Exploring Geology 3rd Edition Reynolds Test Bank Download

Chapter 07 - Sedimentary Environments and Rocks
Exploring Geology 3rd Edition by

Reynolds Johnson Morin Carter ISBN
0073524123 9780073524122
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Chapter 07
Sedimentary Environments and Rocks
Multiple Choice Questions
7-1
1. What sedimentary environments dominate the area around Vancouver, British Columbia?
A. deposition of sediment carried by a braided river
B. large landslides that blocked a narrow ocean channel
C. large ocean waves that carry large boulders far inland
D. a scenic offshore reef that protects the coastline from large waves
Difficulty Level: Remember

Difficulty Level: Understand
Section: 7.0
Topic: Sedimentary Environments
2. What is the geologic setting of Vancouver, British Columbia?

A. it is surrounded by low-lying hills
B. it is along the Fraser River and its delta
C. it is on a large but scenic island in the ocean
D. it is on a large but scenic island in a lake
E. none of these

Section: 7.0
7-2
3. Sediments with a large amount of sand are most likely at:
A. mountains at A and glaciers at B

B. glaciers at B and braided river at C
C. braided river at C and delta at D
D. delta at D and lake at E
Difficulty Level: Analyze

Difficulty Level: Apply
Section: 7.1
4. Which of the following sites would have sand and silt deposited by slowing of the current?
A. mountains at A
B. glacial streams at B
C. braided river at C
D. delta at D
E. lake at E

Section: 7.1
7-3
5. Which of the following sites would have the slowest moving or least energetic current?
A. mountain streams at A
B. glacial streams at B
D. delta at D
E. lake at E

Section: 7.1
6. Large, angular clasts are most likely at:
A. mountains at A and glaciers at B

B. glaciers at B and braided river at C
C. braided river at C and delta at D
D. delta at D and lake at E

Section: 7.1
7-4
7. Which of the following sites would contain the finest grained sedimentary deposits?
A. mountains at A
B. glaciers at B
D. delta at D
E. lake at E

Section: 7.1
8. Which of the following environments would most likely have sediment formed by
evaporation of seawater?
A. beach at A
B. lagoon at B
C. coral reef at C
D. deep seafloor at D
E. tidal flat at E

Section: 7.2
7-5
9. Which of the following environments would most likely consist of sand and/or rounded
cobbles?
A. beach at A
B. lagoon at B
C. coral reef at C
E. tidal flat at E

Section: 7.2
7-6
10. Which of the following environments would most likely form limestone?
A. beach at A
B. lagoon at B
C. coral reef at C
E. tidal flat at E

Section: 7.2
11. Which of the following sites would most likely have turbidity currents?
A. beach at A
B. lagoon at B
C. coral reef at C
E. tidal flat at E

Section: 7.2
7-7
12. Fine-grained sediment would most likely be present at:
A. the beach at A and lagoon at B

B. the lagoon at B and coral reef at C
C. the coral reef at C and deep seafloor at D
D. the beach at A and coral reef at C
E. the lagoon at B and deep seafloor at D

Section: 7.2
13. What type of weathering is best expressed in this weathered limestone?
A. oxidation
B. dissolution
C. hydrolysis
D. biologic activity

Section: 7.3
7-8
14. Which of the following processes is NOT considered to be chemical weathering?

A. dissolution
B. thermal expansion
C. oxidation
D. hydrolysis
E. reaction with acids from decaying plants

Section: 7.3
15. Which of the following processes is NOT considered physical weathering?

A. near-surface fracturing
B. frost wedging
C. prying by plant roots
D. thermal expansion
E. oxidation

Section: 7.3
16. If you were designing a rock that would be easily weathered, which of the following
characteristics would it have?
A. closely spaced fractures
B. a soluble chemical composition
C. a limestone in a wet climate
D. a rock composed of abundant pieces
E. all of these

Section: 7.3
7-9
17. Which of the following processes produce sedimentary clasts?

A. fracturing of bedrock that results in angular pieces
B. breaking of round cobbles as they are transported
C. scouring and abrasion of bedrock along rivers
D. decomposition of granite into quartz grains and clay
E. all of these

Section: 7.3
18. If you were designing a rock that resisted weathering, which of the following
characteristics would it have?
A. closely spaced fractures
B. a soluble chemical composition
C. a quartz-rich rock
D. a rock composed of abundant loose pieces

Section: 7.3
7-10
19. Which of the following attributes does NOT apply to these sediments?
A. angular clasts
B. cobbles and boulders
C. well sorted
D. composed of gravel

Section: 7.4
20. What is the best explanation for the shape of these clasts?
A. they are composed of relatively soft, soluble materials

B. they accumulated on a steep slope
C. they have been moved by the wind and rounded by blowing sand in sand dunes
D. they have been transported a significant distance

Section: 7.4
7-11
21. Which of the following environments would likely have clasts smaller than sand?
A. a weak current
B. steep slopes
C. dunes formed by wind
D. all of these

Section: 7.4
22. Which of the following situations would result in angular clasts?

A. transport of the clasts over long distance
B. working of clasts by waves on a beach
C. steep slopes in a mountain
D. dunes formed by wind

Section: 7.4
23. What typically happens to the size, shape, and sorting of clasts as they are transported
from steep mountains toward more gentle settings?
A. the size of the clasts increases
B. the clasts become more rounded
C. the sediment becomes more poorly sorted
D. all of these

Section: 7.4
7-12
24. Which of the following characteristics are NOT used to classify and name clastic
sediments?
A. the size of the clasts
B. the amount of sorting of clasts
C. the shape of the clasts
D. the climate in which the clasts are produced
E. all of these are used

Section: 7.4
25. If a rock is poorly sorted, this means the rock contains:

A. mostly sand
B. a great variety of rock types as clasts
C. some angular and some rounded clasts
D. some parts that are reddish and others that are not
E. a wide range in the size of clasts

Section: 7.4
26. Which of the following environments would likely have large clasts?
A. a weak current
B. steep slopes
C. dunes formed by wind
D. all of these

Section: 7.4
7-13
27. What type of rock is shown in this photograph?
A. conglomerate
B. breccia
C. sandstone
D. siltstone or shale

Section: 7.5
A. conglomerate
B. breccia
C. sandstone

Section: 7.5
7-14
A. conglomerate
B. breccia
C. sandstone

Section: 7.5
A. conglomerate
B. breccia
C. sandstone

Section: 7.5
7-15
31. Which of the following is NOT involved in turning some sediment into sedimentary
rock?
A. burial
B. compaction
C. cementation
D. metamorphism
E. all of these are involved

Section: 7.5
32. Which of the following is NOT a common type of cement in sedimentary rocks?
A. calcite
B. pyroxene
C. silica
D. iron-oxide minerals

Section: 7.5
33. What is the main difference between conglomerate and breccia?

A. the size of the clasts
B. the shape of the clasts
C. the sorting of the clasts
D. the kind of cement
E. all of these

Section: 7.5
7-16
34. Which of the following rocks is composed of the smallest sedimentary clasts?
A. breccia
B. conglomerate
C. shale
D. sandstone
E. siltstone

Section: 7.5
35. Which of the following statements is NOT true about clastic sedimentary rocks?
A. Clasts in a conglomerate or breccia can be different rock types or can be all the same rock
type.
B. To be called a sandstone, quartz must make up more than 95 percent of the grains.
C. The amount of pore space decreases as a sand is compacted into sandstone.
D. Siltstone is coarser than shale.

Section: 7.5
7-17
36. What type of rock would you form in this environment, showing a dried up lake bed?
A. rock salt and other evaporite minerals

B. limestone
C. coal
D. chert
E. iron formation

Section: 7.6
37. How does gypsum form?

A. evaporation of water in a lake or sea
B. accumulation of microscopic organisms composed of calcium carbonate
C. precipitation from seawater early in Earth's history
D. accumulation of silica-rich organisms or mixing of seawater and groundwater

Section: 7.6
7-18
38. What type of rock would you form in this coral reef?

B. limestone
C. coal
D. chert
E. iron formation

Section: 7.6
39. What type of rock would you form in this plant-rich swamp?

B. limestone
C. coal
D. chert
E. iron formation

Section: 7.6
7-19
40. This photograph shows chalk. How is it formed?


Section: 7.6
41. How does chalk form?


Section: 7.6
7-20
42. This photograph shows chert. How does it form?


Section: 7.6
43. How does chert form?


Section: 7.6
7-21
44. This photograph shows an iron formation. How does it form?


Section: 7.6
45. How does iron formation form?


Section: 7.6
7-22
46. Which of the following does NOT correctly match a rock with a possible environment in
which that rock forms?
A. salt-evaporation of water
B. gypsum-evaporation of water
C. coal-deep-sea organic-rich black shale
D. chert-accumulation of tiny silica-rich creatures
E. chert-mixing of seawater and groundwater

Section: 7.6
47. What can you infer from this contact between an overlying conglomerate and underlying
sandstone?
A. The conglomerate was deposited by the wind.

B. There was a gradual switch from marine to nonmarine conditions.
C. There was a gradual switch from nonmarine to marine conditions.
D. There was an abrupt event, such as a flood.

Section: 7.7
7-23
48. The large cross beds in these rocks indicate that the sediment was deposited:
A. deep in the ocean

B. in a lake with a gently sloping bottom
C. by the wind or a water current
D. by a debris flow
E. all of these

Section: 7.7
49. Which way was the current (either wind or water) moving during deposition of this
section of rocks?
A. toward the left

B. toward the camera
C. toward the right
D. away from the camera
E. there is no way to tell

Section: 7.7
7-24
50. How does a cross bed form?

A. an abrupt change in the composition of the sediment
B. a gradual decrease in the strength of the current over time
C. piling of sediment down the front of a dune or ripple
D. a gradual change in the climate
E. two glaciers that cross

Section: 7.7
51. Which of the following is NOT a way to form layers in a sedimentary rock?
A. occurrence of a discrete event like a flood
B. a change in the strength of the current
C. a change in the supply of sediment
D. a change in climate of the region
E. all of these are ways to form layers

Section: 7.7
52. Which of the following does NOT help define layers in some sedimentary rocks?
A. a change in mineral composition
B. a change in grain size
C. a change in color
D. a sharp contact between two rock types
E. all of these are ways that can define layers in sedimentary rocks

Section: 7.7
7-25
53. Gradational boundaries between different sedimentary rock types can form from:
A. slowing of the current over time
B. a progressive change from one environment to another
C. a gradual rise or fall in sea level
D. all of these

Section: 7.7
54. How does a graded bed form?

A. an abrupt change in the composition of the sediment
B. a gradual decrease in the strength of the current over time
C. piling of sediment down the front of a dune or ripple
D. a gradual change in the climate of the region
E. a gradual change in global climate

Section: 7.7
55. What do the characteristics of the rock in this photograph tell you about its environment?
A. deposited by the wind

B. transported a short distance
C. transported a long distance or worked by waves
D. deposited in a lake

Section: 7.8
7-26
56. What do the characteristics of the rock in this photograph tell you about its environment?
A. deposited by the wind

B. transported a short distance
C. transported a long distance or worked by waves
D. deposited in a lake

Section: 7.8
57. Which environment is most likely to deposit a breccia?

A. sand dunes
B. braided river
C. meandering river
D. debris flow
E. none of these are likely to deposit a breccia

Section: 7.8
7-27
58. Which environment is least likely to deposit a breccia?

A. debris flow
B. landslide
C. steep mountain front
D. meandering river
E. glacier

Section: 7.8
59. Which of the following is most likely to deposit a conglomerate?

A. landslide
B. braided river
C. steep mountain front
D. sand dunes
E. lagoon

Section: 7.8
7-28
60. This sandstone consists of well-sorted sand grains, was deposited on land, and locally
contains large cross beds. What is the most likely environment in which it formed?
A. sand dunes
B. river
C. beach next to a sea
D. deep-water turbidity currents

Section: 7.9
61. This sandstone includes small rounded pebbles and was deposited far from the ocean.
What is the most likely environment in which it formed?
A. sand dunes
B. river

Section: 7.9
7-29
62. This sandstone includes shells of marine creatures that live in shallow water. What is the
most likely environment in which it formed?
A. sand dunes
B. river

Section: 7.9
63. These sandstone beds are interlayered with dark marine shales. What is the most likely
environment in which the sandstone formed?
A. sand dunes
B. river

Section: 7.9
7-30
64. Which environment is least likely to deposit sand?

A. sand dunes along a beach or in a desert
B. channel of a meandering river
C. beach along the ocean or lake
D. delta along an ocean or lake
E. open ocean away from land

Section: 7.9
65. Which environment is a setting that can deposit sand?

A. landslide
B. evaporating lake
C. deep ocean away from land
D. turbidity currents along a continental slope
E. all of these

Section: 7.9
66. Which of the following is NOT a way in which sandstones are commonly expressed in the
landscape?
A. as thick massive cliffs with little variation in grain size
B. as rocks with abundant layers defined by variations in color, grain size, or composition
C. as outcrops that can contain cross beds
D. as outcrops that show evidence of being dissolved during weathering

Section: 7.9
7-31
67. Which of the following is a characteristic of fine-grained clastic rocks?

A. most clasts are visible with the unaided eye
B. the rocks are poorly sorted
C. the cobbles directly rest on one another without much matrix
D. the rocks tend to be easily eroded

Section: 7.10
68. Which environment is least likely to deposit siltstone or shale?

A. calm waters in a lagoon
B. shallow continental seas
C. bottoms of lakes
D. channel of a braided river
E. open ocean away from land

Section: 7.10
69. Which of the following is a typical way in which siltstone and shale are expressed in the
landscape?
A. soft slopes covered by small, loose chips
B. slopes covered by loose debris from overlying rocks
C. valleys and other low areas carved into the landscape
D. badlands
E. all of these

Section: 7.10
7-32
70. Which of the following is a common characteristic of carbonate rocks?

A. they commonly have a dissolved appearance
B. they are commonly black and shiny
C. they are commonly reddish
D. they do not form cliffs
E. all of these

Section: 7.11
71. Which of the following is NOT a type of carbonate rock?

A. limestone
B. travertine
C. dolostone
D. shale
E. a rock formed from a coral reef

Section: 7.11
72. Which of the following are NOT common in landscapes formed by carbonate rocks?
A. sinkholes
B. fractures widened by dissolution
C. well-defined layers (beds)
D. outcrops with pits or holes
E. all of these are common in carbonate landscapes

Section: 7.11
7-33
73. Which of the following environments is NOT a setting in which limestone forms?
A. coral reefs
B. deposition of calcite near springs
C. some lakes
D. accumulation of the remains of microscopic organisms
E. all of these are environments in which limestone forms

Section: 7.11
74. In this section, a lower limestone is successively overlain by lagoon mudstone and a beach
sandstone. What is the best interpretation of what was going on?
A. the areas was experiencing a transgression

B. sea level was stable but the temperatures were getting colder
C. sea level was stable but the temperatures were getting warmer
D. none of these

Section: 7.12
7-34
75. Which of the following is characteristic of a transgression?

A. the seas move out, uncovering more land
B. sand dunes and river sediments can be deposited over marine deposits
C. marine sedimentary facies move toward the land
D. all of these

Section: 7.12
76. Which of the following is characteristic of a regression?

A. the seas move in, covering more land
B. sand dunes and river sediments can be deposited over marine deposits
C. marine sedimentary facies move toward the land
D. erosion surfaces on land can be covered by beach sand
E. all of these

Section: 7.12
7-35
77. In this section, a lower gray rock is successively overlain by beach sandstone, lagoon
mudstone, and limestone. What is the best interpretation of what was going on?
A. the area was experiencing a transgression

B. sea level was stable but the temperatures were getting colder
C. sea level was stable but the temperatures were getting warmer
D. none of these

Section: 7.12
78. Which of the following is a good interpretation of the environmental significance of an

attribute of a sedimentary rock?
A. Fossils indicate that sediment was deposited on land.
B. Large cross beds in well-sorted sandstone usually indicate deposition by wind.
C. Mudcracks are formed in deep-water environments where sand and mud can be deposited
in thin layers.
D. Large, angular, poorly sorted clasts reflect a large amount of transport.
E. None of these.

Section: 7.13
7-36
79. Which of the following is a good interpretation of the environmental significance of an

attribute of a sedimentary rock?
A. Red rocks typically form in deep oceans.
B. Thick bedding implies rapidly changing conditions.
C. Fossils indicate that sediment was deposited in water.
D. Graded beds indicate that the strength of the current decreased through time.
E. None of these.

Section: 7.13
80. Imbricated clasts in this river means that:
A. the wind was blowing from left to right

B. the rocks have been shuffled by ground shaking during an earthquake
C. the rocks have slid downhill to the right
D. the current flowed from right to left

Section: 7.13
7-37
81. Which of the following interpretations is consistent with the character and sequence of
rocks in this figure?
A. the lower part of the section is consistent with deposition of marine layers over sand dunes
B. the middle of the section indicates the formation of large rivers, possibly with some lakes
C. the upper part of the section indicates sudden lowering of the land relative to sea level
D. all of these

Section: 7.13
7-38
82. Which of the rock layers in this figure was most likely deposited by sand dunes on land?
A. the reddish breccia

B. the upper tan sandstone
C. the lower tan sandstone
D. the lowest red sandstone
E. none of these

Section: 7.13
7-39
83. Which of the rock layers in this figure was most likely deposited in a shoreline
environment?
A. the reddish breccia

B. both of the tan sandstones
C. the limestone in the middle of the gray shale
D. the lowest reddish sandstone
E. all of these

Section: 7.13
7-40
84. What type of product is being produced from material in these quarries?
A. petroleum
B. salt
C. coal
D. cement

Section: 7.14
85. Which of the following is the most used sedimentary resource?

A. cement
B. salt
C. sand and gravel
D. coal
E. petroleum

Section: 7.14
7-41
86. Which of the following resources do sedimentary deposits or rocks NOT commonly host?
A. groundwater
B. petroleum
C. platinum
D. coal
E. salt

Section: 7.14
87. Which of the following can we understand by studying sedimentary rocks?

A. how environments shifted in location through time
B. past changes in climate
C. past events, such as landslides and earthquakes
D. migration of deserts and advances of the sea
E. all of these

Section: 7.14
88. Which of the following is a correct statement about resources in sedimentary rocks?
A. Groundwater mostly resides in the pore spaces between grains and in fractures.
B. Oil and natural gas migrate down until they are trapped at depth.
C. Coal forms from the burial of deep-water organic shale.
D. The most important component of cement comes from siltstone.
E. Uranium does not commonly occur in sandstone.

Section: 7.14
7-42
89. Which of the following units was most likely deposited at least partly in sand dunes?
A. unit 5
B. unit 4
C. unit 3
D. unit 2
E. unit 1

Section: 7.15
7-43
90. Which of the following units was most likely deposited along an ancient mountain front?
A. unit 5
B. unit 4
C. unit 3
D. unit 2
E. unit 1

Difficulty Level: Create
Difficulty Level: Evaluate
Section: 7.15
7-44
91. Which of the following times indicates a regression?
A. from unit 1 to unit 2

B. from unit 3 to unit 4
C. from unit 4 to unit 5
D. from unit 5 to unit 6
E. none of these

Section: 7.15
7-45
92. Which of the following units was most likely deposited in the deepest marine water?
A. unit 5
B. unit 4
C. unit 3
D. unit 2
E. unit 1

Section: 7.15
7-46
93. Which of the following times indicates a transgression?
A. from unit 2 to unit 3

B. from unit 3 to unit 4
C. from unit 4 to unit 5
D. from unit 5 to unit 6
E. both b and c

Section: 7.15
7-47
94. Observe the rocks and landscape in this photograph, which shows a sequence of layers.
From the list of observations below, select those observations that you think are valid. Refer
to the Chapter 7 Investigation in your textbook for descriptions of the rock units.
A. The rocks in this image display many layers.

B. The upper rocks form erosionally resistant cliffs and ledges.
C. The gray rocks in the middle form slopes and small, rounded ridges.
D. The slope-forming gray rocks just below the cliff do not contain much vegetation covering
the rocks.
E. all of these

Section: 7.16
7-48
95. Observe the rocks and landscape in this photograph, which shows a sequence of layers.
From the list of observations below, select the observation that you think is NOT valid. Refer
to the Chapter 7 Investigation in your textbook for descriptions of the rock units.
A. Near the bottom of the photograph is a ledge of tan and light-gray rocks.
B. The rocks in the cliff display layers of different thicknesses.
C. All of the rock layers weather and erode into nearly identical landscape features.
D. There are more trees or other types of vegetation in the upper part of the cliff than in the
very bottom of the photograph.

Section: 7.16
7-49
96. Using the stratigraphic section and photographs located in the textbook (Chapter 7
Investigation), determine the possible environments of deposition for the upper sandstone and
mudstone unit.
A. steep mountain front

B. river system
C. middle of a lake
D. sandy beach or delta
E. coral reef

Section: 7.16
7-50
Investigation), determine the environment of deposition for the dark gray shale (there is one
correct answer).

B. river system
C. sand dunes
D. plant-rich swamp
E. muddy part of ocean

Section: 7.16
7-51
Investigation), determine the possible environments of deposition for the yellowish-tan
sandstone.

B. beach and a river system
C. middle of a lake
D. plant-rich swamp
E. coral reef

Section: 7.16
7-52
Investigation), determine the possible environments of deposition for the lower basal
conglomerate.
A. river system
B. sand dunes
C. plant-rich swamp
D. coral reef
E. muddy part of ocean

Section: 7.16
7-53
100. From the answers provided, select the oldest environment represented by this rock
sequence.
A. the middle of a lake

B. steep mountain front
C. the deep ocean
D. a river system
E. a coral reef

Section: 7.16
7-54
101. Does the change of environment from the base of the section up to the thick gray shale
indicate an advance (transgression) or retreat (regression) of the sea?
A. transgression
B. regression

Section: 7.16
7-55
102. Does the change from the thick gray shale to the overlying sandstone indicate a
transgression or a regression?
A. transgression
B. regression

Section: 7.16
7-56
103. Which of the following statements best summarizes the history of the entire sequence?
A. a transgression, where the sea comes in

B. a regression, where the sea goes out
C. a transgression followed by a regression
D. a regression followed by a transgression

Section: 7.16
7-57

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Multiple Choice Questions

Difficulty Level: Remember

2. What is the geologic setting of Vancouver, British Columbia?

Difficulty Level: Remember

3. Sediments with a large amount of sand are most likely at:

A. mountains at A and glaciers at B

Difficulty Level: Analyze

Difficulty Level: Analyze

Difficulty Level: Analyze

6. Large, angular clasts are most likely at:

A. mountains at A and glaciers at B

Difficulty Level: Analyze

Difficulty Level: Analyze

Difficulty Level: Analyze

Difficulty Level: Analyze

Difficulty Level: Analyze

Difficulty Level: Analyze

12. Fine-grained sediment would most likely be present at:

A. the beach at A and lagoon at B

Difficulty Level: Analyze

13. What type of weathering is best expressed in this weathered limestone?

Difficulty Level: Analyze

14. Which of the following processes is NOT considered to be chemical weathering?

Difficulty Level: Remember

15. Which of the following processes is NOT considered physical weathering?

Difficulty Level: Remember

Difficulty Level: Analyze

17. Which of the following processes produce sedimentary clasts?

Difficulty Level: Remember

Difficulty Level: Analyze

Difficulty Level: Analyze

A. they are composed of relatively soft, soluble materials

Difficulty Level: Analyze

Difficulty Level: Remember

22. Which of the following situations would result in angular clasts?

Difficulty Level: Analyze

Difficulty Level: Remember

Difficulty Level: Remember

25. If a rock is poorly sorted, this means the rock contains:

Difficulty Level: Remember

Difficulty Level: Analyze

27. What type of rock is shown in this photograph?

Difficulty Level: Analyze

28. What type of rock is shown in this photograph?

Difficulty Level: Analyze

29. What type of rock is shown in this photograph?

Difficulty Level: Analyze

30. What type of rock is shown in this photograph?

Difficulty Level: Analyze

Difficulty Level: Remember

Difficulty Level: Remember

33. What is the main difference between conglomerate and breccia?

Difficulty Level: Remember

Difficulty Level: Remember

Difficulty Level: Remember

A. rock salt and other evaporite minerals

Difficulty Level: Analyze

37. How does gypsum form?

Difficulty Level: Remember

A. rock salt and other evaporite minerals

Difficulty Level: Analyze