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Introductory Chemistry For Today 8th Edition Seager Solutions Manual 1
Introductory Chemistry For Today 8th Edition Seager Solutions Manual 1
CHAPTER OUTLINE
7.1 Physical States of Solutions 7.4 Solution Concentrations 7.7 Solution Properties
7.2 Solubility 7.5 Solution Preparation 7.8 Colloids
7.3 The Solution Process 7.6 Solution Stoichiometry 7.9 Dialysis
LEARNING OBJECTIVES/ASSESSMENT
When you have completed your study of this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Classify mixtures as solutions or nonsolutions based on their appearance. (Section 7.1; Exercise 7.4)
2. Demonstrate your understanding of terms related to the solubility of solutes in solution. (Section 7.2;
Exercises 7.6 and 7.12)
3. Predict in a general way the solubilities of solutes in solvents on the basis of molecular polarity.
(Section 7.3; Exercise 7.16)
4. Calculate solution concentrations in units of molarity, weight/weight percent, weight/volume
percent, and volume/volume percent. (Section 7.4; Exercises 7.22 b, 7.30 c, 7.34 a, and 7.38 c)
5. Describe how to prepare solutions of specific concentration using pure solutes and solvent, or
solutions of greater concentration than the one desired. (Section 7.5; Exercises 7.46 and 7.48 b)
6. Do stoichiometric calculations based on solution concentrations. (Section 7.6; Exercise 7.56)
141
142 Chapter 7
7. Do calculations based on the colligative solution properties of boiling point, freezing point, and
osmotic pressure. (Section 7.7; Exercises 7.64 a & c and 7.74)
8. Describe the characteristics of colloids. (Section 7.8; Exercise 7.82)
9. Describe the process of dialysis, and compare it to the process of osmosis. (Section 7.9; Exercise 7.84)
7.7 Miscible is a term used to describe liquids have unlimited solubility in each other.
7.8 a. A solution to which a small piece of solute is added, and it dissolves. unsaturated
b. A solution to which a small piece of solute is added, and much more
solute comes out of solution. supersaturated
c. The final solution resulting from the process in part b. saturated
7.9 If 35.8 g of ammonium sulfate were mixed with 100 g of water at 0°C, an unsaturated solution
would form because the solubility of ammonium sulfate with 100 g of water at 0°C is 70.6 g.
7.10 This solution could become supersaturated by slowly lowering the temperature of the
solution or by allowing some of the solvent to evaporate. The solution must be handled very
gently as a supersaturated solution is unstable.
7.14 I would add water to the sample, stir the mixture, and filter out the solid from the
heterogeneous mixture. The calcium carbonate is insoluble in water and would be the solid
(residue) from the filtration of the heterogeneous mixture. Calcium chloride is very soluble
and would dissolve in the water.
7.15 Ground-up limestone (CaCO3) is a better choice as a gentle abrasive in some powdered
cleansers than ground-up soda ash (Na2CO3) because CaCO3 is not soluble in water, while
Na2CO3 is soluble in water. That means that the CaCO3 can act like an abrasive in a paste,
while the Na2CO3 cannot.
7.16 a. H
7.17 a. H S
soluble in water
H
b. HCl soluble in water
c. O O
soluble in water
H H
d. N≡N soluble in benzene
Solutions and Colloids 145
7.18
This molecule is mostly nonpolar and grease is nonpolar. Like
dissolves like; therefore, Freon-114 will dissolve grease.
7.19 A solid would dissolve faster (1) at a higher temperature; (2) if the solid were crushed into
smaller particles; or (3) if the solution were stirred.
200 mL ( ) = 0.200 L 1L
1000 mL
500 mL ( ) = 0.500 L
1L
1000 mL
(
14.2 g
1 mole
142.05 g ) = 0.200 M
500 mL ( )
1L
1000 mL
10.0 mL ( ) = 0.0100 L
1L
solution. 1000 mL
(
6.50 g
1 mole
180 g ) = 0.241 M
150 mL ( )
1L
1000 mL
25.0 mL ( ) = 0.0250 L
1L
well. A 25.0-mL sample of the resulting 1000 mL
(density = mass of solution = 7.89 g ethyl alcohol + 11.1 g ethylene glycol = 18.99 g (without SF)
0.789 mass of solute 7.89 g
%(w / w) = 100 100 = 41.5%(w / w)
g/mL) is mass of solution 18.99 g
mixed or
with 10.0
mL of
10.0 mL ethyl alcohol ( 0.789 g
1 mL ) 100 = 41.5%(w / w)
ethylene
10.0 mL ethyl alcohol ( 0.789 g
1 mL ) + 10.0 mL ethylene glycol ( 1.11 g
1 mL )
glycol
(density
1.11
g/mL).
c. 1.0 quart of acetic acid is put into a 1.0 quart acetic acid
100 = 5%(v / v)
5-gallon container, and enough 4 quarts
water is added to fill the container. 5 gallons
1 gallon
7.36 1000 mL
( 5.0 L ) ( 0.50% ( v / v ) ) = ( 5.0 L ) ( 0.0050 ) = 0.025 L
= 25 mL
1L
Note: This number may seem small when compared with the volume of a shot of alcohol.
(Typically, 1 shot is 1.5 fl. oz. or 44 mL.) This question assumed that the drink was pure
ethanol and that it was completely absorbed into the bloodstream. These assumptions do not
take into account that most alcoholic beverages are not pure ethanol (many spirits are
Solutions and Colloids 153
approximately 40% alcohol by volume) and that the alcohol is distributed throughout the
body (not just the bloodstream).
7.37 1.8 mg 10 −3 g 1 mL
100 = 0.0023%(v / v)
100 mL 1 mg 0.79 g
7.40 65 g KBr
100 = 39%(w / w)
65 g KBr + 100 g H 2 O
7.41 65 g KBr
100 = 46%(w / v)
1 mL
( 65 g KBr + 100 g H2 O ) 1.18 g
I would mass 4.26 g Na2SO4 and add it to a 200 mL volumetric flask. I would add enough
water to dissolve the Na2SO4, then add water up to the mark on the volumetric flask, cap,
and shake to ensure the solution is homogeneous.
I would mass 3.38 g NaCl and add it to a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask. I would measure
147 mL of water and add enough of it to the Erlenmeyer flask to dissolve the salt, then I
would add the rest of the water and swirl the flask to ensure that the solution is
homogeneous.
b. 40.0 mL alcohol
250 mL solution = 100 mL alcohol
100 mL solution
I would pipette 100 mL of alcohol and add it to a 250 mL volumetric flask. I would add
water up to the mark on the volumetric flask, cap, and shake to ensure the solution is
homogeneous.
c. 10.0 g glycerol
100 mL solution = 10.0 g glycerol
100 mL solution
10.0 g glycerol 1 mL glycerol
100 mL solution
= 7.94 mL glycerol
100 mL solution 1.26 g glycerol
I would either weigh 10.0 g glycerol on a balance or pipette 7.94 mL glycerol into a 100
mL volumetric flask. I would add water up to the mark on the volumetric flask, cap, and
shake to ensure the solution is homogeneous.
b. 1 L 3.50 moles NH 3
200 mL
= 0.700 moles NH 3
1000 mL 1 L solution
b. ( 2.00 M )( 50 mL ) = ( 6.00 M ) ( Vc )
Vc = 16.7 mL
156 Chapter 7
I would add 30 mL of water to a 50 mL volumetric flask, then add 16.7 mL of 6.0 M H 2SO4
to the flask, let it cool, and dilute to the mark with water. (Always add acid to water, not
the reverse!)
Vc = 61.0 mL
I would add 61.0 mL of 20.5%(v/v) acetone to a 250 mL volumetric flask, then dilute to the
mark with water. I would be sure to shake well.
Cd = 0.258 M
b. 100 mL ( 25.0 mL )( 0.412 M ) = (100 mL )( C )
d
Cd = 0.103 M
c. 1.10 L
( 25.0 mL )( 0.412 M ) = (1.10 L ) ( 1000 mL
1L ) (C )
d
Cd = 0.00936 M
d. 350 mL ( 25.0 mL )( 0.412 M ) = ( 350 mL )( C )
d
Cd = 0.0294 M
Solutions and Colloids 157
7.50 a. 2.00 L (100 mL )( 0.225 M ) = ( 2.00 L ) ( 10001 LmL ) ( Cd )
Cd = 0.0113 M
b. 225 mL (100 mL )( 0.225 M ) = ( 225 mL ) ( Cd )
Cd = 0.100 M
c. 600 mL (100 mL )( 0.225 M ) = ( 600 mL ) ( Cd )
Cd = 0.0375 M
d. 850 mL (100 mL )( 0.225 M ) = ( 850 mL ) ( Cd )
Cd = 0.0265 M
7.52 Na2CO3 (s) + 2 HCl (aq) → 2 NaCl (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
1 L 1.25 moles HCl 1 mole Na 2 CO 3 106 g Na 2 CO 3
250 mL HCl
1000 mL 1 L HCl 2 moles HCl 1 moles Na 2 CO 3
= 16.6 g Na 2 CO 3
7.53 NaHCO3 (s) + HCl (aq) → NaCl (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
1 mole NaHCO 3 1 mole HCl 1 L HCl 1000 mL HCl
10.5 g NaHCO 3
1 mole NaHCO
0.250 moles HCl
1 L HCl
84.0 g NaHCO 3 3
= 500 mL HCl
7.60 CaCO3 (s) + 2 HCl (aq) → CO2 (g) + CaCl2 (aq) + H2O (l)
1 L 0.10 moles HCl 1 mole CaCO 3 100 g CaCO 3
250 mL HCl
2 moles HCl
1 mole CaCO
1000 mL 1 L HCl 3
= 1.25 g CaCO 3 1.3 g CaCO 3
7.63 The boiling point of an aqueous solution is higher than that of pure water. The freezing point
of an aqueous solution is lower than that of pure water. Thus, the ethylene glycol-water
solution prevents radiator freezing and radiator boiling, because the freezing point is lower
than pure water and its boiling point is higher than pure water.
7.64 a. KCl, a strong electrolyte BPsolution = BPsolvent + tb tb = nKb M
= 100.00C + ( 2 ) ( 0.52 MC ) (1.50 M) = 101.6C
FPsolution = FPsolvent − t f t f = nK f M
= 0.00C − ( 2 ) (1.86 MC ) (1.50 M) = − 5.58C
Solutions and Colloids 159
b. glycerol, a nonelectrolyte BPsolution = BPsolvent + tb tb = nKb M
= 100.00C + ( 1) ( 0.52 MC ) (1.50 M) = 100.78C
FPsolution = FPsolvent − t f t f = nK f M
= 0.00C − ( 1) (1.86 C
M ) (1.50 M) = − 2.79C
760 mmHg
(
= ( 0.200 ) 0.0821 mol
Latm
K )( )
( 25.0 + 273 ) K 1 atm = 3.72 10 3 mmHg
760 mmHg
= 1 ( 0.300 M ) ( 0.0821 mol K ) ( ( 25.0 + 273 ) K ) = 5.58 10 mmHg
Latm 3
1 atm
7.74 (
95.0g
1 mole
60.06 g ) = 3.1635 M
500 mL ( )
1L
1000 mL
760 torr
= 1 ( 3.1635 M ) ( 0.0821 mol K ) ( ( 25.0 + 273 ) K )
1 atm = 5.88 10 torr
Latm 4
760 mmHg
= 1 ( 3.1635 M ) ( 0.0821 mol K ) ( ( 25.0 + 273 ) K ) = 5.88 10 mmHg
Latm 4
1 atm
760 mmHg
(
= 3 ( 1.00 M ) 0.0821 mol
Latm
K )( )
( 25.0 + 273 ) K 1 atm = 5.58 10 4 mmHg
760 torr
= ( 0.188172 )( 0.0821 mol K ) ( ( 25.0 + 273 ) K ) = 3.5 10 torr
L atm 3
moles
L
1 atm
760 mmHg
= ( 0.188172 )( 0.0821 mol K ) ( ( 25.0 + 273 ) K ) = 3.5 10 mmHg
moles L atm 3
L
1 atm
760 torr
= 3 ( 0.122 )( 0.0821 mol K ) ( ( 25.0 + 273 ) K ) = 6.81 10 torr
moles L atm 3
L 1 atm
760 mmHg
= 3 ( 0.122 )( 0.0821 mol K ) ( ( 25.0 + 273 ) K ) = 6.81 10 mmHg
moles L atm 3
L 1 atm
760 torr
= ( 0.534714 )( 0.0821 mol K ) ( ( 25.0 + 273 ) K ) = 9.94 10 torr
osmol Latm 3
L 1 atm
760 mmHg
= ( 0.534714 )( 0.0821 mol K ) ( ( 25.0 + 273 ) K ) = 9.94 10 mmHg
osmol Latm 3
L 1 atm
7.79
(
245.0 g C 2 H6 O 2 1 mole C2 H6 O2
62.1 g C 2 H6 O 2 )
= 3.945 M
1L
= nMRT = 1 ( 3.945 M ) ( 0.0821 mol K ) ( ( 25.0 + 273 ) K ) = 96.5 atm
Latm
760 torr
= 1 ( 3.945 M ) ( 0.0821 mol K ) ( ( 25.0 + 273 ) K )
1 atm = 7.34 10 torr
Latm 4
760 mmHg
= 1 ( 3.945 M ) ( 0.0821 mol K ) ( ( 25.0 + 273 ) K ) = 7.34 10 mmHg
Latm 4
1 atm
7.80 The water will flow from the 5.00% sugar solution into the 10.0% sugar solution because the
5.00% sugar solution contains more solvent (water) than the 10.0% sugar solution does. The
10.0% sugar solution will become diluted as osmosis takes place. Allowed enough time, the
two solutions will eventually have the same concentration.
7.84 a. The hydrated sodium and chloride ions will pass through the dialyzing membrane, but
the starch (colloid) will not.
b. The urea will pass through the dialyzing membrane because it is a small organic
molecule, but the starch (colloid) will not.
c. The hydrated potassium and chloride ions as well as the glucose molecules will pass
through the dialyzing membrane, but the albumin (colloid) will not.
ADDITIONAL EXERCISES
7.85 When 5.0 mL of water is mixed with 5.0 mL of rubbing alcohol, the total volume is 9.7 mL, not
10.0 mL, because volumes are not additive. In this case, a viable explanation is that there is a
large attraction between the molecules, causing them to be pulled closer together, which
reduces the total volume. The spaces between the particles in the final solution are smaller
than in the individual liquids before mixing takes place.
7.87 If ethylene glycol is added until the concentration is 70% (v/v), the freezing point will increase
since ethylene glycol is now the solvent and the solution is now approximately a 30% (v/v)
water in ethylene glycol solution. The minimum freezing point for an ethylene glycol-water
solution occurs at the 50% (v/v) concentration. All other concentration ratios will have a
higher freezing point.
7.89 Ethyl alcohol has a higher vapor pressure than water. When a 50% (v/v) solution of water
and ethyl alcohol is brought to a boil and the first vapors given off are collected and
Solutions and Colloids 165
condensed to a liquid, the percentage of alcohol in the condensed liquid will be greater than
the percentage of alcohol in the original 50% solution because the alcohol has a higher vapor
pressure; therefore, more of the alcohol would vaporize at the boiling point. One would
expect a higher percentage of alcohol to be in the vapor and subsequent condensed liquid.
7.91 A cell is in a solution in which the concentration of solutes is higher inside the cell than
outside the cell. The cell will likely (a) swell up and possibly burst.
7.93 Given a sample of C6H12O6 (aq), (d) glucose is the solute and water is the solvent.
7.96 A solution that contains all the solute it can normally dissolve at a given temperature must be
(c) saturated.
7.97 Oil and water are immiscible (do not mix) because (b) oil is nonpolar and water is polar.
7.98 Cells that contain more dissolved salts and sugars than the surrounding solution are called (b)
hypertonic.
7.99 To make a 250 mL of a 0.200 M NaOH solution, (c) 2.00g of NaOH would be needed.
1 L 0.200 moles NaOH 40.00 g NaOH
250 mL
1 mole NaOH = 2.00 g NaOH
1000 mL 1L
7.100 Ice can be melted most effectively by (b) calcium chloride if 1 mole is used.
7.101 To make 30 mL of a 1.2 M solution, (b) 2 mL of 12 M sulfuric acid should be put into a
graduated cylinder.
1 L 1.2 moles 1 L 1000 mL
20 mL
= 2.0 mL
1000 mL 1L 12 moles 1 L
7.102 (b) 25 g of sugar are needed to make 500 mL of a 5% (weight/volume) solution of sugar.
5 g sugar
500 mL = 25 g sugar
100 mL solution
7.103 As water is evaporated from a solution, the concentration of the solute in the solution will (a)
increase.
7.104 In a dilute solution of sodium chloride in water, the sodium chloride is the (b) solute.
166 Chapter 7
7.105 If a salt solution has a molarity of 1.5 M, then (c) 3.0 moles of salt are present in 2.0 L of the
solution.
1.5 moles
2.0 L = 3.0 moles
1L
7.106 If 58.5 g of NaCl (1 mole of NaCl) are dissolved in enough water to make 0.500 L of solution,
the molarity of this solution is (a) 2.0 M.
1 mole
= 2.0 M
0.500 L
7.107 To prepare 100 mL of a 0.20 M NaCl solution from a stock solution of 1.00 M NaCl, one
should mix (a) 20 mL of stock solution with 80 mL of water.
1 L 0.2 moles 1L 1000 mL
100 mL
1000 mL
1 L
1 L = 20 mL
1.00 moles
7.108 If a 2.0 M solution is diluted to 0.5 M, and the final volume is 100 mL, the original volume was
(d) 25 mL.
Cc Vc = Cd Vd
( 2.0 M ) Vc = ( 0.5 M )(100 mL )
Vc = 25 mL
7.109 The number of moles of NaCl in 250 mL of a 0.300 M solution of NaCl is (a) 0.0750.
1 L 0.300 moles
250 mL
= 0.0750 moles
1000 mL 1L
7.110 The molarity of a solution made by dissolving 29.2 g of NaCl in water is (a) 0.5 M.
29.2 g NaCl ( 1 mole NaCl
58.4 g NaCl ) = 0.5 M NaCl
1 L solution
7.111 If a red blood cell is placed in sea water, it will be in a (c) hypertonic solution.
7.112 When placed in distilled water, a human red blood cell (d) swells to a larger size.
7.113 The movement of substances from a lesser concentration to a higher concentration is called (c)
active transport.
7.114 The primary intermolecular interactions between a K cation and H 2O molecules are (c) ion-
dipole interactions.
7.117 The terms saturated and supersaturated cannot be used to describe solutions made of liquids
that are soluble in all proportions because the solubility does not have a limit that can be
reached or exceeded.
7.118 Fish sometimes die when the temperature of the water in which they live increases because
the solubility of salts increases and the solubility of gases (like oxygen) decrease with an
increase in temperature. If the concentration of the salts in the water becomes too high or the
concentration of gases becomes too low, the fish are unable to survive.
7.119 As water evaporates from the salt water, the solution becomes saturated. Continuing
evaporation causes salt to crystallize out of the solution, which coats the object with salt
crystals.
7.120 Sugar dissolves faster in hot tea than in iced tea. The solubility of sugar is higher in hot tea
than in iced tea (see Figure 7.3).
7.121 Initially, the two liquids are at the same level. The vapor pressure of the water is higher than
that of the solution. There will be a net evaporation of water from the pure water sample and
a net condensation of water into the solution. The level of the pure water will lower and the
level of the solution will rise. This net evaporation-condensation will continue until both
solutions are the same concentrations, which means that all of the water will evaporate from
the pure water.
Were this experiment repeated with a 0.20 M copper sulfate solution and a 2.0 M copper
sulfate solution, then initially, the two solutions are at the same level. The vapor pressure of
the dilute solution is higher than that of the concentrated solution. There will be a net
evaporation of water from the dilute solution and a net condensation of water into the more
concentrated solution. The level of the dilute solution will lower and the level of the
concentrated solution will rise. This net evaporation-condensation will continue until both
solutions are the same concentrations.
7.122 Strips of fresh meat can be dried by coating them with table salt and then exposing them to air
because the salt will draw out the water from the meat (the concentration of salt on the
surface of the meat is greater than the concentration of salt inside the meat; therefore, the
water will flow by osmosis out of the meat into the salt layer) and then the water will
evaporate from the salt layer (assuming the meat is being dried in an environment that is not
168 Chapter 7
too humid or a closed container in which equilibrium between the liquid and vapor phases
will be established), leaving the meat dry.
EXAM QUESTIONS
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. A solution is made by dissolving a small amount of salt in a beaker of water. The water is referred to
as the:
a. precipitate. b. filtrate. c. solvent. d. solute.
Answer: C
3. Suppose a solution contains 200 grams of water and 15 grams of sugar. Which of the following
statements is true?
a. Sugar would be classified as the solvent.
b. Water would be classified as the solvent.
c. Either component could be classified as the solvent.
d. More than one response is correct.
Answer: B
5. A salt sample is placed into some water and nearly all of it dissolves without heating. The resulting
solution is:
a. saturated. c. unsaturated.
b. supersaturated. d. can't tell from the data given
Answer: A
6. A solution is produced in which water is the solvent and there are four solutes. Which of the solutes
can dissolve better if the solution is heated?
a. oxygen c. argon
b. sodium bicarbonate d. more than one correct response is given
Answer: B
7. A 100 mL sample of a saturated CaSO4 solution is evaporated to dryness. The water solvent all
evaporates and leaves behind a solid residue of CaSO4 that weighs 0.23 g. The CaSO4 would be
classified as:
a. insoluble in water. c. soluble in water.
b. slightly soluble in water. d. very soluble in water.
Answer: B
Solutions and Colloids 169
8. You want to remove as much CO2 gas as possible from a water solution. Which of the following
treatments would be most effective?
a. cool the solution c. boil the solution
b. filter the solution d. aerate the solution
Answer: C
10. Iodine, I2, is very slightly soluble in water, a polar solvent, but quite soluble in toluene, a nonpolar
solvent. What can be inferred about the nature of the I 2 molecule?
a. It is ionic. c. It is nonpolar.
b. It is polar. d. Nothing can be inferred
Answer: C
12. When solid NaOH is dissolved in water, the solution becomes hot. The solution process is:
a. exothermic. c. neither exothermic nor endothermic.
b. endothermic. d. can't be classified
Answer: A
13. As NH4NO3 dissolves in water, the resulting solution becomes colder. Which of the following
expressions is most correct?
14. A solution is made by dissolving 5.85 grams of NaCl in enough distilled water to give a final volume
of 1.00 L. What is the molarity of the solution?
a. 0.100 b. 1.00 c. 0.0250 d. 0.400
Answer: A
15. How many moles of Na2CO3 would be needed to react with 750 mL of 0.250 M H2SO4 solution?
Na2CO3 + H2SO4→Na2SO4 + CO2 + H2O
a. 3.00 103 b. 0.333 c. 1.33 d. 0.188
Answer: D
16. What is the molarity of a solution containing 0.325 moles of solute in 250 mL of solution?
a. 1.30 10-3 b. 1.30 c. 0.769 d. 8.13 10-2
Answer: B
170 Chapter 7
17. A solution is made by combining 4.00 g of sugar and 100 mL of water (density = 1.00 g/mL). What is
the concentration in % (w/w)?
a. 26.0 b. 4.00 c. 0.0400 d. 3.85
Answer: D
18. What volume of a 10.00% (w/v) solution of sugar is needed to provide 2.00 g of sugar?
a. 0.200 liter b. 1.00 mL c. 20.0 mL d. 5.00 mL
Answer: C
19. A solution is made by dissolving 15.0 mL of oil in enough gasoline to give 50.0 mL of solution. What
is the % (v/v) of oil in the solution?
a. 30.0 b. 23.1 c. 42.9 d. 3.33
Answer: A
20. How many grams of solid KCl are needed to prepare 250 mL of 0.235 M solution?
a. 9.32 b. 31.3 c. 15.6 d. 4.38
Answer: D
21. How many mL of 6.00 M HCl are needed to prepare 1500 mL of 0.200 M HCl solution?
a. 1.80 104 b. 125 c. 2.00 10-3 d. 50.0
Answer: D
23. A solution is prepared by adding 25.0 mL of 1.30 M AlCl 3 solution to a flask, and then adding enough
water to give a final volume of 200.0 mL. What is the molarity of the solution?
a. 0.260 b. 0.163 c. 6.50 d. 1.24
Answer: B
24. An isotonic salt solution is 0.90% (w/w) NaCl in water. How many grams of NaCl are contained in
1.00 kg of such a solution?
a. 0.090 b. 0.90 c. 9.0 d. 90
Answer: C
25. What volume of ethyl alcohol is contained in 35 mL (1 oz.) of 86 proof liquor, which is 43% (v/v)
alcohol?
a. 30 mL b. 43 mL c. 15 mL d. 37 mL
Answer: C
28. If two solutions with concentrations of 2% sugar and 4% sugar, respectively, are separated by a
semipermeable membrane. During osmosis, there is a net flow of:
a. sugar molecules from the 4% to the 2% solution.
b. sugar molecules from the 2% to the 4% solution.
c. water molecules from the 4% to the 2% solution.
d. water molecules from the 2% to the 4% solution.
Answer: D
30. A solution is prepared by dissolving 4.66 g of KCl in enough distilled water to give 250 mL of
solution. KCl is a strong electrolyte. How will the freezing point of the solution be different from that
of pure water? Note: Kf for water is 1.86˚C/M.
a. The solution will be 0.930˚C lower than water.
b. The solution will be 0.475˚C lower than pure water.
c. The solution will be 0.930˚C higher than pure water.
d. The solution will be 0.475˚C higher than pure water.
Answer: A
31. What is the osmotic pressure of a 0.050 M solution of AlCl3 in water that is at 0.00˚C? Consider AlCl3
to be a strong electrolyte.
a. 8.5 102 torr b. 1.1 atm c. 2.2 atm d. 3.4 103 torr
Answer: D
32. Which of the following pairs correctly represent similar functions for a solution component and a
colloid component?
a. solvent/dispersed phase c. solvent/dispersion medium
b. solute/dispersion medium d. more than one response is correct
Answer: C
35. Which of the following pass through both osmotic and dialysis membranes?
a. solvent molecules
b. large molecules
c. small molecules that are larger than solvent molecules
d. more than one response is correct
Answer: A
37. Changes in boiling point, freezing point, and vapor pressure are:
a. the same for 2 M NaCl as they are for 2 M CaCl2.
b. the same for 50 mL of 2 M NaCl as they are for 250 mL of 1 M NaCl.
c. the same for 75 mL of 2 M NaCl as they are for 50 mL of 2 M NaOH.
d. the same at 1 atm as at 1.55 atm.
Answer: C
38. The spores from many molds produce an allergic reaction in many individuals. If mold spores in the
air were to be considered a colloid, which technique would remove the spores best from a functioning
air conditioner duct?
a. Place a filter made from woven fiberglass fibers in the duct.
b. Install an electrical device with both positive and negative poles.
c. Install an ultraviolet light producing device in the duct.
d. All of these responses work to the same extent.
Answer: B
40. You have a patient who is suffering from the “bends”, what gas is in excess in the blood?
a. nitrogen b. oxygen c. helium d. all of these
Answer: A
Solutions and Colloids 173
41. Express the following concentration of solution in terms of molarity: 3.00 L of solution contains 1.75
mol of solute.
a. 5.25 M c. 1.71 M
b. 0.583 M d. too little information to know
Answer: B
44. The ability to see the scattering of light when passed through a colloid is known as:
a. the dispersing effect. c. an emulsifying agent.
b. a scattering ratio. d. the Tyndall effect.
Answer: D
45. An ion in solution that is surrounded by water is a(n) ________ ion.
a. hydrated c. saturated
b. osmotic d. colloid
Answer: A
TRUE-FALSE
1. Polar substances tend to dissolve in non-polar solvents.
Answer: F
3. Attractive forces between solute and solvent molecules are an important factor in solution formation.
Answer: T
6. Rock candy (large table sugar crystals) can be produced by allowing a hot, saturated solution of sugar
in water to cool off.
Answer: T
7. The solubility of a substance can be measured in grams substance dissolved per liter of water. This is
the same as expressing solubility in moles per liter.
Answer: F
10. There is a 12 M aqueous HCl solution in the stock room, but a 6 M solution is required for an
experiment. Doubling the volume of a 12 M sample with water will produce a 6 M solution.
Answer: T
11. Light scattering is an effective way to distinguish between true solutions and colloidal dispersions.
Answer: T
15. Putting a celery stick in distilled water results in the uptake of water by the celery.
Answer: T
16. Solvents and hydrated ions can usually pass though dialyzing membranes
Answer: T
18. Dialysis and osmosis are used for the same purposes.
Answer: F