Test Bank for Life Span Development Canadian 6th

Edition Santrock Rivers Pangman 1259369439

9781259369438

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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) What function does emotion serve in the relationship between a parent and a young infant?
A) an early form of communication
B) a replacement for attachment
C) regulation of survival instincts
D) the reduction of negative affectivity and increase of positive affectivity in the infant
Answer: A

2) Emotions that are present in humans and other animals and appear in humans within the first 6
months are known as .
A) existence mechanisms B) self-conscious emotions
C) primary emotions D) naturalistic emotional expressions
Answer: C

3) Jealousy and empathy are examples of .

A) naturalistic emotional expressions B) existence mechanisms
C) self-conscious emotions D) primary emotions
Answer: C

4) The research findings regarding the emergence of jealousy in infants indicate that .
A) infant reactions that seem to reflect jealousy can be easily confirmed
B) jealousy doesn't appear until 36 months of age
C) it isn't clear when jealousy emerges in infants
D) jealousy is surprisingly easy to measure
Answer: C

5) Jenny smiles at Oscar (8 months) and Oscar smiles at Jenny. Jenny laughs and then Oscar laughs.
This interaction is best described as .
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 A) self-serving B) reflexive C) reciprocal D) lateral
Answer: C

6) Reciprocal interactions are best compared to .

A) a classroom of kindergarten students B) two people dancing a waltz
C) a person juggling several balls D) two babies sleeping
Answer: B

7) The first forms of emotional communication are .

A) the Babinski and moro reflexes
B) only observed in Ainsworth's strange situation test
C) restrained in securely attached infants
D) cries and smiles
Answer: D

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 8) Which types of cries do babies have?
A) basic, anger, and pain B) disgust, anger, and shame
C) frustration, jealousy, and shame D) pain, fear, and shame
Answer: A

9) Two-month-old Jaime is crying loudly. At first there is a piercing shrill sound to start the cry,
followed by a long period during which Jaime holds his breath until the next crying sound comes
out. This type of cry indicates that Jaime is .
A) very tired B) very hungry C) very angry D) in pain
Answer: D

10) Todd puts his infant daughter in her crib for a nap, and a few minutes later she begins to cry.
According to John Watson, one of the founders of behaviourism, Todd should
A) go immediately to his daughter if it is a pain or basic cry, but not if it is an anger cry.
B) ignore her so that her crying will not be reinforced.
C) wait two minutes and then go to his daughter to soothe her crying.
D) go immediately to his daughter to soothe her crying.
Answer: B

11) Alan puts his infant daughter in her crib for a nap, and a few minutes later she begins to cry.
According to John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth, Alan should
A) wait two minutes and then go to his daughter to soothe her crying.
B) go immediately to his daughter if it is a pain or basic cry, but not if it is an anger cry.
C) go immediately to his daughter to soothe her crying.
D) ignore her so that her crying will not be reinforced.
Answer: C

12) Gavin is crying inconsolably. His mother reasons that she should not spoil her 5-month-old son by
soothing him. Developmental psychologists would respond by saying .
A) she's doing the right thing by letting him cry it out
B) she should determine Gavin's attachment style right away
C) she should consult with a psychologist to conduct the Ainsworth strange-situation test
D) she should soothe Gavin because he cannot be spoiled during the first year
Answer: D

13) Which types of smiles can be distinguished in infants?

A) gas smile and reflexive smile B) reflexive smile and social smile
C) reciprocal smile and reflexive smile D) social smile and ambivalent smile
Answer: B

14) Three-month-old Elizabeth looks up at her mother and smiles. Researchers call this type of smiling
A) reflexive smiling. B) trust smiling.
C) social smiling. D) attachment smiling.
Answer: C

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15) Sven is a two-month-old infant who is sleeping in his father's arms. While sleeping, the family
notices Sven smiling. What type of smile is this?
A) reflexive smile B) gas smile C) reciprocal smile D) social smile
Answer: A

16) Which of the following occurs FIRST in development?

A) social smiling B) trust smiling
C) reflexive smiling D) attachment smiling
Answer: C

17) Which type of smiling occurs as a response to an external stimulus?

A) reflexive smiling B) social smiling
C) neither reflexive nor social smiling D) both reflexive and social smiling
Answer: B

18) When does the expression of fear first tend to emerge in infants?
A) 10-11 months B) 1 to 2 weeks after birth
C) 2 to 3 weeks after breastfeeding ends D) about 6 months
Answer: D

19) At what age do children start showing fear when a new person enters their environment?
A) by 3 months of age B) at birth
C) by 6 months of age D) by 9 months of age
Answer: C

20) Peter is 8 months old and meeting his aunt for the first time. His aunt reaches out for him, but Peter
clings to his mother. He is most likely experiencing
A) stranger anxiety. B) separation anxiety.
C) an avoidant attachment. D) a difficult temperament.
Answer: A

21) Which infant is most likely to develop stranger anxiety?

A) Kelsey, who has just learned to crawl. B) Brent, who has just started school.
C) George, who has just learned to roll over. D) Kaylie, who has just learned to walk.
Answer: A

22) The most frequent expression of an infant's fear involves

A) being confronted by a dog.
B) being in a dark room.
C) a wariness of strangers.
D) being introduced to an aquatic environment.
Answer: C

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23) Fifteen-month-old Jane cries when her mother leaves her at daycare. This type of crying is called
.
A) anger protest B) pain crying
C) separation protest D) frustration crying
Answer: C

24) An infant's ability to inhibit or minimize the intensity of his/her emotions is called emotion

A) suppression. B) regulation. C) evocation. D) consideration.

Answer: B

25) Seth is a 14-month infant whose parents just brought him home from daycare. His mother needs to
cook supper, but Seth wants to be held in her arms. When his mother puts him down on the floor
next to her so she can cook, he cries loudly. Seth is .
A) demonstrating the effect of high blood sugar on behaviour
B) experiencing separation protest
C) experiencing difficulty with emotion regulation
D) getting "back" at his mother for making him angry
Answer: C

26) Toddlers can use to help them regulate their emotions.

A) toys B) escalation C) breast milk D) language
Answer: D

27) "Easy," "difficult," and "slow-to-warm-up" are different types of

A) trust. B) attachment. C) temperament. D) emotion.
Answer: C

28) A child who does not seem to feel strongly about anything would be classified as a(n)
A) easy child. B) difficult child.
C) slow-to-warm-up child. D) autistic child.
Answer: C

29) When Josh was dropped off at preschool on the very first day of class, he was upset. He cried for a
long time and would not play with the other children. From this observation, we might think that
Josh has a(n) temperament.
A) slow-to-warm-up B) easy
C) inflexible D) difficult
Answer: D

30) Children with low activity levels and somewhat negative attitudes are classified as
children.
A) easy B) inflexible
C) slow-to-warm-up D) difficult
Answer: C

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31) Angela and Jason are going to have a child. Statistically speaking, their child will most likely have
a(n) temperament.
A) extroverted B) easy
C) slow-to-warm-up D) difficult
Answer: B

32) Chess and Thomas (1977) found that the largest group of children they studied could be classified as
A) not fitting any pattern. B) difficult.
C) slow-to-warn-up. D) easy.
Answer: D

33) Kagan's (2007, 2010, 2012) notion of inhibition to the unfamiliar has been found to .
A) be unrelated to future behaviour
B) correlate positively with various measures of intelligence
C) be fairly stable from infancy to early childhood
D) emerge when children start school, at about 5 years
Answer: C

34) Which of the following are the three dimensions of temperament identified by Rothbart and Bates?
A) extraversion, introversion, and emotionality
B) extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control
C) easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up
D) emotionality, social ability, and activity level
Answer: B

35) Which of the following statements about temperament is TRUE?

A) Temperament is fairly flexible and changes several times throughout the life cycle.
B) Temperament is stable and does not change as we grow older.
C) Temperament is most malleable during infancy.
D) Temperament is most malleable during childhood.
Answer: D

36) The fact that the temperaments of children tend to differ across countries shows .
A) the role of culture in shaping temperament
B) how parenting influences children's intelligence
C) the role that socio-economic status plays in development
D) the importance of breastfeeding for the first 6 months to establish a secure attachment
Answer: A

37) Fred is an independent and curious child who is always playing. He mildly protests when his mother
leaves him at the nursery and is happy to see her when she returns. Fred most likely would be
classified as having a/an attachment.
A) insecure/disorganized B) secure.
C) insecure/avoidant. D) insecure/resistant
Answer: B

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38) A goodness of fit occurs when a child's temperament matches
A) the environmental demands. B) the parent's attachment styles.
C) the parent's temperament. D) the reciprocal interactions.
Answer: A

39) Children who are raised with goodness of fit, tend to have
A) easy temperaments.
B) different temperaments throughout their life.
C) secure attachments.
D) better adjustment.
Answer: D

40) Caution should be used when labeling a difficult child because the temperament of the child is very
dependent upon
A) biology. B) time of day.
C) surrounding stimuli. D) its fit with the environment.
Answer: D

41) An important protective factor in infant development is

A) marital functioning. B) fixed parenting styles.
C) division of parenting tasks. D) good mother and infant interactions.
Answer: D

42) Which of the following does not affect the development of a secure attachment within an infant?
A) consistent parental behaviours. B) parental emotional availability.
C) parents responding appropriately. D) parental chronological age.
Answer: D

43) Erik Erikson's concept of is similar to Mary Ainsworth's concept of .

A) secure attachment; trust B) love; trust
C) trust; secure attachment D) independence; trust
Answer: C

44) Which of the following actions would Erikson MOST likely recommend in the case of a crying
infant?
A) Arrange the environment to meet all the baby's needs so that he/she does not need to cry.
B) Do not soothe the baby, because he/she will be spoiled.
C) Pick up the baby and soothe him/her, so that a healthy sense of trust develops.
D) Soothe the baby about every other time, so that he/she does not become dependent upon
external comforters.
Answer: C

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45) Miranda developed a basic sense of mistrust during infancy. Her parents separated and bickered a
lot, and Miranda was often lost in the shuffle. According to Erik Erikson, Miranda
A) will maintain a basic sense of mistrust for the rest of her life.
B) will not trust her parents, but will trust most other people.
C) may learn to trust other important people later in her life, but they will need to demonstrate
their trustworthiness.
D) will likely develop a sense of trust with her mother but not with her father.
Answer: C

46) Which statement most accurately summarizes the long-term outcomes of positive or negative
resolution of Erikson's trust-versus-mistrust stage of development?
A) An individual's sense of trust or mistrust is unstable and changes markedly in response to
contextual factors at each stage of the life span.
B) Later experiences can modify the sense of trust or mistrust that develops during infancy.
C) A developed sense of mistrust is permanent.
D) Whether or not an infant develops a sense of trust or mistrust has little influence on later
personality development.
Answer: B

47) Researchers have had mothers put a dot of rouge on the noses of babies and place the babies in front
of mirrors to see their reaction. These researchers did that to study the concept of .
A) attachment B) temperament C) self D) trust
Answer: C

48) Nine-month-old Julio is placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge on his nose. Julio will
MOST likely
A) crawl away from the mirror because he does not recognize himself with the spot on his nose.
B) touch the spot on the mirror because he wonders why that other child has a spot on his nose.
C) touch the spot on the mirror because he wants to wipe the spot off his own nose.
D) touch his own nose to wipe off the spot.
Answer: B

49) Twenty-month-old Misha is placed in front of a mirror with a spot of rouge on his nose. Misha will
MOST likely .
A) walk away from the mirror because he does not recognize himself with the spot on his nose
B) touch the spot on the mirror because he wants to wipe the spot off his own nose
C) touch his own nose to wipe off the spot
D) touch the spot on the mirror because he wonders why that other child has a spot on his nose
Answer: C

50) Physical self-recognition may be a more important marker in

A) Asian cultures. B) Aboriginal cultures.
C) Western cultures. D) Islamic cultures.
Answer: C

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51) Which theorist suggested that children go through a period of separation from parents followed by a
period of individuation?
A) Margaret Mahler B) Erik Erikson C) Mary Ainsworth D) John Bowlby
Answer: A

52) Autonomy in Erikson's theory is analogous to in Margaret Mahler's theory of

independence and development of the self.
A) shame and doubt B) individuation C) trust D) separation
Answer: D

53) Deidre is a 2-year-old who is very defiant. When her parents ask her to do something, she says
"No!" and she is always taking things from her older brother. She acts like the queen of the
household. What should her parents do?
A) punish her so she does not develop a sense of shame for her bad behaviour
B) be patient; she will probably soon grow out of this behaviour
C) reward her autonomous behaviour
D) seek counselling because she is not showing proper attachment with them
Answer: B

54) Marcos is sixteen and eager to graduate high school and go on to university. He has a good idea
about his career choice and has well-defined values. Which of the following BEST accounts for
Marcos' sense of identity?
A) He has an easy temperament. B) He has a close attachment with his parents.
C) He developed autonomy during childhood. D) He developed trust as an infant.
Answer: C

55) The kind of play and social interactions that Julie and her 3-month-old son have is called .
A) individual detachment B) infantile exchange
C) synchronous attachment D) face-to-face play
Answer: D

56) Jonny's locomotion has implications for motivational development because once infants are able to
move towards achieving their goal, .
A) their success reinforces their efforts to explore and develop their skills
B) they learn to walk sooner than other same-aged children
C) their verbal skills are ignored
D) they solidify their attachment with their primary caregiver
Answer: A

57) Amanda (15 months) and her mother are enjoying a nice day at the park. A man walks up to them
and asks for directions to a nearby store. Amanda is likely to engage in to figure out how
to interpret this situation.
A) behavioural referencing B) behavioural confirmation
C) social referencing D) behavioural checking
Answer: C

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58) "Reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation is called
.
A) behavioural confirmation B) behavioural referencing
C) behavioural checking D) social referencing
Answer: D

59) Attachment refers to a(n) .

A) positive reaction to being held and played with people other than the primary caregiver
B) close emotional bond between two people
C) infant's tendency to use the mother as a secure base for exploring the world
D) close bond between an infant and a contact comfort object
Answer: B

60) The Harlow (1958 study concluded that contact comfort is more important for attachment than
feeding. What evidence was used to support this conclusion?
A) Baby monkeys cried when separated from their mothers, then stopped crying when reunited
with their mothers.
B) Baby monkeys spent more time with wire surrogate mothers, regardless of whether the cloth
mothers fed them or not.
C) Baby monkeys spent more time with surrogate mothers who fed them, regardless of whether
the mothers were wire or cloth.
D) Baby monkeys spent more time with cloth surrogate mothers, regardless of whether the cloth
mothers fed them or not.
Answer: D

61) In a classic study of attachment by Harlow, infant monkeys spent more time with the
mother regardless of which mother fed them.
A) cloth B) wire C) live D) metal
Answer: A

62) Both John Bowlby and Erik Erikson believe attachment

A) bonds are stronger with mothers than with fathers.
B) is less common in animals than in humans.
C) bonds are most important during the first year of life.
D) is biologically preprogrammed in humans.
Answer: C

63) Who created the Strange Situation to examine infant attachment?

A) Erikson B) Bowlby C) Ainsworth D) Sroufe
Answer: C

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64) The Strange Situation is an observational measure of infant attachment that requires the infant to
A) move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with his/her mother and a
stranger.
B) choose between his/her mother and his/her father in a strange situation.
C) crawl through a dark tunnel with his/her mother while a stranger waits on the other side.
D) experience loud noises in a room with only a stranger present.
Answer: A

65) When put on the floor to play, Baby Elaine cries as if she wants to be held. When her mother picks
her up, though, Baby Elaine pushes away with both arms and turns her head away. Ainsworth would
say that Baby Elaine is
A) insecure avoidant. B) disorganized.
C) securely attached. D) insecure resistant.
Answer: D

66) Beth, who is 6 months old, has a 17-year-old mother who is not sure about how to interact with her.
The mother often does not react sensitively to Beth's needs. Beth may end up showing signs of a(n)
infant.
A) secure B) insecure resistant
C) insecure avoidant D) disorganized
Answer: B

67) Infants who use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment are said to be
.
A) securely attached B) insecurely attached
C) avoidantly attached D) insecurely disorganized attached
Answer: A

68) Research about attachment classification reveals

A) Japanese babies are more likely to be classified as resistant than German babies.
B) that there are cultural variations.
C) American babies are more likely to be classified disorganized than German or Japanese babies.
D) American babies are more likely to be classified as avoidant than German babies.
Answer: B

69) Some researchers challenge findings of the Strange Situation because

A) the Strange Situation traumatizes children and is unethical.
B) the Strange Situation is a controlled, artificial situation.
C) information from the Strange Situation is biased by observers' impressions.
D) there is too little control of contextual factors in the Strange Situation.
Answer: B

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70) Research has shown that children who are securely attached tend to be .
A) more reluctant to explore
B) needing to be in proximity to the parent figure
C) less sociable, and happy only with the mother
D) more empathetic and emotionally mature
Answer: D

71) Caregivers of securely attached babies

A) often do not respond to their babies' signals.
B) tend to be inconsistently available to their babies.
C) have little physical contact with them.
D) are in synchrony when interacting with them.
Answer: D

72) A criticism of attachment theory is that

A) it indicates that children can become attached to parents who are insensitive or abusive.
B) other factors may be more important to an infant's adaptations to life.
C) it does not explain how attachment relates to other aspects of development.
D) there are different types of attachment, not just one type.
Answer: B

73) Which statement BEST summarizes criticisms of attachment theory?

A) Attachment theory underplays both biological and contextual variations in infant adaptations.
B) Attachment theory does not place enough emphasis on oral satisfaction.
C) Attachment theory places too little value on contextual factors in infant development.
D) Attachment theory places too little value on biological factors that promote infant adaptation.
Answer: A

74) Which of the following statements about reciprocal socialization is TRUE?

A) Reciprocal socialization is unidirectional.
B) Mutual eye contact plays only a minimal role in socialization.
C) Reciprocal behaviours of a mother and infant increase when they focus attention away from
each other.
D) Children socialize parents just as parents socialize children.
Answer: D

75) Socialization between parents and children is best described as

A) a linear process. B) unidirectional.
C) reciprocal. D) a one-way process.
Answer: C

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76) Juanita notes that some days with her baby are harder than others. "When I'm rested, he laughs and
plays, and then I feel even better. But when I'm tired, it seems that he is crankier than ever, then I get
even crankier, and it just gets worse and worse!" These differences are, in part, the result of
A) the parent socializing the infant. B) the infant socializing the parent.
C) reciprocal socialization. D) attachment.
Answer: C

77) The type of interactions between a father and his child while they play a game of peek-a-boo is
called .
A) social referencing B) bonding
C) triarchic exchange D) scaffolding
Answer: D

78) The research on fathers as caregivers indicates that fathers

A) are less able to be nurturing caregivers than mothers.
B) are biologically more suited for a nurturing caregiver role than are mothers.
C) interact with their babies in different ways than mothers do, regardless of which parent is the
primary caregiver.
D) who have traditional child-rearing beliefs interact more sensitively with their babies than
fathers with less traditional child-rearing beliefs.
Answer: C

79) In Canada, parental leave

A) is readily available and used frequently by fathers.
B) is supported by programs such as Employment Insurance.
C) is available to self-employed individuals.
D) is ignored by provincial/territorial governments.
Answer: B

80) Which of the following is TRUE in regard to the childcare system in Canada?
A) Most children are in settings that must meet some minimum standards.
B) The provinces/territories are not involved in regulating childcare settings.
C) Most children in non-parental care spend less than 15 hours per week in childcare.
D) There is no nationwide system.
Answer: D

81) Which of the following is MOST important in a daycare setting?

A) a small number of children
B) adults who know and care about child development
C) large numbers of sensory-stimulating toys
D) children who are all at approximately the same developmental level
Answer: B

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 82) Canadian researchers have proposed criteria for quality daycare including
A) an equal ratio of male and female staff.
B) high adult-child ratio and small group sizes.
C) possession of an Early Childhood Diploma by all staff.
D) staff compensation at 10% above minimum wage.
Answer: B

83) Children who attended low quality daycares tended to have than higher quality daycare
children.
A) lower incidence of mood disorders B) lower rates of ear infections
C) higher stress levels D) higher IQ scores
Answer: C

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

84) Define emotion and describe how it is expressed.

Answer: Emotion is a feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is in a state or an interaction that is
important to him or her, especially to his or her well-being. They are expressed either in a
positive or negative way. Positive emotions include joy and love, meanwhile negative
emotions include anxiety and anger.

85) Distinguish between primary emotions and self-conscious emotions.

Answer: Primary emotions are present in humans and other animals. They appear in the first 6 months
of human infant development and include surprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear, and
disgust. Self-conscious emotions require self-awareness that involves consciousness and a
sense of "me". These include jealousy, empathy, embarrassment, pride, shame, and guilt, most
of which first occur between 18-24 months.

86) List the three types of cries that have been identified in babies.
Answer: These are the basic cry, the anger cry, and the pain cry.

87) Contrast reflexive and social smile.

Answer: Reflexive smile: smile does not occur in response to external stimuli, occurs during the first m
birth, usually when infant is asleep.
Social smile: occurs in response to an external stimulus, such as a face, typically in early devel

88) What is stranger anxiety and when does it develop?

Answer: Stranger anxiety refers to the situation where an infant shows fear and wariness of strangers. It
tends to appear in the second half of the first year of life.

89) Sixteen-month old Talia is staying with a neighbor for the first time while her mother runs a few
errands. When her mother drops her off, Talia cries. What name is applied to this situation? What
should the neighbour do about it?
Answer: It is called separation protest and the neighbour should comfort Talia and help her to soothe
herself.

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90) Define and give an example of emotional regulation.
Answer: Emotional regulation consists of effectively managing arousal to adapt and reach a goal. In
early childhood the child may depend on the parent to soothe them but as they get older they
might learn to put their thumbs in their mouths or gently rock themselves as a strategy.

91) What is temperament?

Answer: Temperament: an individual's behavioural style and characteristic way of emotional
responding.

92) Discuss the three types of temperament identified by Chess and Thomas.
Answer: (1) easy child: positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines, adapts easily to new
experiences; (2) difficult child: reacts negatively, cries frequently, engages in irregular
routines, slow to accept new experiences; and, (3) slow-to-warm-up child: low activity level,
somewhat negative, shows low adaptability, displays a low intensity of mood.

93) Discuss the Rothbart and Bates framework for understanding temperament.
Answer: The general classification of temperament focuses on extraversion/surgency, negative
affectivity, and effortful control or self-regulation.

94) Discuss biological influences on temperament.

Answer: Different temperaments are associated with different physiological patterns. Inhibited
temperament is associated with a physiological pattern that includes high & stable heart rate,
high levels of hormone cortisol, and high neural activity in the right frontal lobe. It's also
associated with lower levels of serotonin, which might increase vulnerability to fear &
frustration.

95) How does culture influence temperament?

Answer: Reaction to temperament may depend, in part, on culture. Active temperaments are valued
highly in some cultures but less so in others. Culture can encourage or discourage the
persistence of temperamental characteristics.

96) Explain goodness of fit and parenting.

Answer: Goodness of fit refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental
demands with which the child must cope. Parents must be aware of the child's temperament.
Some experts have reached the following conclusions for parents to follow: a) attention to and
respect for individuality, b) structuring the child's environment; c) consider the packaged
parenting programs that help parents focus on temperament.

97) According to Erikson, how do children learn to trust?

Answer: According to Erikson, infants learn trust when they are cared for in a consistent, warm
manner. If the infant is not well fed and kept warm on a consistent basis, a sense of mistrust is
likely to develop. Failure to negotiate trust will impact on the next stage of infant
development.

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 98) Explain what social referencing is. Provide an example.
Answer: Involves "reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular
situation. Example: when an infant sees a large dog for the first time, he/she is likely to look at
mother to figure out how to react.

99) What is attachment?

Answer: Attachment is a close emotional bond between the infant and the caregiver.

100) Describe the classic study of attachment by Harlow.

Answer: The researcher evaluated whether feeding or contact comfort was more important to infant
attachment. Infant monkeys were removed from their mothers at birth and reared for six
months by a surrogate mother. One of the mothers was made of wire, the other of cloth. The
amount of time the infant monkeys spent with either the wire or the cloth monkey was
computed. Whether they were fed by the wire or the cloth mother, infant monkeys spent far
more time with the cloth mother.

101) Describe the three main types of insecurely attached infants.

Answer: (1) insecure avoidant babies; (2) insecure resistant babies; and, (3) insecure disorganized
babies.

102) Describe the Strange Situation and how it has been criticized.
Answer: Strange Situation: an observational measure of infant attachment that requires the infant to
move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver and an
adult stranger in the prescribed order. Criticism: some critics believe that the isolated,
controlled events of the setting might not necessarily reflect what would happen if infants
were observed with their caregiver in a natural environment.

103) Explain reciprocal socialization.

Answer: Reciprocal socialization is socialization that is bi-directional. Children socialize their parents
and parents socialize their children.

104) How is the family viewed as a system?

Answer: The family can be viewed as a constellation of subsystems defined in terms of generation,
gender, and role.

105) What are some of the scientific observations that have been made in relation to the father's role of
caregiver?
Answer: Fathers have the ability to act sensitively and responsively with their infants. Fathers can fill
both instrumental and expressive roles in caring for their children.

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106) Describe autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) and list two signs of ASD. Explain the benefits of the
Early Start Denver Model (ESDM).
Answer: Autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by persistent deficits in communication
abilities and social reciprocity, as well as restricted or stereotyped behaviours (Bennett et al.,
2015). Two signs of ASD include: (1) problems in social interactions including the social use
of language, and (2) restricted repetitive patterns of behaviour. Children who received Early
Start Denver Model (ESDM) interventions for 2 years displayed many benefits including
significantly greater gains in IQ, language, and adaptive and social behaviour compared to
children who received standard treatment in the community.

16
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED6

1) A
2) C
3) C
4) C
5) C
6) B
7) D
8) A
9) D
10) B
11) C
12) D
13) B
14) C
15) A
16) C
17) B
18) D
19) C
20) A
21) A
22) C
23) C
24) B
25) C
26) D
27) C
28) C
29) D
30) C
31) B
32) D
33) C
34) B
35) D
36) A
37) B
38) A
39) D
40) D
41) D
42) D
43) C
44) C
45) C
46) B
47) C
48) B
49) C
50) C
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Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED6

51) A
52) D
53) B
54) C
55) D
56) A
57) C
58) D
59) B
60) D
61) A
62) C
63) C
64) A
65) D
66) B
67) A
68) B
69) B
70) D
71) D
72) B
73) A
74) D
75) C
76) C
77) D
78) C
79) B
80) D
81) B
82) B
83) C
84) Emotion is a feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to
him or her, especially to his or her well-being. They are expressed either in a positive or negative way.
Positive emotions include joy and love, meanwhile negative emotions include anxiety and anger.
85) Primary emotions are present in humans and other animals. They appear in the first 6 months of human
infant development and include surprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust. Self-conscious
emotions require self-awareness that involves consciousness and a sense of "me". These include jealousy,
empathy, embarrassment, pride, shame, and guilt, most of which first occur between 18-24 months.
86) These are the basic cry, the anger cry, and the pain cry.
87) Reflexive smile: smile does not occur in response to external stimuli, occurs during the first month after bir
when infant is asleep.
Social smile: occurs in response to an external stimulus, such as a face, typically in early development.
88) Stranger anxiety refers to the situation where an infant shows fear and wariness of strangers. It tends to
appear in the second half of the first year of life.
89) It is called separation protest and the neighbour should comfort Talia and help her to soothe herself.

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Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED6

90) Emotional regulation consists of effectively managing arousal to adapt and reach a goal. In early childhood
the child may depend on the parent to soothe them but as they get older they might learn to put their
thumbs in their mouths or gently rock themselves as a strategy.
91) Temperament: an individual's behavioural style and characteristic way of emotional responding.
92) (1) easy child: positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines, adapts easily to new experiences; (2)
difficult child: reacts negatively, cries frequently, engages in irregular routines, slow to accept new
experiences; and, (3) slow-to-warm-up child: low activity level, somewhat negative, shows low
adaptability, displays a low intensity of mood.
93) The general classification of temperament focuses on extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity, and
effortful control or self-regulation.
94) Different temperaments are associated with different physiological patterns. Inhibited temperament is
associated with a physiological pattern that includes high & stable heart rate, high levels of hormone
cortisol, and high neural activity in the right frontal lobe. It's also associated with lower levels of serotonin,
which might increase vulnerability to fear & frustration.
95) Reaction to temperament may depend, in part, on culture. Active temperaments are valued highly in some
cultures but less so in others. Culture can encourage or discourage the persistence of temperamental
characteristics.
96) Goodness of fit refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with
which the child must cope. Parents must be aware of the child's temperament. Some experts have reached
the following conclusions for parents to follow: a) attention to and respect for individuality, b) structuring
the child's environment; c) consider the packaged parenting programs that help parents focus on
temperament.
97) According to Erikson, infants learn trust when they are cared for in a consistent, warm manner. If the
infant is not well fed and kept warm on a consistent basis, a sense of mistrust is likely to develop. Failure
to negotiate trust will impact on the next stage of infant development.
98) Involves "reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation.
Example: when an infant sees a large dog for the first time, he/she is likely to look at mother to figure out
how to react.
99) Attachment is a close emotional bond between the infant and the caregiver.
100) The researcher evaluated whether feeding or contact comfort was more important to infant attachment.
Infant monkeys were removed from their mothers at birth and reared for six months by a surrogate mother.
One of the mothers was made of wire, the other of cloth. The amount of time the infant monkeys spent
with either the wire or the cloth monkey was computed. Whether they were fed by the wire or the cloth
mother, infant monkeys spent far more time with the cloth mother.
101) (1) insecure avoidant babies; (2) insecure resistant babies; and, (3) insecure disorganized babies.
102) Strange Situation: an observational measure of infant attachment that requires the infant to move through a
series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger in the prescribed
order. Criticism: some critics believe that the isolated, controlled events of the setting might not
necessarily reflect what would happen if infants were observed with their caregiver in a natural
environment.
103) Reciprocal socialization is socialization that is bi-directional. Children socialize their parents and parents
socialize their children.

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Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED6

104) The family can be viewed as a constellation of subsystems defined in terms of generation, gender, and
role.
105) Fathers have the ability to act sensitively and responsively with their infants. Fathers can fill both
instrumental and expressive roles in caring for their children.
106) Autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by persistent deficits in communication abilities and
social reciprocity, as well as restricted or stereotyped behaviours (Bennett et al., 2015). Two signs of ASD
include: (1) problems in social interactions including the social use of language, and (2) restricted
repetitive patterns of behaviour. Children who received Early Start Denver Model (ESDM) interventions
for 2 years displayed many benefits including significantly greater gains in IQ, language, and adaptive and
social behaviour compared to children who received standard treatment in the community.

20