SCIENCE
VOLCANOES Mediterranean area eastward through
- Philippines has various active volcanoes
- a volcano is a safety and health hazard for
those living within its vicinity
- it is important to be prepared for the
possibility of an eruption
BEFORE an eruption:
- Develop an emergency plan including
evacuation routes away from the volcano.
- Familiarize yourself with the LGU plans as
well as PHIVOLVS updates.
- Take note of emergency hotlines to call for
help.
- Prepare a go-bag consisting of food, water,
clothing, first-aid kit, mobile phone, whistle,
flashlight, extra face masks and extra
batteries.
DURING an eruption:
- Follow the advice of local authorities.
- Waiting inside your house can be very
dangerous so it is better to evacuate if there
is still time.
- Bring survival kits.
Three Main Layers:
o Crust – the outermost layer and made up
ofsolid materials and minerals. It is where
landforms such as volcanoes, valleys, and
mountain ranges are formed.
o Mantle – consist of semiliquid rocks.
o Core – extremely hot and dense due to
highpressure and temperature. The inner
core is solid, while the outer core is liquid.
Lithosphere is the rigid outer part of
theplanet.
Earth's lithosphere is broken into several
tectonic plates, which move at an extremely
slow pace. Geologists estimate. That there are
more than 100,000 active and inactive
volcanoes on Earth.
The Most Active Volcanoes That
AreLocated into Two Volcanic
Belts:
• Alpine-Himalayan Belt
- Reveals the collision of the African Plate
and Indo-Australian Plate with the
southernmargin of the Eurasian Plate.
- The seismic belt extends from the
Turkey and the Middle East, north of India,
and onto the Indonesian Islands.
- It includes volcanoes of Sicily, Italy, the
Aegean Sea, Asia Minor, the Indian Ocean,
Southeast Asia, and Indonesia.
• Circum-Pacific Belt (AKA Ring of Fire)
- Consists of many of the world’s active
volcanoes, including Mount St. Helena in
Washington, USA and Mount Pinatubo in
the Philippines are two of the world’s most
explosive volcanoes.
Three Stages of Volcanic Eruption:
o Active Volcano – usually associated with
seismic activity, presence of hot water
spring, and changes in the elevation of the
volcano’s crater. (it may erupt at any time)
o Dormant – if its hasn’t erupted but may erupt
based on seismic indications of tectonic
activity beneath the volcano.
o Extinct Volcano – not active for a long time.
Most Active Volcanoes in the Philippines:
1. Mayon Volcano (Albay)
- Worst eruption was on February 1, 1814.
- Eruption in 1993 caused 79 deaths.
2. Taal Volcano (Batangas)
- Second most active volcano in the
Philippines.
- The 1754 eruption lasted for almost 7
months.
- On January 21, 2020, another eruption
occurred in Taal Volcano, this was a
hydrovolcanic eruption which is an
eruption driven by steam explosion.
- The eruptions of Taal Volcano happened on
its main crater, Binitiang Malaki, Off
Calauit, and Mt. Tabaro.
3. Mt. Kanlaon (Negros Oriental)
- Has 27 eruptions but only 14 of the
explosion was recorder by the authorities.
- Covers 24, 557.60 hectares of land area
with rainforests and verdant vegetation.
4. Mt. Bulusan (Sorsogon)
- Has a four craters and four springs with
steam-generated phreatic eruptions.
- A stratovolcano built up by many layers or
hardened lava or tephra.
5. Mt. Pinatubo (Zambales)
- 4,800 feet
- Most notorious for its eruption on June 15,
1991.
- In July 16, 1990, magnitude 7.8 earthquake
hits near Mt. Pinatubo and this is said to be
the cause of the awakening of the volcano.
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The Philippines has various active volcanoes.
For those living within the vicinity of those
volcanoes, they can be a health and safety
hazard. This is why it is important to be prepared
for the possibility of a volcanic eruption.
Preparing For A Volcanic Eruption:
o Develop an emergency plan including
evacuation routes away from the
volcano.
o Familiarize yourself with LGU plans as
wellas PHIVOLCS updates.
o Take note of hotlines and
emergencynumbers to call for help.
o Prepare an emergency supply kit
consistingof food, water, clothing, first aid
supplies, mobile phone, whistle, flashlight,
& extra batteries.
o Have enough face masks for your
household, as well as medicines for
thosewho need them.
If An Eruption Is Imminent:
o Follow the advice of local authorities.
o Waiting inside your house can be
dangerous; it is better to evacuate
whilethere is still time.
o Bring survival kits.
Here Are Some Ways To Cope With
AshFall:
o Minimize exposure to ash.
o Stay indoors as much as possible.
o Keep doors and windows closed.
o Wear goggles or eyeglasses to protect
eyesfrom irritation.
o Use damp curtains, blankets or clothing
toprevent infiltration of ash into the
house.
o Use dust masks.
o Keep pets in closed shelters.
o Taking the necessary precautions,
clearyour roof of ash.
o Observe traffic notifications and road
safetymeasures.
EARTHQUAKE EPICENTERS
Earthquake and volcanic eruption are
geological events that occur mostly in the
sameregions and are both thought to be
associated with the movements of plates.
Earthquake is a series of seismic waves
traveling through the Earth and is result of
asudden release of energy.
Seismic waves are body waves that
radiateoutward in all directions from the
center to Earth’s interior.
Earthquakes usually accompany volcanic eruptions
because earthquake epicenters andvolcanoes are
found along the edges of tectonic plates.
Focus is the point within Earth where an
earthquake rupture starts. It is also usually
located at depths of about 670km below the
surfaces.
Epicenter is the geographic point at the surface
directly above the focus. Earthquake isnormally
most severe at its epicenter, a strong
earthquake may cause damage several
hundreds of kilometers from the epicenter.
Earthquake Hazards:
o That result in injury, death and damage to
property can be reduced or eliminated if
people are warned of and prepared for
earthquakes.
o Shaking and vibration brought about by
earthquakes may break electrical wires,
sparking fires.
o Tsunamis can travel as fast as 800 km/h
and can carry large ships in inland harbor
o Landslides and mudslides may also occur
after an earthquake, especially in
mountainous regions where sliding rocks
can gain speed and flow into nearby
villages.
MOUNTAIN RANGES
A landform that rises at least 300m (1000ft)
from its surrounding area is called a mountain.
The highest mountain on Earth is Mount
Everest, with an elevation of 8848m (29,035ft)
above sea level.
Mountains may exist in isolation or in groups. A
chain of mountains form a mountain range.
Converging plates may carry continents that
collide into each other. This pressure causes
the surface to crumple and fold, forming
mountain ranges.
Long chains of mountain ranges combine to
form mountain belts. Mountain belts extend for
several hundred kilometers, often across
continents.
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1. Rockies
- A vast mountain system in North
America, extending north-south from
Canada to NewMexico, a distance of
about 3,000 miles (4800km)
- A barrier between the west coast and
therest of North America.
- Highest mountain: Mckinley (6,194m)
- Summer Temp: 18 C & Winter Temp: -6 C
- Main countries: USA, Canada
2. Applachians
- Great mountain system in Eastern
North America, nearly parallel with the
Atlanticcoast.
- 2,400km long and varies from about 160
to more than 480km in width. Its altitude
variesbetween about 460 and nearly
2,100 metres.
- Highest mountain: Mitchell (2,037m)
- Summer temp: 16 C & Winter Temp: -9 C
- Main country: USA
3. Andes
- Second highest mountain range in the
world. It runs the length of the continent of
South America.
- Stretch 4,500 miles (7,200km) from north to
south, along the west coast of the continent.
- Highest mountain: Aconcagua (6,962m)
- Summer temp: 18 C & Winter temp: 10 C
- Main countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Chile,
Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela
4. Alps
- Vast mountain in south central Europe,
extending over 750m (1200km) through
parts of Europe.
- Highest mountain: Blanc (4,808m)
- Summer temp: 16 C & Winter temp: -9 C
- Main countries: France, Italy, Austria,
Switzerland
5. Atlas Mountains
- A mountain range across a northern stretch
of Africa through Morocco, Algeria, and
Tunisia.
- Separate the Mediterranean and Atlantic
coastlines from the Sahara Desert
- Highest mountain: Jbel Taubkal (4,167m)
- Summer temp: 26 C & Winter Temp: 18 C
- Main countries: Algeria, Bolivia, Tunisia
6. Ethiopian Highlands
- Surrounded by lowlands
- Highest mountain: Waynobar (4,472m)
Summer temp: 27 C & Winter temp: 4 C
- Main country: Ethiopia
7. East African Mountains
- Related to the great rift valley
- Highest mountain: Kilimanjaro (5,895m)
- Summer temp: 22 C & Winter temp: 3 C
- Main country: Kenya
8. Drakensberg Mountains
- Highest in Southern Africa. They are very
distinctive and almost unique amongst
mountain ranges the world over.
- Highest mountain: Thabana Ntlenayana
(4,808m)
Summer temp: 18 C & Winter temp: -3 C
- Main country: South Africa
9. Urals
- Low level mountain range that runs roughly
north and south through western Russia.
- Highest mountain: Mount Narodnaya
(1,895m)
- Summer temp: 13 C & Winter temp: -12 C
- Main country: Russia
10. Himalayas
- Tallest mountain range on earth
- Highest mountain: Everest
- Summer temp: 7 C & Winter temp: -29 C
- Main countries: India, Tibet, Pakistan
11. Great Dividing Range
- Also known as Eastern Highlands
- Highest mountain: Kosciusko (2,231m)
- Summer temp: 21 C & Winter temp: 14 C
- Main country: Australia
PLATE TECTONIC THEORY
Earth’s surface layer, or lithosphere, consist of
seven major plates and a number of minor
plates, which move and interact in various
ways.
Major Plates:
1. Pacific Plate is the largest which underlies
the Pacific Ocean.
2. North American Plate extends all the way
over the North pole and even contains
Siberia and the northern island of Japan.
3. Eurasian Plate consists most of Europe,
Russia, and parts of Asia.
4. African Plate contains the whole continent
of Africa as well as the surrounding oceanic
crust of the Atlantic Ocean.
5. Antarctic Plate hold the entire continent of
Antarctica including its surrounding oceanic
crust.
6. Indo-Australia Plate combining the
Australian and Indian Plates.
7. South American Plate includes the
continent of South America and a large
portion of the ocean from the Atlantic
Ocean.
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Minor Plates: The movement of the lithosphere that produced

1. Coco’s Plate the landforms on Earth’s surface is stated in
2. Sunda Plate the theory known as the plate tectonic theory.
3. Nazca Plate Earth Would Be Very Different Without
Tectonic Plate Movements:
4. Arabian Plate
5. Somalian Plate • There would be less occurrence of
earthquakes
6. Amur Plate
• The weather would be more uniform due to
7. Indian Plate the lack of significant topography.
• Landscapes would be older due to the lack • Divergent Boundary is when the plates
of tectonic renewal. move away from one another. Also called as
Continental Drift Theory Constructive boundaries. (Naghihiwalay)
In the early 1990s, German scientist Alfred • Transform Boundary is where plates slide
Wegener became interested in the way past each other.
continents seemed to fit together at the EVIDENCE OF PLATE MOVEMENT
boundaries. He hypothesized that the
• Evidence from Fossils
continents were once a single landmass, called
o Fossils remains or traces of plant life
Pangea (all land), which moved or drifted away
slowly to their present positions. and animal life preserved in rocks or
sediments. Fossils of the same species
He also observed that the southern were found in several continents.
hemisphere manifested similar patterns of
rocks and fossils, these patterns were known • Evidence from Rocks
as the Gondwana sequence. • Evidence from Glacial Deposits
Convection current is the movements of • Evidence from Climatic Change
materials caused by the different in their • Evidence from Paleomagnetism
temperatures. EXPLORING THE MOON
Seafloor Spreading is the magma coming out National Aeronautics and Space Administration
of the ridge push the new seafloor away from (NASA).
the ridge, moving the continental plates and
causing the continents on top of them to move. Sputnik 1 • Launched on
Subduction occurs when the old seafloor October 4, 1957
plunges back into the interior of Earth. • World’s First
Artificial Satellite
PLATE BOUNDARIES
Asthenosphere is the plates lie atop of layer • Beginning of the
partially molten rock. Space Age
Plate boundaries are important because they Sputnik 2 • Sent a space dog
are often associated with earthquakes and name Laika
volcanoes. Explorer 1 • First spacecraft
Movements Of The Plates: that launched on
• Convergent Boundary is a process in January 31, 1958
which one plates is pushed under another Space Act of 1958
due to spreading of the neighboring
divergent plate boundaries. Also called Luna 1 • First spacecraft to
Destructive boundaries. (Nagccollide) reach the vicinity
of the moon
- Oceanic-Continental is when the
oceanic plate is pushed into and • Hits the surface of
subducted under a continental plate, the moon
a volcanic arc is formed due to the Luna 2 • First humanmade
uplift if the overriding continental object to reach the
plate. moon
- Oceanic-Oceanic may leads to the
formations of undersea volcanoes.
- Continental-Continental may leads to
formation of mountain ranges.
•
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Luna 3 • Circled the moon Project Apollo • Was design to

and recorded the bring humans on
first photographs the moon and
of the far side of back safely to
the moon, which Earth.
is the hemisphere • Apollo 11, 12, 14,
that faces away 15, 16, and 17
from Earth achieved this goal
Vostok 1 • Traveled in outer • Apollo 7 and 9,
space by Yuri were Earth-
Gagarin (USSR) orbiting missions
• Orbited the Earth sent to test the
on April 12, 1961 command and
lunar modules, did
Venera 1 • The first not return with
interplanetary lunar data.
probe
• Apollo 8 and 10
Ranger 7 • First unmanned successfully
US spacecraft on returned with
July 28, 1964 photos of the
• Was sent to lunar surface.
determine the • Apollo 13, failed to
moon’s radius, make a lunar
landing due to
mass, and oxygen tank
topographical explosion, but the
crew still
Mercury-Redstone 3 • Alan Shepard was
(Freedom 7) managed to return
the first American
safely to Earth.
in space that
aboard on May 5, SPACE STATIONS
1961 Were built to provide research facilities to study
Gemini Flights • Gemini 4 – first Earth, the sun, the rest of the solar system and
American the galaxies. The United States launched its first
spacewalk space station, Skylab on May 14, 1973
especially designed to perform experiments in
• Gemini 6-Gemini space.
7 – first space Space Shuttle
rendezvous took is a ship carried into space byrockets. Space
place in 1965 shuttle is to place artificial satellites into orbit.
Space Satellites
Satellite is any object that revolves around alarge
object in space and is used for information
gathering or communication.
Natural Satellite
Moon is the natural satellite of Earth and Earthis
the natural satellite of the sun.
Artificial Satellite
Humanmade satellites that may either beorbiting
or stationary
Polar Orbit Satellite
It circle Earth, passing above the North Poleand
South Pole several times a day
Geostationary Satellite
Orbit at altitudes. They travel at the same speed
as Earth’s rotation over one spot onEarth’s
surface
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Types of Artificial Satellites

• Communication Satellite
o receive communication signals, such
astelevision, radio and telephone
signals, and transmit them all over the
world.
o it transmits the signals to another
station on the other side of the
world.
• Weather Satellite
o can record atmospheric and
ocean temperatures at various
depths andaltitudes
o improve the accuracy of weather
predictions and provide information
about severe weather conditions
whichcan be used to protect lives and
properties.
• Navigation Satellite
o it is useful during storms when other
kinds of navigation equipment may
notprovide accurate information.
o used for search-and-rescue operations
• Scientific Satellite
o study Earth by mapping its
atmosphere,oceans, biological cycles,
natural resources and environmental
conditions.
o record Earth’s events such as
volcaniceruption and forest fires
- scan Earth for signs of undiscoverednatural
resources
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