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Chapter 4 Cont..
Chapter 4 Cont..
Chapter 4 Cont..
MANAGEMENT
TOPIC 4:
VALUATION OF SECURITIES
FV: Principal (face value) is the cash flow bond holders are promised to receive at maturity
t: Maturity is the date when the issuer pays back the face value of the bonds
r: Coupon rate is a proportion of a principal
P: Bond price = PV coupon PMTs (ordinary annuity) + PV principal (lump sum)
YTM (Yield to Maturity): market interest rate used to discount coupon and principal
payments to give current bond price
! % '(
P= × 1− +
"#$ %&"#$ ! (%&"#$)"
1. BONDS - Characteristics
Example 1:
Coca Cola would like to borrow $2,000,000 from the general public to finance its new project.
To meet its objective Coca Cola issues bonds with a $1,000 of face value. Bonds pay 5%
annual coupon rate and mature in 3 years. Current market interest rate (YTM) is 5% p.a.
(i) How many bonds does Coca Cola have to issue to meet its objective?
(ii) Determine annual coupon payment (C) to be received by bondholders.
(iii) Determine current bond price (P).
1. BONDS – Coupon payment
Coupon payments are typically made:
1. Annually
2. Semi-annually
3. Quarterly
Caution:
Ensure coupon rates and YTM quoted annually are adjusted to match the frequencies of coupon payments
before calculating bond price.
C C C+FV
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3
t, time Semi -annually
t=0 t=1 t=2 t=3
C C C C C C+FV
1. BONDS - Coupon payment
Example 2:
A General Electric bond carries a coupon rate of 8% p.a., has 9 years to maturity and sells at a
yield to maturity of 7% p.a. The bond has a face value of $1000 and pays coupon to
bondholders every 6 months (semi-annually).
i. What coupon payments do bondholders receive every 6 months?
ii. At what price does the bond sell?
1. BONDS – Bond price & Interest rate (YTM)
1. At issuance, bond is usually priced at par value ($1000). This reflects the original
amount corporations borrow
2. Coupon cash flows are predetermined and remain the same until maturity:
• Coupon rate is fixed
• Face/par value at maturity is fixed
3. As time goes on, price changes in response to the following:
• Time rolls forward, the life of the bond reduces as the maturity date approaches – calendar
turn
• Interest rate (ΔYTM) changes with news information in the market – market shifts
1. BONDS - Bond price & Interest rate (YTM)
Coupon rate of a bond is fixed; but YTM (interest rate) fluctuates throughout the lifetime of a
bond.
A bond issued by Air New Zealand has a coupon rate of 10% per annum, pays annual coupons
and matures in 3 years. How much would you pay for $1,000 face value of this bond if:
i. the yield to maturity (YTM) is 10% per annum?
"!! "!! "!!$"!!!
𝑃! = + +
("$!.")! ("$!.")" ("$!.")#
$800.00 P=$789
$700.00
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%
1. BONDS – Types of Bonds
1. Mortgage Bonds: are secured bonds backed by tangible assets (buildings, land).
Secured value is higher than value of bonds issued. If the company is unable to repay
loan on the maturity date, secured assets will be sold to repay loans to investors.
2. Denbentures: are unsecured bonds with assets è Higer risk than Mortgage Bonds è
higher rate of return
3. Convertible Bonds: can be converted to ordinary shares.
4. Zero Coupon Bonds: do not pay interest è Bonds are issued at discount (P < Par
Value)
5. High Yeild Bonds: pay interest only if the company has surplus earnings
6. Euro Bonds: are issued in a country but using currency different from its own
7. Foreign Currency Bonds: are issued in a country but using country’s currency by
debtors or issuing companies.
1. BONDS – Bonds Risks
You face three risks while holding the bonds:
• Market Interest Rate: an increase in interest rate causes a decrease in a bond’s
price
• Inflation: Higher inflation rate lowers the real value of interest you earns
2. SHARES
Corporate firm Debt Equity
D1 = D2 = …. = Dn
+%
Value of share: Vs =
,
2.1 - VALUATIONS OF ORDINARY SHARES
2. Multiple holding periods:
a. Zero Growth:
2.1 - VALUATIONS OF ORDINARY SHARES
2. Multiple holding periods:
b. Constant Growth Rate:
Owners expect to experience growth with fixed dividends or constant dividends.
Dt = D0 (1+g))
+%
Value of share: Vs = (r >g)
,-.
2.1 - VALUATIONS OF ORDINARY SHARES
2. Multiple holding periods:
b. Constant Growth Rate:
.
2.1 - VALUATIONS OF ORDINARY SHARES
2. Multiple holding periods:
b. Inconstant Growth Rate:
The share is divided into 2 stages:
• Stage 1: Inconstant growth
• Stage 2: Constant growth
2.1 - VALUATIONS OF ORDINARY SHARES
2. Multiple holding periods:
b. Inconstant Growth Rate:
Example 4.10:
Cacluate the present value of ordinary shares with following information:
2.1 - VALUATIONS OF ORDINARY SHARES
2. Multiple holding periods:
b. Inconstant Growth Rate:
Example 4.10:
2.2 - VALUATIONS OF PREFERENCE SHARES
The owners receive fixed dividends from investment at each period. It does not have
maturity period => It is perpetuity
#
Vs = $