Introduction to Criminal

Justice 14th Edition Siegel

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Chapter 5—Public Policing and Private Security

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. What arrangement in early English society required that every person in a village be
responsible for protecting the settlement from thieves?
A. The runner system
B. Community policing
C. The pledge system
D. The watch system
ANS: C REF: p. 158 OBJ: 1

2. The _____ was created in 1326 under the watch system of policing to assist the shire reeve in
controlling the county?
A. Deputy position
B. Constable position
C. Bobbie position
D. Justice of the peace
ANS: D REF: p. 158 OBJ: 1

3. What was the name of the organized private police that patrolled 18th century England?
A. Constables
B. Shire reeves

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 C. Bobbies
D. Thief takers
ANS: D REF: p. 158-159 OBJ: 1

4. When was the Metropolitan Police Act passed through Parliament?

A. 1229
B. 1429
C. 1629
D. 1829
ANS: D REF: p. 159 OBJ: 1

5. English police officers are known as bobbies because:

A. The tails of the horses they rode were cut short (bobbed).
B. Sir Robert (Bobbie) Peel was responsible for their creation.
C. The first name Robert and its accompanying nickname Bobbie were extremely common
among the first generation of English police.
D. They were paid in shillings, for which the slang term was "bob."
ANS: B REF: p. 159 OBJ: 1

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 6. Which of the following was not one of Sir Robert Peel’s nine principles of policing?
A. The basic mission for which the police exist is to make arrests and aid in convictions.
B. The ability of the police to perform their duties is dependent on public approval of police
actions.
C. Police must secure the willing cooperation of the public in voluntary observance of the
law in order to secure and maintain public respect.
D. Police preserve public favor by constantly demonstrating absolute impartial service to the
law.
ANS: A REF: p. 160 OBJ: 2

7. The first technological breakthrough in policing came in the area of:

A. Transportation
B. Communication
C. Regulation
D. Administration
ANS: B REF: p. 162 OBJ: 2

8. How did police reformer August Vollmer contribute to police professionalism?

A. Instituting university training for young officers.
B. Establishing the first formal police academy in the U.S.
C. Becoming the first President of the IACP.
D. Creating the first SWAT team.
ANS: A REF: p. 163 OBJ: 3

9. The _______________ was created in 1929 by President Herbert Hoover to study the U.S.
criminal justice system and make recommendations for improvement.
A. Criminal Justice Institute
B. National Institute of Justice
C. Law Enforcement Assistance Administration
D. Wickersham Commission
ANS: D REF: p. 163 OBJ: 3

10. The defining event that helped shape police reforms in the 1990s was the:
A. Creation of the International Association of Chiefs of Police.
B. Creation of the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration.
C. Growth of police unions.
D. Beating of Rodney King.
ANS: D REF: p. 165 OBJ: 4

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11. Which federal law enforcement agency has unlimited jurisdiction?
A. CIA
B. DEA
C. U.S. Justice Department
D. No single federal agency has unlimited jurisdiction
ANS: D REF: p. 166 OBJ: 5

12. Who heads the U.S. Department of Justice?

A. U.S. Attorney General
B. Secretary of the Treasury
C. Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
D. Secretary of State
ANS: A REF: p. 166 OBJ: 6

13. Which of the following is false regarding the FBI?

A. It maintains liaison offices in other countries.
B. It is an investigative agency rather than a police agency.
C. It has jurisdiction over all federal and state laws.
D. It was under the direction of J. Edgar Hoover from 1924 until his death in 1972.
ANS: C REF: p. 166 OBJ: 6

14. Under its reformulated priorities, the FBI's primary objective is to protect the:
A. Civil rights of those residing in the United States.
B. Businesses in the U.S. from infiltration by organized crime.
C. U.S. against espionage.
D. U.S. from terrorist attacks.
ANS: D REF: p. 167-168 OBJ: 6

15. What federal agency is responsible for the transporting of federal prisoners?
A. U.S. Marshals
B. FBI
C. Department of Homeland Security
D. Secret Service
ANS: A REF: p. 169 OBJ: 6

16. What federal agency enforces the Gun Control Act of 1968 and the Organized Crime Control
Act of 1970?
A. ATF
B. FBI
C. DHS
D. Secret Service
ANS: A REF: p. 168 OBJ: 6

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17. Which is the oldest federal law enforcement agency?
A. U.S. Marshals
B. FBI
C. DHS
D. IRS
ANS: A REF: p. 168 OBJ: 6

18. Which of the following is an agency within the Department of Homeland Security?
A. CBP
B. FBI
C. U.S. Marshals
D. ATF
ANS: A REF: p. 169-170 OBJ: 6

19. Which state formed the first statewide police agency in 1835?
A. Massachusetts
B. Pennsylvania
C. Texas
D. Arizona
ANS: C REF: p. 170 OBJ: 7

20. Which of the following is not a branch of the Department of Homeland Security?
A. Customs and Border Protection
B. Department of Justice
C. Immigration and Customs Enforcement
D. U.S. Secret Service
ANS: B REF: p. 169-170 OBJ: 6

21. Which of the following is not a mission of the U.S. Secret Service?
A. Investigate counterfeiting and other financial crimes, including financial institution fraud,
identity theft and computer fraud.
B. Investigate threats against protected officials.
C. Protect the President and Vice-President.
D. Conduct and coordinate international investigations involving transnational criminal
organizations responsible for the illegal movement of people, goods, and technology into
and out of the U.S.
ANS: D REF: p. 170 OBJ: 6

22. ______ police make up the majority of the nation’s authorized law enforcement personnel.
A. Local
B. County
C. State
D. Federal
ANS: A REF: p. 173 OBJ: 7

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23. The role of ______ law enforcement evolved from that of the early English shire reeve, whose
primary duty was to assist the royal judges in trying prisoners and enforcing sentences.
A. Local
B. County
C. State
D. Federal
ANS: B REF: p. 172 OBJ: 7

24. What term is used to describe the use of computer software to conduct analysis of behavioral
patterns in an effort to link open cases to known perpetrators?
A. Crime mapping
B. CODIS
C. Data mining
D. Systems analysis
ANS: C REF: p. 182 OBJ: 9

25. Which of the following is not an advantage of high-definition surveying?

A. Investigators can maneuver every piece of evidence.
B. The perspective of the crime scene can be manipulated.
C. Crime scene contamination is limited.
D. It relies on photographic evidence and two-dimensional drawings.
ANS: D REF: p. 184 OBJ: 9

26. Chicago's CLEARMAP program is an example of which type of crime fighting technology?
A. Biometrics
B. Criminal identification
C. Crime mapping
D. DNA testing
ANS: C REF: p. 184 OBJ: 9

27. AFIS is a (n):

A. National database of DNA records.
B. Computerized fingerprint system.
C. Automated stolen vehicle database.
D. Continually updating fugitive identification system.
ANS: B REF: p. 186 OBJ: 9

28. Which of the following statements regarding the use of DNA in criminal cases is false?
A. DNA profiling allows suspects to be identified on the basis of genetic material.
B. Every U.S. state maintains a DNA database of convicted offenders.
C. The United States is the only country with a DNA database.
D. DNA fingerprinting is used as evidence in criminal trials in many states.
ANS: C REF: p. 187 OBJ: 9

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29. Which of the following is false about Gunshot Location Systems?
A. This system uses sensors to determine the direction from which the sound came, and can
triangulate and determine the exact location where the gunshots were fired.
B. This technology is known to deter criminals.
C. An advantage of this technology is rapid response by police.
D. A limitation of this technology is its high cost.
ANS: B REF: p. 182-183 OBJ: 9

30. Which of the following is false about biometrics?

A. Biometric authenticators are unique to the user and as a result cannot be stolen and used
without that individual’s knowledge.
B. Biometrics involves automated methods of recognizing a person based on their fingerprint
characteristics.
C. Biometrics can be used at all levels of government and in private businesses.
D. Casinos have started to implement biometrics to recognize when known cheaters enter
their premises.
ANS: B REF: p. 186 OBJ: 9

31. Which of the following is an example of soft technology that law enforcement uses?
A. Metal detectors
B. Tasers
C. Sex offender registration
D. Street lighting

ANS: C REF: p. 180-181 OBJ: 9

32. Which of the following is an example of hard technology used by law enforcement?
A. Ignition interlock systems
B. Facial recognition software
C. Crime mapping
D. Gunshot location devices

ANS: A REF: p. 180-181 OBJ: 9

33. How many private policing (private security service) firms exist in the United States?
A. 100
B. 1000
C. 10,000
D. 100,000

ANS: C REF: p. 175 OBJ: 8

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34. How do private police compare with public police?
A. The primary focus of private police is enforcement of the criminal law.
B. Much of public policing is concerned with loss prevention.
C. Private police are concerned almost solely with prevention.
D. There are no differences between public and private police.

ANS: C REF: p. 176-179 OBJ: 8

35. All of the following are reasons for the growth in private policing EXCEPT:
A. The desire for nongovernmental service provisions
B. Growth in mass private property
C. A belief that the private sector can do a better job than the public sector
D. Private police are better trained

ANS: D REF: p. 177-179 OBJ: 8

36. In medieval England who was expected to make a hue and cry to assemble his helpers and
warn the village when trouble occurred?
A. Constable
B. Sheriff
C. Shire reeve
D. Tythingman

ANS: D REF: p. 158 OBJ: 1

37. Law enforcement in colonial America paralleled the _________ model.

A. British
B. Chinese
C. Japanese
D. Spanish

ANS: A REF: p. 160 OBJ: 2

38. In what region of the United States were vigilantes called on to use force or intimidation to
eradicate such social problems as theft of livestock?
A. East
B. South
C. North
D. West

ANS: D REF: p. 161 OBJ: 2

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 39. What was the result of the Boston police strike in 1919?
A. All striking officers were fired and replaced with new recruits.
B. Police officers received an increase in their salaries.
C. The police officers were able to form a successful union that negotiated with political
leaders.
D. Police officers received more vacation and sick days.

ANS: A REF: p. 162-163 OBJ: 3

40. During which decade did the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEA) devote a
significant portion of its funds to police agencies?
A. 1950s
B. 1960s
C. 1970s
D. 1980s
ANS: C REF: p. 164-165 OBJ: 4

SCENARIO BASED

NARRBEGIN: CASE 5.1

Danny is a new police recruit. He is amazed at the technology that is used at his police
department. His goal is to become a detective who works in the crime scene investigation
unit of his police department. Because of this goal, when he responds to a call he pays
particular attention to the technology used at his police department. NARREND

41. One call that Danny responds to is a shooting where the offender is believed to be hiding in a
vacant office building. What device are the officers using to detect if the suspect is actually
hiding in this vacant office building?
A. Biometrics
B. Data mining
C. DNA testing
D. Thermal imagers

ANS: D REF: p. 183 OBJ: 9

NARR: CASE 5.1

42. Danny responded to a robbery where the suspect left a note demanding money. Danny hands
over this note to crime scene investigators who want to compare the handwriting on the note to
other notes left at previous robberies. This handwriting will be compared to samples that
already exist in a database. Using handwriting to identify individuals is a part of a practice of:

A. Biometrics
B. Data mining
C. DNA testing
D. Thermal imagers

ANS: A REF: p. 186 OBJ: 9

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 NARR: CASE 5.1

43. Danny is surprised to learn that DNA evidence collected at local crime scenes in his
jurisdiction are sent to a federal database titled “Combined DNA Index System.” Which
federal agency maintains this CODIS database?
A. DEA
B. FBI
C. CIA
D. DHS

ANS: B REF: p. 188 OBJ: 9

NARR: CASE 5.1

44. Because of his commendable performance during his first year as a police rookie, Danny is
being assigned to a task force which will be investigating counterfeiting and other financial
crimes. Which federal agency will Danny most likely work with on this task force?
A. ATF
B. DHS
C. Secret Service
D. U.S. Marshalls

ANS: C REF: p. 170 OBJ: 6

NARR: CASE 5.1

45. Danny is working a midnight shift. He receives a call from his shift supervisor to come back
to the police department for a briefing. The officers receive information from a federal agent
who advises them that a known bank robber is hiding out in the city. They devise a plan to
apprehend this dangerous felon. Which federal agency is leading this fugitive apprehension
team?
A. ATF
B. DHS
C. Secret Service
D. U.S. Marshalls

ANS: C REF: p. 168 OBJ: 6

NARR: CASE 5.1

NARRBEGIN: CASE 5.2

Chief Jones has been a police officer since 1960. He was hired by the New York City Police
Department in 1960 when he was 20 years old. He is now 72 years old and will be retiring as
the police chief of a police department in a city located 60 miles outside of New York City.
He has seen many changes in policing over the past fifty years. NARREND

46. Chief Jones is reminiscing about how much policing has changed. He discusses with some new
police recruits how he was a police officer during a time of civil unrest where there was a lot
of tension between the police and the public. During this decade there were a number of
bloody confrontations between the public and the police. This was also a decade where many
police officers felt as if they were being “handcuffed by the courts.” Which decade is Chief
Jones referring to?
A. 1950s
B. 1960s

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 C. 1970s
D. 1980s
ANS: B REF: p. 164 OBJ: 4
NARR: CASE 5.2

47. In preparing his retirement speech with his assistant, Chief Jones reflects back on when unions
were very successful in winning increased salaries and benefits for police officers across the
country. During which decade did police benefit greatly from union leadership?
A. 1950s
B. 1960s
C. 1970s
D. 1980s
ANS: D REF: p. 165 OBJ: 4
NARR: CASE 5.2

48. Many young police officers in Chief Jones’ agency often question their Chief as to why he
never went into federal law enforcement. Chief Jones tells his officers that he was recruited to
help restructure Immigration and Customs Enforcement following the September 11, 2001
attacks. Immigration and Customs Enforcement is part of which department?
A. Department of Defense
B. Department of Homeland Security
C. Department of Justice
D. Department of Veteran Affair
ANS: B REF: p. 169 OBJ: 6
NARR: CASE 5.2

49. The officers continue to ask Chief Jones about Immigration and Customs Enforcement. Some
of them want to know what type of law enforcement opportunities exist in this agency. Chief
Jones’ discusses the components of ICE. All of the following are components of ICE except:
A. Office of Investigations
B. Office of Detention and Removal Operations
C. Office of Intelligence
D. Witness Security
ANS: D REF: p. 169-170 OBJ: 6
NARR: CASE 5.2

50. Chief Jones’ is concerned that too many public policing responsibilities are being shifted to
the private sector. He is a firm believer that policing should be left to the government, not
private corporations. All of the following are common criticisms of private policing
EXCEPT:
A. Motives are more important than the protection of public safety.
B. Private policing could replace public police.
C. That private police have unbridled authority over citizens and public police officers.
D. Whether private security guards are subject to the same search and seizure standards as
public police officers.

ANS: C REF: p. 180 OBJ: 8

NARR: CASE 5.2

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TRUE/FALSE

1. The shire reeve was considered the first police officer in the United States.

ANS: F REF: p. 158 OBJ: 1

2. Thief takers were professional criminals that assisted burglars.

ANS: F REF: p. 159 OBJ: 1

3. The colonial sheriff did not patrol or seek out crime but only reacted to citizens’ complaints and
investigated crimes once they already occurred.

ANS: T REF: p. 160 OBJ: 2

4. The end of the Vietnam War significantly reduced tensions between students and police, as well
as between minorities and the police.

ANS: F REF: p. 164 OBJ: 4

5. Women and minorities were recruited to police work under affirmative action programs in the
1990s.

ANS: F REF: p. 165 OBJ: 4

6. There are more than 2 million employees involved in private policing.

ANS: T REF: p. 175 OBJ: 8

7. Immigration and Customs Enforcement is part of the Department of Homeland Security.

ANS: T REF: p. 169 OBJ: 6

8. Gunshot location systems base its product on the same technology that geologists use to
pinpoint an earthquake’s epicenter.

ANS: T
A.
REF: p. 182 OBJ: 9

9. Data mining recognizes geographic “hot spots” where a majority of predatory crimes are
concentrated.

ANS: F REF: p. 181 OBJ: 9

10. One criticism of private policing is that it could eventually replace government.

ANS: T REF: p. 180 OBJ: 8

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11. Private security guards are subject to Fourth Amendment requirements if they are performing
services that are traditionally reserved for the police.

ANS: T REF: p. 180 OBJ: 8

12. Facial recognition software is an example of HARD Technology used by law enforcement.

ANS: F REF: p. 181 OBJ: 9

13. The Secret Service operate CODIS which is a computerized database that allows DNA taken
at a crime scene to be searched electronically to find matches against samples taken from
convicted offenders and from other crime scenes.

ANS: F REF: p. 187 OBJ: 9

14. Many of the first law enforcement officers in London were corrupt and unsuccessful at
stopping crime.

ANS: T REF: p. 159 OBJ: 1

15. The early nineteenth century was an era of widespread urban unrest and mob violence which
led local leaders to realize that a more structured police function was needed to keep the peace.

ANS: T REF: p. 161 OBJ: 3

16. In the late nineteenth century, police work was not desirable because it paid less than most
other blue-collar jobs.

ANS: F REF: p. 161 OBJ: 3

17. Police during the nineteenth century were regarded as incompetent and corrupt and were
disliked by the people whom they served.

ANS: T REF: p. 162 OBJ: 3

18. In the 1990s, police departments began to embrace community policing.

ANS: T REF: p. 165 OBJ: 4

19. The U.S. Marshals work with law enforcement authorities at the federal, state, and local levels
to apprehend felons.

ANS: T REF: p. 168 OBJ: 6

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20. The Department of Homeland Security was created as a result of President Herbert Hoover’s
creation of the National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement.

ANS: F REF: p. 163 OBJ: 6

COMPLETION

1. ____________________ is credited with the passage of the Metropolitan Police Act that
established the first organized police force in London.

ANS: Sir Robert Peel REF: p. 159 OBJ: 1

2. On the western frontier of the early U.S., where formal law enforcement had few resources, the
law was often enforced by ____________________, or groups of citizens enforcing the law
through their own means.

ANS: vigilante REF: p. 161 OBJ: 2

3. ____________________ was the chief of police in Berkeley, California who helped found the
School of Criminology at the University of California.

ANS: August Vollmer REF: p. 163 OBJ: 3

4. ____________________ gained national attention during the O.J. Simpson trial and allows
suspects to be identified on the basis of the genetic material found in hair, blood, and other
bodily tissues and fluids.

ANS: DNA profiling REF: p. 187 OBJ: 9

5. ____________________ is concerned with guarding private property from theft, trespass, and
damage.

ANS: Protective policing REF p. 178 OBJ: 8

6. The ____________________ helps control sales of untaxed liquor and cigarettes.

ANS: ATF REF: p. 168 OBJ: 6

7. Since 1970 the ____________________ have protected, relocated, and given new identities to
more than 8,000 witnesses.

ANS: U.S. Marshals REF: p. 168 OBJ: 6

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8. ____________________ is paramount in the private policing context, whereas public policing
relies more heavily on detection of criminal acts and apprehension of suspects.

ANS: Surveillance REF: p. 177 OBJ: 8

9. The ____________________ investigates counterfeiting and other financial crimes.

ANS: U.S. Secret Service REF: p. 170 OBJ: 6

10. ____________________ gives the police the ability to analyze detailed visuals of crime
patterns.

ANS: Crime mapping REF: p. 184 OBJ: 9

11. ____________________ is defined as automated methods of recognizing a person based on

physiological or behavioral characteristics.

ANS: Biometrics REF: p. 186 OBJ: 9

12. ____________________ can classify fingerprints and identify up to 250 characteristics on the
print.

ANS: AFIS OBJ: 9 REF: p. 186-187

13. The __________________, created in 1835, was one of the first state police agencies formed.

ANS: Texas Rangers OBJ: 5 REF: p. 170

14. _______________________ involves personalized service and decentralized policing, citizen

empowerment, and an effort to reduce community fear of crime, disorder, and decay.

ANS: Community Policing OBJ: 4 REF: p. 165

15. The four main levels of law enforcement in the United States include ____________,
_____________, _______________, and __________.

ANS: federal, state, county, local REF: p. 166 OBJ: 5

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ESSAY

1. Discuss the early development of police in England.

ANS: answers will vary REF: p. 158-160 OBJ: 1

2. Which principle of policing proposed by Sir Robert Peel do you feel is the most important and
why?

ANS: answers will vary REF: p. 160 OBJ: 1

3. Discuss twentieth-century police reforms and the emergence of professionalism.

ANS: answers will vary REF: p. 162-163 OBJ: 3

4. Discuss policing in the United States in the 1960s.

ANS: answers will vary REF: p. 164 OBJ: 4

5. What services does the FBI offer to local law enforcement agencies?

ANS: answers will vary REF: p. 166-167 OBJ: 6

6. What are the duties of the U.S. Marshals?

ANS: answers will vary REF: p. 168-169 OBJ: 6

7. Summarize the four levels of law enforcement in the United States.

ANS: answers will vary REF: p. 166-173 OBJ: 5

8. Discuss three of the branches and functions of the newly formed Department of Homeland
Security.

ANS: answers will vary REF: p. 169-170 OBJ: 6

9. How are private police different from the public police departments?

ANS: answers will vary REF: p. 176-178 OBJ: 8

10. What is AFIS and how does it help law enforcement officers?

ANS: answers will vary REF: p. 186-187 OBJ: 9

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