SCIENCE 9
molten lava
VOLCANISM-refers to any
phenomenon of eruption of molten
lava onto the surface
VOLCANO-a hill,mountain,or
fissure from which molten rocks,hot
gases and ash are ejected,
VENT-the central opening of a
volcano
FISSURES-some magma may come
out of long narrow cracks in the
crust
FUMAROLES-some of the
secondary vents
MAGMA-an important material in
a volcanic eruption.
VISCOSITY- the resistance of a
fluid flow.
GRANITIC MAGMA-highest silica
content and highest viscosity.
BASALITIC MAGMA- has the
least silica content and is the least
viscous
ANDESITIC MAGMA-
characteristic that are intermediate
between granitic and basaltic
magma
VOLCANOES ERUPT
DIFFERENTLY-erupt violently
and relatively quiet
TYPES OF VOLCANIC
ERUPTION
 PHREATIC-driven by steam
produced when groundwater
is heated due to an underlying
heat source
 VULCANIAN-result from the
release of large quantities of
accumulated magmatic gas
 STROMBOLIAN-are weak
to violent eruptions
characterized by lava
fountains and outburst of
 PELEAN-eruptions occur
when gas-rich, pasty lava
accumulates to form a dome
on the volcano edifice or
beneath its surface.
 PHREATOMAGMATIC-
result from an ejection of
magmatic gases and steam
produced by the conversion
of groundwater to steam by
ascending magma
 PLINIAN- characterized by
voluminous ejections of
pumice and by ash flow
VOLCANOLOGIST-the person wo
recognized volcanoes
COMPOSITE CONES- or
stratovolcanoes are produced when
viscous lava of andesitic
composition flows out over a long
time.
CINDER CONES- are built from
ejected lava fragments
SHIELD VOLCANOES-are formed
by less viscous basaltic lava flows
ACTIVE VOLCANOES- they have
erupted within the last 10 000 year
based on analyses of material from
volcanic deposit.
INACTIVE VOLCANOES- no
known record of eruption.
PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF
VOLCANOLOGY AND
SEISMOLOGY
- Monitors volcanic,geologic
ans seismic activities in the
Philippines
VOLCANIC MATERIALS AND
HAZARDS
 PYROCLASTIC FLOW-the
fast movement of a turbulent
mass of fragmental volcanic
materials
  LAVA FLOWS-is a
streamlike flow of indascent ,
molten rock materials
erupted from a volcanoeS
 ASHFALL-or tephra flow-
shower of fine- to a coarse-
grained volcanic materials
 LAHAR- a rapid-flowing
thick mixture of volcanic
material and water
 VOLCANIC GASES-refer to
the high-temperature mixture
of water vapor etc.
DEBRIS AVALANCHE OR
VOLCANIC LANDSLIDE- the
massive collapse of a huge portion
of volcano
TSUNAMIS- waves brought about
by the sudden displacement of
water during an earthquake
SECONDARY EXPLOSIONS-a
noneruptive event generated when
groundwater comes in contact with
still hot pyroclastic flow
CLIMATE
WEATHER-a change in the
condition of the atmosphere at
particular place over a short period
of time.
CLIMATE-long period of time
ELEMENTS OF WEATHER
 TEMPERATURE-
 PRECIPITATION
 PRESSURE
 HUMIDITY
SOLAR LATITUDE- length of
daytime an on the angle of the sun
above the horizon
PHILIPPINE ATMOSPHERIC
GEOPHYSICAL AND
ASTRONOMICAL SERVICES
ADMINISTRATION
-a government agency that handles
climatology and meteorlogy
WATER CYCLE-a never ending
ecyle
RAIN- the common type of
precipitation
HAIL-rain usually falls with small
pieces of ice
CORIOLS EFFFECT- named after
French scientist Gaspar Coriolis,
the result of earth’s rotation
FACTORS AFFECT CLIMATE
 LATITUDE- the distance
north or south of the equator,
affects the climate of a place
 ALTITUDE- the measure of
elevation above sea level.
 DISTANCE FROM THE
SEA
 OCEAN CURRENTS AND
CIRCULATION
-SURFACE CURRENT-
force exerted by the wind causes the
surface water to move
-UPWELLING-is the
vertical movement of water caused
by winds.
-DEEP OCEAN
CIRCULATION- caused by the
difference in water density and
gravity.
 GLOBAL WIND PATTERN-
Intertropical Convergence Zone
-zone where trade winds converge
approximately at the equator
 PREVAILING WINDS
-AMIHAN- November- April
-brings cool and dry weather
-HABAGAT- May-October
Brings hot and humid weather
 TOPOGRAPHY
CLIMATE IN THE PHILIPPINES
-PHILIPPINE HAS FOUR TYPES
OF CLIMATE
 CLIMATE I,II,III.IV
GLOBAL WARMING- both
natural and human-induced
increase in the average global
temperature
RISE IN SEA LEVEL
-THERMAL EXPANSIPON
-MELTING OF GLACIAL ICE
CLIMATE CHANGE-changes in
the normal weather and climatic
patterns are being observed
throughout the world.
EL NINO- refers to the irregular
warming of surface water in the
Pacific Ocean
LA NINA- cold counter part, brings
extreme weather
STARS AND CONSTELLATION
STARS- large incandescent balls of
plasma held together by gravity
MAGNITUDE-measure of a star’s
true brightness
FIRST MAGNITUDE STARS-
brightest stars
SIXTH MAGNITUDE STARS-
faintest or
Dimmest
SIRIUS- has an apparent
magnitude of 1.4
VENUS-has an apparent magnitude
of 4.3
SUN-has an apparent magnitude of
26.7
PHOTOELECTRIC
PHOTOMETRY- a technique to
measure the colors of the stars
accurately
PHOTOMETER- the device used
UBV- ultraviolet, blue, visible
spectrum
COLOR INDEX- tells how much
brighter or dimmer a star is in one
wavelength band than in another
ASTRONOMERS-the one who can
determine colors
HERTZSPRUNG-RUSSELL
DIAGRAM
-an important tool in the study of
stellar evolution
MAIN SEQUENCE STARS- band
running from the upper left corner
to the lower right corner
BLUE- hottest star
RED- are cooler stars
STELLAR MASS-most important
property of stars but also the most
difficult to measure
KEPLER’S THIRD LAW OF
PLANETARY MOTION- used to
determine the mass of a star
LIGHT YEAR- a unit of distance
equal to the distanced traveled by
light in a vacuum in one year.
PARSEC- as the distance to an
object with a parallax angle of one
arcsecond
CONSTELLATIONS-are group of
stars in the sky usually interpreted
as images of mythological
characters
ZODIAC CONSTELLATIONS-
sun appears to move against a
background of constellations
MILKY WAY- contains billions of
stars
LOCAL SKY-seen from wherever
you happen to stand
HORIZON- boundary that divides
what can be seen and what cannot
be seen
ZENITH-point directly overhead
CELESTIAL SHERE- system of
equatorial coordinates depict the
surface of the earth
ASTROLOGY- a system beliefs and
methods of calculation in attempt.b