Essential Statistics 1st Edition Navidi Solutions Manual Download

Chapter 7: Confidence Intervals
SECTION 7.1 EXERCISES
Essential Statistics 1st Edition Navidi
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Understanding the Concepts
Exercises 1- 16 are the Check Your Understanding exercises located within the section. Their answers are
found on page 306.
17. point
18. critical value
19. margin of error
20. increase
21. True
22. False. To construct a confidence interval for a population mean, we add and subtract the margin of
154
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error from the point estimate.
23. True
24. False. If a 95% confidence interval for a population mean is 1.7 < μ < 2.3, then we are 95%
confident that the mean is between 1.7 and 2.3.
Practicing the Skills
25. 1.96
26. 1.44
27. 2.05
28. 2.97
29. 98%
30. 99%
31. 99.5%
32. 70%
 4.8
33 (A) z 2 = 1.96 = 1.344
n 49
(B) Smaller, because the sample size is larger.
 26
34 (A) z 2 = 1.645 = 6.049
n 50
(B) Larger, because the sample size is smaller.
 12.1
35 (A) z 2 = 2.576 = 5.510
n 32
(B) Smaller, because the confidence level is lower.
 24.18
36 (A) z 2 = 1.96 = 5.924
n 64
(B) Larger, because the confidence level is higher.
155
 2.5
37 (A) x  z 2 = 7.92  1.96 = 7.92  1.55 = 6.37    9.47
n 10
(B) No, because the sample size is  30.
 6.8
38 (A) x  z 2 = 40.41  1.645 = 40.41  1.25 = 39.16    41.66
n 80
(B) Yes, because the sample size is greater than 30.
39 (A)
 z 2   2.576(21.3) 
2 2
n=   =  = 481.69
 m   2.5 
After rounding up, our answer is 482.
(B) Smaller, because the confidence level is lower.
 z 2   1.96(17.3) 
2 2
40 (A) n =   =  = 586.61
 m   1.4 
(B) Larger, because the confidence level is higher.
 z 2   2.054(12.7) 
2 2
41 (A) n =   =  = 108.88
 m   2.5 
(B) Larger, because the margin of error is

smaller.
 z 2   1.751(9.2) 
2 2
42 (A) n =   =  = 405.48
 m   0.8 
(B) Smaller, because the margin of error is larger.
Working with the Concepts
 116
43 (A) x  z 2 = 458  2.576 = 458  29.88 = 428    488
n 100
156
(C) Smaller, because the confidence level is lower.
(D) No, because the values in the 99% confidence interval are all less than 500.
 .41
44 (A) x  z 2 = 1.32  1.96 = 1.32  .066 = 1.25    1.39
n 150
(C) Larger, because the confidence level is higher.
(D) Yes, because all the values in the 95% confidence interval are greater than 1.25.
 5.3
45 (A) x  z 2 = 25.5  1.96 = 25.5  .547 = 25.0    26.0
n 360
(B) No, because the sample consisted entirely of boys.
(C) Yes, because all the values in the 95% confidence interval are less than 28.
46 (A) .92    .96 , as provided by the TI-84:
(B) No, because the sample did not contain anyone over the age of 85.
(C) No, because all the values in the confidence interval are greater than 0.90.
47 (A) The sample size is small (n ≤ 30).
(B) Yes
(C) 301.4    385.3 , as provided by the TI-84:
157
48 (A) The sample size is small (n ≤ 30).
(B) No, because the data contain an outlier.
(C) It is not appropriate, because we cannot assume that the population is approximately
normal.
49 (A) 120    130 , as provided by the TI-84:
 z 2   2.576(20) 
2 2
(B) n =   =  = 294.92
 m   3 
50 (A) 47.8    52.4 , as provided by the TI-84:
 z 2   2.326(10) 
2 2
(B) n =   =  = 240.46
 m   1.5 
51 (A) Sally’s confidence interval will have the larger margin of error because the confidence level is
higher.
(B) Sally’s confidence interval is more likely to cover the population mean because the confidence
level is higher.
52 (A) Bertha’s confidence interval will have the larger margin of error because the confidence level is
higher.
(B) Bertha’s confidence interval is more likely to cover the population mean because the confidence
level is higher.
53 (A) Bob’s confidence interval will have the larger margin of error because the standard error will be
larger.
(B) Both are equally likely to cover the population mean because they both have the same confidence
158
level.
54 (A) Martin’s confidence interval will have the larger margin of error because the standard error will
be larger.
(B) Both are equally likely to cover the population mean because they both have the same confidence
level.
55. The 90% confidence interval is 7.2 < μ < 12.8, the 95% confidence interval is 6.6 < μ < 13.4, and
the 99% confidence interval is 5.6 < μ < 14.4.
56. The 95% confidence interval is 6.8 < μ < 11.9, the 98% confidence interval is 6.4 < μ < 12.3, and the
99.9% confidence interval is 5.1 < μ < 13.6.
57. The students in the class are not a simple random sample of the students in the entire college.
58. There is a large nonresponse bias. The alumni who choose to respond are not a simple
random sample of all of the alumni.
59 (A) True; this is the appropriate interpretation of a confidence interval.
(B) False; the confidence interval is for the population mean, not the sample mean.
(C) False; the confidence level is not the probability that the interval contains the true value.
(D) False; the confidence level is about the population mean, not the proportion of the
population contained in the interval.
60 (A) False; the confidence interval is for the population mean, not the sample mean.
(B) True; this is the appropriate interpretation of a confidence interval.
(C) False; the confidence level is not the probability that the interval contains true value.
(D) False; the confidence level is about the population mean, not the proportion of the
population contained in the interval.
61 (A) 95%, 56.019, 60.881
(B) Yes, because the sample size is large (n > 30).
62 (A) 99%, 17.012, 20.048
(B) No, because the sample size is small (n ≤ 30).
159
63 (A) 95%, 9.6956, 15.0084

(B) x  z 2 = 12.352  2.576(1.3553) =
n
12.352  3.4913 = 8.861    15.843
(C)
 z 2   1.96(6.4998) 
2 2
n=   =  = 72.132
 m   1.5 

Note, to find  , we solve the following equation: 1.3553 =
23
(D)
 z 2   2.576(6.4998) 
2 2
n=   =  = 124.60
 m   1.5 
64 (A) 98%, 0.2133, 5.1007

(B) x  z 2 = 2.657  1.96(1.0505) = 2.657  2.05898 = .598    4.716
n
(C)
 z 2   2.326(8.0004) 
2 2
n=   =  = 346.292
 m   1.0 


Note, to find  , we solve the following equation: 1.0505 =
58
(D)
 z 2   1.96(8.0004) 
2 2
n=   =  = 245.887
 m   1.0 
Extending the Concepts
160
  8 
65. x − z 2 = 78 − 2.326   = 78 − 2.63 = 75.4
n  50 
  21.08 
66. x + z 2 = 56.85 + 1.645   = 56.85 + 4.004 = $60.85
n  75 
found on page 317.
7. 11
8. normal
9. False. The Student’s t curve is more spread out than the standard normal curve.
10. True
11 (A) 2.074
(B) 2.920
(C) 2.567
(D) 2.763
12 (A) 2.015
(B) 2.718
(C) 2.040
(D) 3.250
13 (A) 2.110
(B) Smaller
14 (A) 1.721
161
(B) Larger
15 (A) 2.718
(B) No
16 (A) 2.000
(B) The population is approximately normal.
s 1.7
17 (A) x  t 2 = 2.1  2.1448
n 15
2.1  .941 = 1.2    3.0
(B) Narrower
s 9.1
18 (A) x  t 2 = 56.9  2.416
n 44
56.9  3.3 = 53.6    60.2
(B) Wider
s 5.3
19 (A) x  t 2 = 87.2  1.987
n 89
87.2  1.116 = 86.1    88.3
(B) Wider
s 17.9
20 (A) x  t 2 = 34.85  2.441
n 35
34.85  7.386 = 27.46    42.24
(B) Narrower
s .92
21 (A) x  t 2 = 5.53  1.969
n 263
5.53  .0567 = 5.47    5.59
(B) No, because 5.55 is contained in the confidence interval.
162
s 8.61
22 (A) x  t 2 = 8.51  2.331
n 846
8.51  .690 = 7.82    9.20
(B) Yes, because 6.93 is not contained in the confidence interval.
s 835.2
23 (A) x  t 2 = 130  1.645
n 2500
130  27.478 = 102.5    157.5
(B) No, because 100 is not contained in the confidence interval.
s 13.8
24 (A) x  t 2 = 111.7  2.015
n 45
111.7  4.145 = 107.6    115.8
(B) Yes, because the value 129 is greater than any value in the confidence interval.
s 22.6
25 (A) x  t 2 = 136.9  1.980
n 123
136.9  4.035 = 132.9    140.9
(B) Wider, because the confidence level is higher.
s 23.83
26 (A) x  t 2 = 34.06  2.355
n 134
34.06  4.848 = 29.21    38.91
(B) Narrower, because the confidence level is lower.
27 (A) 65.1    95.9
(B) Narrower, because the sample size is greater.
28 (A) 14.33    18.69
163
(B) Wider, because the sample size is less.
29 (A) 9.986    12.808
(B) Yes, because 11.5 is contained in the confidence interval.
30 (A) 14.017    14.113
(B) No, because all the values in the confidence interval are greater than 14.
31 (A) 19.50    21.26
(B) Yes, it is reasonable to believe that the mean mineral content may be as high as
21.3%.
32 (A) 4.3289    4.6678 , as evidenced by the following Minitab printout:
(B) Yes, because all the values in the confidence interval are less than 4.803.
33 (A) Yes; there are no outliers, and no strong skewness.
164
(B) 1200.4    1758.7 , as evidenced by the following Minitab printout:
34 (A) No; there are two outliers.
(B) It is not appropriate to construct a confidence interval.
(B) 2.91    4.26 , as evidenced by the following Minitab printout:
(C) It does not contradict the claim, because the value 3.51 is contained in the confidence interval.
(B) 12.45 < μ < 13.91
(C) It may be an appropriate rating, because the value 13.5 is contained in the confidence interval.
37 (A) 13.27 < μ < 17.61
(B) 12.36 < μ < 22.07. The results are noticeably different. It is important to check for outliers in
order to avoid misleading results.
38 (A) 6.67 < μ < 8.05
165
(B) 4.48 < μ < 14.39. The results are noticeably different. It is important to check for outliers in
order to avoid misleading results.
39. We have data on the whole population of presidents, not just a sample. We know that the population
mean is 70.8, so we don’t need to construct a confidence interval.
40. We have data on the whole population of states, not just a sample. We know that the population
mean is 6.1 million, so we don’t need to construct a confidence interval.
41 (A) 98%, 178.08, 181.58
(B) Yes, because the sample is large (n > 30).
42 (A) 95%, 0.85638, 2.2836
(B) No, because the sample is small (n ≤ 30).
43 (A) 14
(B) No, because the sample is small (n ≤ 30).
(C) 2.624
(D) 4.55579 < μ < 7.31881
166
44 (A) 70
(B) Yes, because the sample is large (n > 30)
(C) 1.994
(D) 22.9438    24.8082
45 (A) 69.3 < μ < 100.7

 8
x  z 2 = 85  1.96 = 85  15.68 = 69.3    100.7
n 1
(B) No, because we cannot compute a sample standard deviation from a sample of size 1. Also, the
degrees of freedom would be 0.
found on page 329.
7. standard error
8. 0.5
9. True
10. False. The margin of error does not depend on the population size.
x 146
11. point estimate = = = .1916
n 762
167
.1916(.8084)
Standard error = = .01426
762
Margin of error = 1.96(.01426) = .02795
x 46
n 97
.4742(.5258)
97
Margin of error = 2.576(.0507) = .1306
x 236
n 474
.4979(.5021)
474
Margin of error = 1.645(.02297) = .0378
x 29
n 80
.3625(.6375)
80
Margin of error = 1.751(.05375) = .0941
pˆ (1 − pˆ ) 28 .4375(.5625)
15. pˆ  z 2 =  1.812
n 64 64
= .4375  .112362 = .325 < p < .550
pˆ (1 − pˆ ) 52 .7324(.2676)
16. pˆ  z 2 =  2.170
n 71 71
= .7324  .1139 = .618 < p < .846
pˆ (1 − pˆ ) 125 .3943(.6057)
17. pˆ  z 2 =  1.96
n 317 317
= .3943  .0538 = .341 < p < .448
pˆ (1 − pˆ ) 178 .3352(.6648)
18. pˆ  z 2 =  1.645
n 531 531
= .3352  .0337 = .302 < p < .369
168
x 160
19 (A) point estimate = = = .711
n 225
pˆ (1 − pˆ ) .7111(.2889)
(B) pˆ  z 2 = .7111  1.96
n 225
= .7111  .0592 = .652 < p < .770
(C) No, because 0.70 is contained in the confidence interval.
x 162
n 500
pˆ (1 − pˆ ) .324(.676)
(B) pˆ  z 2 = .324  2.326
n 500
= .324  .0487 = .275 < p < .373
(C) No, because 0.43 is not contained in the confidence interval.
x 104
n 427
pˆ (1 − pˆ ) .2436(.7564)
(B) pˆ  z 2 = .2436  2.576
n 427
= .2436  .0535 = .190 < p < .297
(C) Yes, because all the values in the confidence interval are greater than 0.09.
x 75
n 540
pˆ (1 − pˆ ) .1389(.8611)
(B) pˆ  z 2 = .1389  1.645 = .1389  .0245 = .114 < p < .163
n 540
(C) Yes, because all the values in the confidence interval are greater than 0.10.
x 60
n 182
169
pˆ (1 − pˆ ) .3297(.6703)
(B) pˆ  z 2 = .3297  1.96 = .3297  .0683 = .261 < p < .398
n 182
(C) Yes, because all the values in the confidence interval are less than 0.50.
x 42
n 120
pˆ (1 − pˆ ) .35(.65)
(B) pˆ  z 2 = .35  2.326 = .35  .1013 = .249 < p < .451
n 120
(C) No, because the value 0.39 is contained in the confidence interval.
25 (A) .367 < p < .446
(B) .360 < p < .454
(C) Increasing the confidence level makes the interval wider.
26 (A) .496 < p < .742
(B) .472 < p < .766
170
(C) Increasing the confidence level makes the interval wider.
2
 z 2   1.96 
2
27 (A) n = pˆ (1 − pˆ )   = .2(.8)   = 1536.64
 m   .02 
After rounding up, 1,537 NY children aged 5 to 11.
2
 z 2   1.96 
2
(B) n = pˆ (1 − pˆ )   = .5(.5)   = 2,401 NY children aged 5 to 11.
 m   .02 
(C) About the same. The necessary sample size does not depend on the size of the population.
2
 z 2   2.326 
2
28 (A) n = pˆ (1 − pˆ )   = .7(.3)   = 454.46 After rounding up, 455 Colorado elementary
 m   .05 
school children.
2
 z 2   2.326 
2
(B) n = pˆ (1 − pˆ )   = .5(.5)   = 541.03 After rounding up, 542 Colorado elementary
 m   .05 
school children.
(C) About the same. The necessary sample size does not depend on the size of the population.
2
 z 2   2.576 
2
29 (A) n = pˆ (1 − pˆ )   = .08(.92)   = 305.25
 m   .04 
After rounding up, 306 knee replacement surgery patients.
2
 z 2   2.576 
2
(B) n = ˆ
p (1 − ˆ
p )   = .5(.5)   = 1036.84
 m   .04 
After rounding up, 1,037 knee replacement surgery patients.
2
 z 2   1.96 
2
30 (A) n = pˆ (1 − pˆ )   = .33(.67)   = 943.75
 m   .03 
After rounding up, 944 U.S. adults.
2
 z 2   1.96 
2
(B) n = pˆ (1 − pˆ )   = .5(.5)   = 1067.11
 m   .03 
171
After rounding up, 1,068 U.S. adults.
31 (A) .154 < p < .266
32 (A) .337 < p < .483
33. .657 < p < .979
x+2 pˆ (1 − pˆ ) 18 .8182(.1818)
 z =  1.96 = .8182  .1612 = .657 < p < .979
n+4 n+4
2
22 22
34. .015 < p < .401

x+2 pˆ (1 − pˆ ) 5 .2083(.7917)
 z 2 =  2.326 = .2083  .1928 = .015 < p < .401
n+4 n+4 24 24
35 (A) 99%, 0.41911, 0.73714
(B) .457 < p < .699
pˆ (1 − pˆ )
pˆ  z 2 =
n
.578128(.421875)
.578125  1.96
64
.578128  .1210 = .457 < p < .699
36 (A) 95%, 0.19525, 0.38253
(B) .178 < p < .400
172
pˆ (1 − pˆ )
pˆ  z 2 =
n
.28889(.71111)
.28889  2.326
90
.28889  .1111 = .178 < p < .400
37 (A) 98%, 0.732082, 0.870128
(B) .752 < p < .850
pˆ (1 − pˆ )
pˆ  z 2 =
n
.801105(.198895)
.801105  1.645
181
.801105  .0488 = .752 < p < .850
38 (A) 95%, 0.406111, 0.662854
(B) .366 < p < .703
39. The 365 days are not independent trials. If it rains on one day, it is more likely to rain the next day.
40. This is a voluntary response sample, which is unreliable.
1.962 .6(.4) 1.962

.6 +  1.96 +
30 15 900
41 (A) 2
=
1.96
1+
15
.728053  .2790399
= .357 < p < .802
1.25611
173
(B) .357 < p < .801

x+2 pˆ (1 − pˆ )
 z 2 =
n+4 n+4
11 .578947(.4210526)
 1.96 =
19 19
.578947  .22201 = .357 < p < .801
(C) .352 < p < .848
pˆ (1 − pˆ )
pˆ  z 2 =
n
.6(.4)
.6  1.96 =
15
.6  .2479 = .352 < p < .848
42 (A) The small-sample method, but just barely over Wilson’s method.
(B) Yes, it provides an excellent approximation.
(C) We divide by 15 rather than 19 when computing the standard error.
43 (A) 90%: 0.392 < p < 0.777;

95%: 0.357 < p < 0.802;
99%: 0.296 < p < 0.842
(B) 90%: 0.393 < p < 0.765;

95%: 0.357 < p < 0.801;
99%: 0.287 < p < 0.871
(C) The 95% confidence interval. The reason is that z 2 = 1.96 for the 95% confidence interval,
which is very close to 2.
found on page 332.

174
5. Population mean; 63.47 < μ < 79.17
6. Population proportion, 0.486 < p < 0.614
7. Population proportion, 0.686 < p < 0.794
8. Population mean, 2.45 < μ < 4.29
11. 245.72 < μ < 266.82, as evidenced by the following Minitab printout:
175
12. 21.46 < μ < 23.90, as evidenced by the following Minitab printout:
13. 37.91 < μ < 52.11
14. .515 < p < .565, as evidenced by the following Minitab printout:
15. .077 < p < .116
16. 28,436 < μ < 32,718
Chapter Quiz
1 (A) A point estimate is a single number that is used to estimate the value of a parameter.
(B) A confidence interval is an interval that is used to estimate the value of a parameter.
176
(C) A confidence level is the percentage of confidence intervals that will cover the true value of the
parameter in the long run.
2. 1.706
3. 21.7 < μ < 24.7
4. 46.1 < μ < 63.5
5. 11.70 < μ < 13.14
6. 1.751
2
 z 2   1.96 
2
7. n = 0.25   = 0.25   = 384.16
 m   .05 
After rounding up, 385 residences.
8. .643 < p < .817
pˆ (1 − pˆ )
pˆ  z 2 =
n
177
.73(.27)
.73  1.96
100
.73  .087016 = .643 < p < .817
2
 z 2   1.96 
2
9. n = pˆ (1 − pˆ )   = .73(.27)   = 302.87
 m   .05 
After rounding up, 303 residences.
10 (A) 141
 16
(B) = = 2.53
n 40
11 (A) 1.96

(B) z 2 = 1.96(2.52982) = 4.958
n

(C) x  z 2 = 141  4.958
n
136 < μ < 146
 z 2 
2 2
 1.96(16) 
12. n =   =   = 983.45
 m   1 
After rounding up, n = 984 cell phones.
13. .288 < p < .373
2
 z 2   2.576 
2
14. n = ˆ
p (1 − ˆ
p )   = .33(.67)   = 229.25 After rounding up, 230 U.S. adult drivers.
 m   .08 
2
 z 2   2.576 
2
15. n = pˆ (1 − pˆ )   = .5(.5)   =
 m   .08 
259.21 After rounding up, 260 U.S. adult drivers.
178
Review Exercises
2
 z 2   1.645 
2
1. n = pˆ (1 − pˆ )   = .5(.5)   =
 m   .05 
270.60 After rounding up, 271 city residents.
2 (A) 10.79 < μ < 14.57
(B) No, because values > 13 are contained in the confidence interval.
 z 2   1.96(6.83) 
2 2
(C) n =   =  = 179.21
 m   1 
After rounding up, our answer is 180 drills.
3 (A) .235 < p < .410
2
 z 2   1.645 
2
(B) n = pˆ (1 − pˆ )   = .5(.5)   = 270.60 After rounding up, 271 city residents.
 m   .05 
2
 z 2   2.576 
2
(C) n = pˆ (1 − pˆ )   = .3228(.6772)   =
 m   .03 
1611.76. After rounding up, 1,612 Scottish voters.
4 (A) 56.3 < μ < 98.4
(B) Yes, the value 27 is an outlier.
179
5. .643 < p < .817
pˆ (1 − pˆ )
pˆ  z 2 =
n
.24706(.75294)
.24706  2.576
85
.24706  .12051 = .126 < p < .368
6 (A) 1.85 < μ < 2.07
(B) No, because all the values in the confidence interval are greater than 0.5.
 z 2   2.326(.35) 
2 2
(C) n =   =  = 736.40
 m   .03 
After rounding up, our answer is 737 water samples.
7 (A) .034 < p < .136
2
 z 2   2.576 
2
(B) n = pˆ (1 − pˆ )   = .085(.915)   = 322.56.
 m   .04 
After rounding up, 323 components.
(C)
2
 z 2   2.576 
2
n = p (1 − p) 
ˆ ˆ  = .5(.5)   = 1036.84
 m   .04 
After rounding up, 1,037 components.
8 (A) Yes. There are no outliers, no strong skewness, and no evidence of multiple modes.
180
(B) 18.3 < μ < 31.2
s 1.2
9. x  t 2 = 85.8  1.96
n 50
85.8  .3326 = 85.5    86.1
10 (A) .453 < p < .618
(B) No, because the value 0.479 is contained in the confidence interval.
2
 z 2   1.96 
2
(C) n = pˆ (1 − pˆ )   = .5357(.4643)   =
 m   .025 
1528.81. After rounding up, 1,529 residents.
11 (A) 10.3 < μ < 14.1
(B) Yes, because all the values in the confidence interval are less than 15.
12 (A) 6.75 < μ < 7.37
(B) No, because all the values in the confidence interval are less than 8.
 z 2   2.576(1.11) 
2 2
(C) n =   =  = 817.59 After rounding up, our answer is 818 young adults.
 m   .1 
18
13 (A) = .168
107
181
pˆ (1 − pˆ ) .168(.832)
(B) pˆ  z 2 = .168  1.96 = .168  .0708 = .097 < p < .239
n 107
2
 z 2   1.96 
2
(C) n = pˆ (1 − pˆ )   = .1682(.8318)   = 597.19.
 m   .03 
After rounding up, 598 gas stations.
14 (A) 36.3 < μ < 37.5
(B) No, because the value 38.7 is not contained in the confidence interval.
15. The days are not independent trials. If it rains on one day, it is more likely to rain the next
day.
Write About It
1. We need these assumptions to be met, so as to be sure that the sampling distribution of x is

approximately normal. This allows us to use z 2 as the critical value.
2. Keeping all other factors constant, increasing the size of the sample, decreases the width of
the confidence interval. Increasing the confidence level, increases the width of the confidence
interval.
3. The term probability refers to random events, which may come out differently when
experiments are repeated. The numbers that make up the confidence interval are fixed, not
random. The population mean is also fixed. The population mean weight is either between
the two numbers or it is not. There is no randomness involved. Therefore, we say that we
have the given level of confidence (not probability) that the population mean is in this
interval. On the other hand, let’s say that we are discussing a method used to construct a 99%
confidence interval. The method will succeed in covering the population mean 99% of the
time, and fail the other 1% of the time. In this case, whether the population mean is covered
or not is a random event, because it may vary from experiment to experiment. Therefore it is
correct to say that a method for constructing a 99% confidence interval has probability 99% of
covering the population mean.
182
4. .52 < p < .58
5. .27 < p < .31
6. If the standard deviation of the population is known, and either n > 30 or the population is
normally distributed, we use the normal distribution (z-scores). If however, the population
standard deviation is not known, and either n > 30 or the population is normally distributed,
we use the Student’s t-distribution.
There are no instances when it is allowable to use either distribution one wants to use.
7. This is because the Student’s t-distribution depends on the number of degrees of freedom (and
hence the sample size). However, as the sample size increases, the Student’s t-distribution
becomes closer to the standard normal curve.
Case Study
1. PM:
OC:
TC:
LE:
2. PM: 17.94 < μ < 22.48
OC: 11.08 < μ < 14.19
183
TC: 12.428 < μ < 15.847
LE: 1.291 < μ < 1.784
3. It is reasonable to conclude that the mean levels were lower than the baseline for all the
pollutants, because all the values in the confidence intervals are less than the corresponding
baselines.
4. PM:
OC:
TC:
LE:
PM: 17.33 < μ < 25.00

184
OC: 10.493 < μ < 13.615
TC: 13.149 < μ < 17.169
LE: 2.144 < μ < 2.496
5. It is reasonable to conclude that the mean levels were lower than the baseline for all the
pollutants, because all the values in the confidence intervals are less than the corresponding
baselines.
185

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Chapter 7: Confidence Intervals

SECTION 7.1 EXERCISES

Essential Statistics 1st Edition Navidi

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Test bank: https://testbankpack.com/p/test-bank-for-essential-

Solution Manual: https://testbankpack.com/p/solution-manual-for-

Understanding the Concepts

18. critical value

19. margin of error

error from the point estimate.

Practicing the Skills

(B) Smaller, because the sample size is larger.

(B) Larger, because the sample size is smaller.

(B) Smaller, because the confidence level is lower.

(B) Larger, because the confidence level is higher.

(B) No, because the sample size is  30.

(B) Yes, because the sample size is greater than 30.

(B) Smaller, because the confidence level is lower.

(B) Larger, because the confidence level is higher.

(B) Larger, because the margin of error is

(B) Smaller, because the margin of error is larger.

Working with the Concepts

(B) Larger, because the sample size is smaller.

(C) Smaller, because the confidence level is lower.

(B) Larger, because the sample size is smaller.

(C) Larger, because the confidence level is higher.

(B) No, because the sample consisted entirely of boys.

46 (A) .92    .96 , as provided by the TI-84:

47 (A) The sample size is small (n ≤ 30).

(C) 301.4    385.3 , as provided by the TI-84:

48 (A) The sample size is small (n ≤ 30).

(B) No, because the data contain an outlier.

49 (A) 120    130 , as provided by the TI-84:

50 (A) 47.8    52.4 , as provided by the TI-84:

59 (A) True; this is the appropriate interpretation of a confidence interval.

(B) True; this is the appropriate interpretation of a confidence interval.

61 (A) 95%, 56.019, 60.881

(B) Yes, because the sample size is large (n > 30).

62 (A) 99%, 17.012, 20.048

(B) No, because the sample size is small (n ≤ 30).

63 (A) 95%, 9.6956, 15.0084

64 (A) 98%, 0.2133, 5.1007

After rounding up, our answer is 347.

Extending the Concepts

SECTION 7.2 EXERCISES

Understanding the Concepts

Practicing the Skills

(B) The population is approximately normal.

Working with the Concepts

(B) No, because 5.55 is contained in the confidence interval.

(B) Yes, because 6.93 is not contained in the confidence interval.

(B) No, because 100 is not contained in the confidence interval.

(B) Wider, because the confidence level is higher.

(B) Narrower, because the confidence level is lower.

27 (A) 65.1    95.9

(B) Narrower, because the sample size is greater.

28 (A) 14.33    18.69

(B) Wider, because the sample size is less.

29 (A) 9.986    12.808