
D)
Most tumors that arise on the skin are malignant.

48)
________
is an
inherited
condition
that
affects
the heme
pathway;
it leaves
the skin
scarred
and
gums
degenera
ted, and
may
have led
to the
folklore
about
vampires
.
48)
______
A)
Porphyria
B)
Impetigo
C)
Rosacea
D)
Decubitus ulcer

49)
A needle
would
pierce
the
epiderma
l layers
of the
forearm
in which
order?
49)
______
A)
corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale
B)
basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum
C)
granulosum, basale, spinosum, corneum
D)
basale, spinosum, granulosum, corneum

50)
The
major
regions
of a hair
shaft
include
all of the
following
except
________.
50)
______
A)
external root
sheath
B)
cuticle
C)
medulla
D)
cortex

51)
Acne is a
disorder
associate
d with
________.
51)
______
A)
sebaceous
glands
B)
ceruminous glands
C)
sweat glands
D)
Meibomian glands

52)
The
single
most
importan
t risk for
skin
cancer is
________
52)
______
A)
race
B)
genetics
C)
overexposure to UV radiation
D)
use of farm chemicals

53)
What is
the most
importan
t role of
the
arrector
pili
muscles
in
humans?
53)
______
A)
Help retain heat
B)
Defense
C)
Force sebum out of the hair follicle to the skin surface
D)
Cause the hair follicle to stand erect

54)
A
splinter
penetrate
d into the
skin of
the sole
of the
foot,
almost to
the
papillary
region of
the
dermis.
Which
layer of
the
epidermi
s would
be the
final
layer
injured?
54)
______
A)
granulosum
B)
lucidum
C)
spinosum
D)
basale

55)
Which of
the
following
cutaneou
s
receptors
is
specializ
ed for the
reception
of touch
or light
pressure?
55)
______
A)
free nerve
endings
B)
Meissner's corpuscles
C)
Krause's end
bulbs
D)
Pacinian corpuscles

56)
Which of
the
following
is a skin
sensory
receptor
for
touch?
56)
______
A)
Pacinian
corpuscle
B)
free nerve ending
C)
tactile
corpuscle
D)
Ruffini body

57)
Which
statemen
t
correctly
explains
why hair
appears
the way
it does?
57)
______
A)
Kinky hair has flat, ribbonlike hair shafts.
B)
Air bubbles in the hair shaft cause straight hair.
C)
Perfectly round hair shafts result in wavy hair.
D)
Gray hair is hormonal action altering the chemical composition of melanin.
the result of

58)
Although
the
integume
nt is a
covering,
it is by
no means
simple,
and some
of its
functions
include
________.
58)
______
A)
epidermal blood vessels serving as a blood reservoir
B)
resident like cells whose function is to ingest antigenic invaders and
macrophage- present them to the immune system
C)
the dermis major mechanical barrier to chemicals, water, and other external
providing the substances
D)
cooling the increasing the action of sebaceous glands during high-temperature
body by conditions

59)
The
function
of the
root hair
plexus is
to
________.
59)
______
A)
allow the hair to assist in touch sensation
B)
bind the hair root to the dermis
C)
serve as a epidermal cells for hair growth after the resting stage has passed
source for new
D)
cause apocrine gland secretion into the hair follicle

60)
Vernix
caseosa
is a
________.
60)
______
A)
coat of fine, downy hair on the heads of balding men
B)
substance contributing to acne during adolescence
C)
cheesy-looking sudoriferous secretion on the skin of newborns
D)
whitish material produced by fetal sebaceous glands

61)
Which
glands
produce
ear wax?
61)
______
A)
Merocrine
glands
B)
Ceruminous glands
C)
Eccrine Glands
D)
Apocrine glands

62)
The
reason
the
hypoder
mis acts
as a
shock
absorber
is that
________.
62)
______
A)
it is located just below the epidermis and protects the dermis from shock
B)
the major part is adipose, which serves as an effective shock absorber
of its makeup
C)
it has no delicate nerve endings and can therefore absorb more shock
D)
the cells that make up the hypodermis secrete a protective mucus

63)
Which
type of
skin
cancer
appears
as a scaly
reddened
papule
and
tends to
grow
rapidly
and
metastasi
ze?
63)
______
A)
Melanoma
B)
Adenoma
C)
Basal cell
carcinoma
D)
Squamous cell carcinoma

64)
Which of
the
following
cells and
their
functions
are
correctly
matched?
64)
______
A)
Tactile cells — protection
B)
Melanocytes cells in the stratum corneum from damaging effects of sun's rays
— protects
C)
Keratinocytes — provide sense of touch and pressure
D)
Dendritic cells — activate the immune system

65)
Melanoc
ytes and
keratinoc
ytes
work
together
in
protectin
g the
skin from
UV
damage
when
keratinoc
ytes
________.
65)
______
A)
accumulate the granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking
melanin pigment layer
B)
provide the melanocyte with nutrients necessary for melanin synthesis
C)
maintain the temperature so the product of the melanocyte will not denature
appropriate
D)
maintain the pH in order for the melanocyte to synthesize melanin granules
appropriate

66)
The
epidermi
s consists
of five
layers of
cells,
each
layer
with a
distinct
role to
play in
the
health,
well-
being,
and
functioni
ng of the
skin.
Which of
the
following
layers is
responsi
ble for
cell
division
and
replacem
ent?
66)
______
A)
stratum basale
B)
stratum granulosum
C)
stratum
lucidum
D)
stratum corneum

67)
The
integume
ntary
system is
protected
by the
action of
cells that
arise
from
bone
marrow
and
migrate
to the
epidermi
s. Which
of the
following
cells
serve this
function?
67)
______
A)
keratinocytes, because they are so versatile
B)
cells found in the stratum spinosum
C)
tactile cells
D)
macrophages called dendritic cells (Langerhans Cell)

68)
Water
loss
through
the
epidermi
s could
cause a
serious
threat to
health
and well-
being.
Which of
the
following
protects
us
against
excessive
water
loss
through
the skin?
68)
______
A)
Lamellar cells of the stratum granulosum, a glycolipid that is secreted into
granules of the extracellular spaces.
B)
The size and cells that make up the stratum spinosum, as well as the thick
shape of the bundles of intermediate filaments.
C)
Fat associated with skin prevents water loss.
D)
The dermis is the thickest portion of the skin and water cannot pass through it.

69)
The
dermis is
a strong,
flexible
connectiv
e tissue
layer.
Which of
the
following
cell types
are likely
to be
found in
the
dermis?
69)
______
A)
osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and epithelial cells
B)
fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells
C)
goblet cells, parietal cells, and chondrocytes
D)
monocytes, reticulocytes, and osteocytes

70)
The
dermis
has two
major
layers.
Which
layer
constitut
es 80% of
the
dermis
and is
responsi
ble for
the
tension
lines in
the skin?
70)
______
A)
the reticular
layer
B)
the subcutaneous layer
C)
the papillary
layer
D)
the hypodermal layer

71)
Despite
its
apparent
durabilit
y, the
dermis is
subject to
tearing.
How
might a
person
know
that the
dermis
has been
previousl
y
stretched
and/or
torn?
71)
______
A)
The blood dermis rupture and the blood passes through the tissue, causing
vessels in the permanent "black-and-blue marks."
B)
The visible, silvery-white scars is an indication of stretching of the
appearance of dermis.
C)
The stretching causes the tension lines to disappear.
D)
There is an episode of acute pain due to the large number of tactile corpuscles.

72)
The
papillary
layer of
the
dermis is
connectiv
e tissue
heavily
invested
with
blood
vessels.
The
superfici
al surface
has
structure
s called:
72)
______
A)
dermal
papillae.
B)
ceruminous glands.
C)
hair follicles.
D)
reticular papillae.

73)
The
design of
a
person's
epiderma
l ridges is
determin
ed by the
manner
in which
the
papillae
rest upon
the
dermal
ridges to
produce
the
specific
pattern
known as
handprin
ts,
footprint
s, and
fingerpri
nts.
Which of
the
following
statemen
ts is true
regardin
g these
prints or
ridges?
73)
______
A)
Every human being has the same pattern of ridges.
B)
Because we are shedding epithelial cells, these ridges are changing daily.
constantly
C)
They are genetically determined, therefore unique to each person.
D)
Identical twins do not have the same pattern of ridges.

74)
Which of
the
following
statemen
ts
indicates
the way
in which
the
body's
natural
defenses
protect
the skin
from the
effects of
UV
damage?
74)
______
A)
The skin is the synthesis of three pigments that contribute to the skin's color.
protected by
B)
The skin is increasing the number of epidermal dendritic cells, which help to
protected by activate the immune system.
C)
Prolonged the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turn acts as a natural
exposure to sunscreen.
D)
Carotene, accumulates in the stratum corneum and hypodermal adipose
which tissue, is synthesized in large amounts in the presence of sunlight.

75)
Changes
in the
color of
skin are
often an
indicatio
n of a
homeost
atic
imbalanc
e. Which
of the
following
changes
would
suggest
that a
patient is
suffering
from
Addison'
s
disease?
75)
______
A)
Black-and-blue marks become evident for no apparent cause.
B)
The skin appears to have an abnormal, yellowish tint.
C)
The skin takes on a bronze or metallic appearance.
D)
It is impossible to suggest Addison's disease from an inspection of a person's skin.

76)
A
dendritic
or
Langerha
n cell is a
specializ
ed
________.
76)
______
A)
phagocytic cell
B)
nerve cell
C)
melanocyte
D)
squamous epithelial cell

77)
What are
the most
importan
t factors
influenci
ng hair
growth?
77)
______
A)
nutrition and hormones
B)
the size and number of hair follicles
C)
sex and hormones
D)
age and glandular products

78)
Sudorifer
ous
(sweat)
glands
are
categoriz
ed as two
distinct
types.
Which of
the
following
are the
two
types of
sweat
glands?
78)
______
A)
mammary and
ceruminous
B)
eccrine and apocrine
C)
holocrine and
mammary
D)
sebaceous and merocrine

79)
The
composit
ion of the
secretion
s of the
eccrine
glands is
________.
79)
______
A)
99% water, sodium chloride, trace amounts of wastes, and vitamin C
B)
fatty proteins, antibodies, and trace amounts of minerals and vitamins
substances,
C)
metabolic wastes
D)
primarily uric acid

80)
Apocrine
glands,
which
begin to
function
at
puberty
under
hormona
l
influence
, seem to
play little
role in
thermore
gulation.
Where
would
we find
these
glands in
the
human
body?
80)
______
A)
beneath the flexure lines in the body
B)
in all body regions and buried deep in the dermis
C)
in the axillary and anogenital area
D)
in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet

81)
The
sebaceou
s glands
are
simple
alveolar
glands
that
secrete a
substanc
e known
as
sebum.
The
secretion
of sebum
is
stimulate
d
________.
81)
______
A)
by high temperatures
B)
by hormones, especially androgens
C)
as a protective coating when one is swimming
D)
when the air temperature drops

82)
In
addition
to
protectio
n
(physical
and
chemical
barrier),
the skin
serves
other
functions
. Which
of the
following
is
another
vital
function
of the
skin?
82)
______
A)
The cells of the epidermis store glucose as glycogen for energy.
B)
It aids in the transport of materials throughout the body.
C)
It absorbs vitamin C so that the skin will not be subject to diseases.
D)
It converts epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to
modified calcium metabolism.

83)
Burns are
devastati
ng and
debilitati
ng
because
of loss of
fluids
and
electrolyt
es from
the body.
How do
physician
s
estimate
the
extent of
burn
damage
associate
d with
such
dangerou
s fluid
loss?
83)
______
A)
through blood analysis
B)
by observing the tissues that are usually moist
C)
by using the "rule of nines"
D)
by measuring urinary output and fluid intake

84)
What is
the first
threat to
life from
a
massive
third-
degree
burn?
84)
______
A)
unbearable
pain
B)
catastrophic fluid loss
C)
loss of
immune
function
D)
infection

85)
Eyebrow
hairs are
always
shorter
than
hairs on
your
head
because
________.
85)
______
A)
eyebrow follicles are only active for a few months
B)
the vascular eyebrow follicle is one-tenth that of the head hair follicle
supply of the
C)
they grow much slower
D)
hormones in follicle switch the growth off after it has reached a predetermined
the eyebrow length

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers
the question.
86)
Cradle
cap in
infants is
called
________.
86)
________ _____

87)
The
white
crescent
portion
of the
nail is
called the
________.
87)
________ _____

88)
The layer
of the
epidermi
s
immediat
ely under
the
stratum
lucidum
in thick
skin is
the
stratum
________.
88)
________ _____

89)
The
________
are the
small
muscles
located
in the
dermis
that
cause
goose
bumps.
89)
________ _____

90)
A
summert
ime
golden
bronze
tan may
not be a
tan at all;
especiall
y if the
skin
appears
almost
metallic
bronze, it
may be
the result
of
________
disease.
90)
________ _____

91)
The
coarse
hair of
the
eyebrows
and scalp
is called
________
hair.
91)
________ _____

92)
Burns
that
result in
injury to
the
epidermi
s and the
upper
regions
of the
dermis is
called a
________
burn.
92)
________ _____

93)
Pigment-
producin
g cells in
the
epidermi
s are
________.
93)
________ _____

94)
The only
place you
will find
stratum
________
is in the
skin that
covers
the
palms,
fingertips
, and
soles of
the feet.
94)
________ _____

95)
List the
layers of
the
dermis
and
describe
the
functions
of the
tissue
that
makes
up each
layer.
95)
________ _____

96)
There are
several
reasons
other
than
genetics
for hair
loss.
Identify
some of
these
other
factors.
96)
________ _____

97)
In
addition
to the
synthesis
of
vitamin
D,
keratinoc
ytes are
able to
carry out
some
other
biologica
lly
importan
t
functions
. Name at
least two
of these
other
functions
.
97)
________ _____

98)
How are
burns
commonl
y
classified
? Give an
example.
98)
________ _____

99)
What are
vellus
hairs?
99)
________ _____

100)
Balding
men
have
tried all
kinds of
remedies
,
including
hair
transplan
ts, to
restore
their lost
locks.
Explain
the cause
of male
pattern
baldness.
100)
________ ____

101)
Billions
of
consume
r dollars
are spent
for
deodoran
ts and
antipersp
irants
each
year.
Explain
the
producti
on of
body
odors
frequentl
y
associate
d with
axillary
skin.
101)
________ ____

102)
What
complica
tions
might be
anticipat
ed from
the loss
of large
areas of
skin
surfaces?
102)
________ ____

103)
What are
six of the
functions
of the
epidermi
s?
103)
________ ____

104)
Name
the
layers of
the
epidermi
s in order
from the
surface
down.
104)
________ ____

105)
What are
the
functions
of the
papillary
layer of
the skin?
105)
________ ____

106)
Why are
the
apocrine
sweat
glands
fairly
unimport
ant in
thermal
regulatio
n?
106)
________ ____

107)
Name
the four
kinds of
sudorifer
ous
glands
and give
their
locations.
107)
________ ____

108)
Why is
skin not
considere
d an
absolute
heat
barrier
for the
body?
108)
________ ____

109)
Why is
profuse
sweating
on a hot
day
good,
and yet a
potential
problem?
109)
________ ____

110)
Why
should
incisions
be made
parallel
to
cleavage
lines
produce
d by
collagen
fiber
bundles
rather
than
perpendi
cular to
the lines?
110)
________ ____

111)
What is
the
function
of skin
dermal
folds and
deep skin
creases?
111)
________ ____

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
112)
We are surface we touch is teeming with bacteria, and bacteria are found in the pools we
told that swim in, the water we wash with, and on the hands of friends. Why are we not
every inundated with bacterial infections on our skin?

113)
The yesterday was an uncomfortable 98°F. You unwisely chose to play tennis at noon,
temperat counting on your body's internal defenses to protect you against heat exhaustion.
ure How did your body respond to this distress?

114)
Mary She has been playing tennis in the sun for several years without sun protection. She
noticed a reported the discovery to a friend, who told her to apply the ABCD rule to
large, determine whether or not she had malignant melanoma. Her friend told her that if
brown her answer was "no" to the questions that were asked by the ABCD rule, she had
spot on nothing to worry about. What is the ABCD rule and should she ignore the spot if
her skin. her answers are negative?

115)
The father and daughter suffered burns. The father had second-degree burns on his
Waldorf entire chest, abdomen, and both arms, and third-degree burns on his entire left
family lower extremity. The daughter suffered first-degree burns on her whole head and
was neck and second-degree burns throughout both lower extremities.
caught in a. What percentage of the father's body was covered by burns?
a fire but b. What percentage of the daughter's body received first-degree burns?
escaped. c. What part of the daughter's body has both the dermis and epidermis involved?
Unfortun d. The father experiences a good deal of pain in the area of the chest and
ately, the abdomen, but little pain in the leg. Why?

116)
John, a teenager, notices that he is experiencing a lot of pimples and blackheads, which
younger frequently become infected. What is causing this problem?

117)
Betty, an woman, is bedfast due to a severely broken hip. Unfortunately, she has developed a
83 year decubitus ulcer. What is a decubitus ulcer and what may have caused it to occur?
old

118)
Melanom skin cancer that arises from melanocytes. Melanoma is most common in Caucasians
a is a between 40 and 70 years of age. Explain why Caucasians would have a greater
form of incidence of melanoma.

119)
The 68- was admitted to the hospital medical floor with a diagnosis of chronic bronchitis.
year-old His wife asks the nurse why his skin looks blue. How would you explain cyanosis to
patient the patient and his wife?

120)
Explain soap that has an alkaline base may not be healthy for some patients to use daily.
why

121)
Robert, a has a mole that has changed its shape and size. His doctor, applying the ABCD(E)
surfer, rule, diagnosed a melanoma. What do the letters ABCD(E) represent?
1)
E
2)
B
3)
A
4)
C
5)
D
6)
B
7)
E

8)
E
9)
D
10)
C
11)
A
12)
B

13)
B
14)
A
15)
D
16)
C

17)
A
18)
B
19)
A
20)
B
21)
C
22)
D
23)
A
24)
C
25)
B
26)
TRU E
27)
FALS E
28)
TRU E
29)
TRU E
30)
FALS E
31)
FALS E
32)
FALS E
33)
FALS E
34)
TRU E
35)
TRU E
36)
FALS E
37)
TRU E
38)
TRU E
39)
FALS E
40)
TRU E
41)
FALS E
42)
FALS E
43)
TRU E
44)
TRU E
45)
FALS E
46)
TRU E
47)
B
48)
A
49)
A
50)
A
51)
A
52)
C
53)
C
54)
D
55)
B
56)
C
57)
A
58)
B
59)
A
60)
D
61)
B
62)
B
63)
D
64)
D
65)
A
66)
A
67)
D
68)
A
69)
B
70)
A
71)
B
72)
A
73)
C
74)
C
75)
C
76)
A
77)
A
78)
B
79)
A
80)
C
81)
B
82)
D
83)
C
84)
B
85)
A
86)
sebor rhea
87)
lunul a
88)
gran ulosum
89)
arrec tor pili
90)
Addi son's
91)
termi nal
92)
Seco nd-degree
93)
Mela nocytes
94)
lucid um
95)
The is composed of areolar connective tissue that allows phagocytes and other defensive cells
papil to serve as a second line of defense against microbial invasion. The reticular layer is
lary composed of dense irregular connective tissue that gives the skin strength and resiliency,
layer maintains hydration, and provides elasticity to the skin.
96)
Stres acutely high fever, surgery, severe emotional trauma; drugs such as antidepressants and
sors chemotherapy drugs; burns and radiation; lack of adequate nutrition due to poor skin
such circulation; and a protein-deficient diet can cause hair loss or thinning.
as
97)
Kerat te enzymes can neutralize carcinogens that penetrate the epidermis. Keratinocytes are also
inocy able to convert topical cortisone to a more active anti-inflammatory form.
98)
Burn fied according to their severity or depth. For example, in first-degree burns, only the
s are epidermis is damaged; in second degree burns, the epidermis and upper dermis are
classi damaged; in third degree burns, there is widespread damage of epidermis and dermis.
99)
pale, body hair associated with newborn children, women, bald men, and "peach fuzz" on all
fine people.
100)
It ars to be genetically determined and sex-linked, and is possibly caused by a delayed-action
appe gene that responds to DHT and alters normal metabolism.
101)
Swea mostly an odorless watery secretion produced by eccrine and apocrine glands. The odor
t is usually arises when bacteria break down lipids and proteins in the surface secretions.
102)
Larg losses of skin, as with severe burn injuries, allow excessive fluid loss and infection. Skin
e grafting or "synthetic skin" applications are usually necessary.
103)
1. 2. Protection from the sun's radiation.
3. First line of immune system defense.
Prote 4. Protection from water loss.
ction 5. Protection from heat loss.
again 6. Covers the body; interfaces with the outside.
st 7. Sensory perception.
abras 8. Protection against rapid chemical penetration.
ion.
104)
Strat um corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, and basale.
105)
1. oxygenate the epidermis.
F 2. Provide touch and pain receptors.
eed 3. Form the underlying foundation for ridges of the hands and toes.
and 4. Keep the epidermis from sliding sideways
106)
They largely confined to the axillary and anogenital regions rather than distributed on the body
are where heat can be more readily dissipated.
107)
1. found in most of the body, especially the palms, soles, and forehead
e 2. apocrine axillary and anogenital regions
ccrin 3. ceruminous — lining of the external ear canal
e — 4. mammary breasts
108)
The er must retain flexibility to give up excess body heat, so it must not function as a heat
skin barrier. The hypodermis contains adipose tissue that acts as an insulator. With this setup,
prop extra blood (and heat) can be shunted above the hypodermis when heat loss is desirable.
109)
Good use the sweat and evaporating of the sweat causes cooling of the body. Bad because
beca excessive water and salt loss may occur. Fluid and electrolyte imbalances may follow.
110)
The will gape less and heal more readily when the incision is made parallel to the cleavage lines
skin because collagen is already organized parallel to how the skin is most usually stretched.
111)
to accommodate for joint movement
112)
The the skin secretions, otherwise known as the acid mantle, retards the multiplication of
low bacteria on the skin. Also, in areas where sufficient sebum is produced regularly, many
pH species of bacteria cannot exist. Beside the barrier qualities of the skin, it is also true that
of not all bacteria are harmful or thrive on skin.
113)
The ceptors sense the temperature change, and neural stimulation responds by stimulating
ther sweat glands. Their watery products evaporated at the skin surface and cooled the body.
more Blood vessels in the dermis also responded by dilating and releasing heat to the exterior.
114)
The following: asymmetry where the two sides of the spot do not match; border
ABC irregularity the borders are not round and smooth; color the pigmented spot contains
D shades of black, brown, tan, and sometimes blues and reds; and diameter the spot is larger
rule than 6 mm in diameter. It is imperative that Mary have a physician examine the spot
refer immediately. Any unusual lesion on the skin of a sun worshipper should be examined and
s to the ABCD rule does not account for all possible factors, such as rapid growth, even if less
the than 6 mm.
115)
a. torso + 9% both arms but not forearms + 18% lower extremity)
45 b. 9%
% c. 36%
(18% d. Normally, third-degree burns sear nerve endings off. When the tissue regenerates, pain
anter will return. Second-degree burns are usually very painful because of the irritated but live
ior nerve endings.
116)
Beca hormonal changes, teenagers frequently have overactive sebaceous (oil) glands, which can
use clog and become infected or inflamed. Scratching, squeezing, or irritating the tissue can
of lead to infection.
117)
Mela in melanocytes, the skin pigment cells. These cells produce the dark protective pigment
nom called melanin to protect against sun damage to DNA. Since the melanocytes in Caucasian
a has people do not make as much melanin per cell as darker-skinned individuals, their
its melanocytes are more easily sun-damaged, resulting in damaged DNA cells that are more
begin apt to lose genetic control of their own cell division.
nings
118)
Mela nings in melanocytes, the skin pigment cells. These cells produce the dark protective
nom pigment called melanin to protect against sun damage to DNA. Since the melanocytes in
a has Caucasian people do not make as much melanin per cell as darker-skinned individuals,
its their melanocytes are more easily sun-damaged, resulting in damaged DNA cells that are
begin more apt to lose genetic control of their own cell division.
119)
Cyan bluish or grayish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes that occurs with
osis reduced oxygen levels. Without enough oxygen getting to the tissues the skin in
is a Caucasians appears blue due to the color combination of dark maroon blood seen through
dusk the yellowish tint of skin. At close inspection of the conjunctiva and palms and soles may
y also show evidence of cyanosis.
120)
The acid mantle retards growth of bacteria. Soap may destroy the acid mantle of the skin,
skin' causing it to lose its protective mechanism. Some soaps contain antibacterial agents, which
s can change the natural flora of the skin.
121)
A=
asym
metr
y
B=
bord
er
irreg
ularit
y
C=
color
D=
diam
eter
E=
eleva
tion