Physics: FORCES AND MOTION

For average speed: ”v” v = s/t

For distance: “s” s= v * t
For time taken: “t“ t= s/v

Acceleration = change in velocity (final velocity, v –

initial velocity, u) / time
Torque = newton per meter (Nm)
Momentum = kilogram per second (kg m /s)
Speed and velocity = meter per second (m/s)
◼ acceleration: metre per second squared (m/s2).
◼ force: newton (N)
◼ gravitational field strength: newton per
kilogram (N/kg)
average speed, v = distance moved, / time taken, t
v = __s

Displacement is an example of a vector. Vector

quantities have magnitude (size) and a specific
direction. Velocity is also a vector. Velocity is speed
in a particular direction. If a car travels at 50 km/h
around a bend, its speed is constant but its velocity
will be changing for as long as the direction that
the car is travelling in is changing.
Average velocity = increase in displacement /time
taken
Velocity= the distance covered by an object in unit time.
Velocity can be defined as the displacement of the object in unit
time.
A vector is a quantity or phenomenon that has two independent
properties: magnitude and direction. 

Displacement= If an object moves relative to a reference frame—

for example, if a professor moves to the right relative to a
whiteboard, or a passenger moves toward the rear of an airplane
—then the object's position changes. This change in position is
known as displacement.
Gradient = v-u/t
(final speed)2, v2 = (initial speed)2, u2 + (2 × acceleration, a ×
distance moved, s)
v2 = u2 + 2as

Chemistry – solid liquid

The conversion of a solid into a gas is known as
sublimation and the reverse process is usually called
deposition.
The process of a gas changing into a solid is given
various names. Some people call it ‘de-sublimation’ or
‘deposition’ and others just use the word ‘sublimation’
again.
Lithium’s melting point is above room temperature and
so it is a solid at room temperature.
Diffusion is the spreading out of particles from where
they are at a high concentration (there are lots of them
in a certain volume) to where they are at a low
concentration (there are fewer of them in a certain
volume).
When a solid dissolves in a liquid:
◾◾ the substance that dissolves is called the solute
◾◾ the liquid it dissolves in is called the solvent
◾◾ the liquid formed is a solution.
solubility (g/100g) = mass of solute / mass of solvent
*100
mass of water (g) / 100 (g) × solubility (g per 100g) = maximum mass that dissolves (g