Lifetime Physical Fitness and Wellness A Personalized Program 14th Edition Hoeger Test Bank 1

Chapter 04 - Body Composition
Test Bank for Lifetime Physical Fitness and Wellness

A Personalized Program 14th Edition Hoeger Fawson
1305638026 9781305638020
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1. Lean body mass is equivalent to body weight minus body fat.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Introduction
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: LPFW.HOEG.17.4.1 - Define body composition and understand its relationship to
assessment of recommended body weight.
OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand
2. Storage fat is found within tissues such as muscles, nerve cells, bone marrow, intestines, heart, liver, and lungs.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Essential and Storage Fat
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: LPFW.HOEG.17.4.2 - Explain the difference between essential fat and storage fat.
OTHER: Bloom’s: Remember
3. Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) uses potentially harmful x-ray technology to assess body composition.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Techniques to Assess Body Composition
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: LPFW.HOEG.17.4.3 - Describe various techniques used to assess body composition.
Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 1

4. Hydrostatic weighing is difficult to administer to aquaphobic people.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
5. The air displacement method calculates body volume by subtracting the air volume with a person inside a chamber
from the volume of an empty chamber.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
6. The skin fold thickness method of assessing body composition often utilizes the Bod Pod.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: LPFW.HOEG.17.4.4 - Be able to assess body composition using skin fold thickness and girth
measurements.
7. Girth measurement is especially accurate in determining the body composition of either very thin people or the
morbidly obese.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
measurements.
8. As a technique to determine thinness and excessive fatness, BMI incorporates height and weight to estimate critical fat
values at which the risk for disease increases.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Metrics Used to Determine Recommended Body Weight
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: LPFW.HOEG.17.4.5 - Understand the importance of body mass index (BMI) and waist
circumference in the assessment of risk for disease.
9. Post-menopausal women have an increased tendency to store fat in the abdominal area.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
10. Research indicates that mortality rates are similarly high for both thin people and obese people.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Determining Recommended Body Weight
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: LPFW.HOEG.17.4.6 - Be able to determine recommended weight according to
recommended percent body fat values and BMI.
11. Your recommended body weight is computed based on the selected health fitness or high physical fitness fat
percentage for your ____.
a. strength and endurance
b. height and weight
c. age and gender
d. work and play habits
e. ethnicity and environment
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
12. The concept of ____ is based on separating the body into fat and nonfat components.
a. percent body fat
b. body composition
c. lean body mass

d. fat mass
e. physical fitness
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
13. "Healthy weight" is another term for ____ body weight.

a. measurable
b. standard
c. recommended
d. average
e. essential
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
14. Lisa, 35, has a body fat percentage of 22. Which body composition standard applies to her?
a. good
b. excellent
c. underweight
d. obese
e. moderate
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
OTHER: Bloom’s: Apply
15. With respect to weight, if current trends hold, the American adult will average a ____.
a. gain of five to ten pounds per year
b. gain of one to two pounds per year
c. loss of one to two pounds per year
d. gain one pound per month
e. loss of five pounds over ten years
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Importance of Regular Body Composition Assessment


16. Given the decrease in physical activity nationwide, how much lean tissue does an American adult lose on average each
year?
a. 0.5 pounds
b. 1 pound
c. 1.5 pounds
d. 2 pounds
e. 2.5 pounds
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
17. The minimal amount of body fat needed for normal physiological functions is known as ____.
a. visceral fat
b. essential fat
c. bone mass
d. storage fat
e. lean body mass
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
18. Essential fat accounts for about ____ percent of the total weight in men.
a. 3
b. 6
c. 9
d. 12
e. 15
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
19. The percentage of essential fat is higher for women because it includes ____ fat.
a. temporary
b. intestinal
c. visceral
d. sex-specific
e. storage
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
20. Which element of body composition serves as an energy substrate for metabolism?
a. fat mass
b. essential fat
c. sex-specific fat
d. storage fat
e. lean body mass
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
21. Which method of body composition measurement is most frequently performed during research and by medical
facilities?
a. air displacement
b. bioelectrical impedance
c. DXA
d. hydrostatic weighing
e. skinfold thickness
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
22. Melissa is having girth measurements taken to estimate her percentage body fat. Where should this measurement be
taken?
a. neck
b. wrist
c. waist
d. chest
e. ankle
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1

23. What is the commercial name for the device used in the air displacement technique of assessing body composition?
a. Air Sensor
b. Substratum
c. The WC
d. Hydrostat
e. Bod Pod
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
24. Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry measures bone density to assess the ____.
a. risk for osteoporosis
b. level lean body mass
c. level of visceral fat
d. level of essential fat
e. risk for bone cancer
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
25. With the skin fold thickness technique, where should all measurements be taken?
a. upper torso
b. lower torso
c. right side of body
d. left side of body
e. chest cavity
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
measurements.
26. Anthropometric measurement techniques to estimate body fatness include ____.

a. air displacement
b. bioelectrical impedance
c. girth measurements
d. hydrostatic weighing
e. dual energy x-ray absorptiometry

ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
measurements.
27. Max is having girth measurements taken to estimate his percentage body fat. Where should this measurement be
taken?
a. neck
b. biceps
c. triceps
d. thigh
e. waist
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
measurements.
28. The standard error of estimate (SEE) for _____ is ±3.5%.

a. hydrostatic weighing
b. air displacement
c. skinfold thickness
d. girth measurements
e. dual energy x-ray absorptiometry
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
measurements.
29. What principle underlies the bio electrical impedance technique for assessing body composition?
a. Fat tissue speeds up electrical current before the current encounters lean tissue.
b. Fat tissue is a less efficient conductor of electrical current than is lean tissue.
c. Fat tissue blocks electrical current.
d. Lean tissue blocks electrical current.
e. Fat tissue is a more efficient conductor of electrical current than is lean tissue.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
30. Which metrics are taken in conjunction with body mass index to assess health risks?
a. bio electrical impedance and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry
b. air displacement and hydrostatic weighing
c. skin fold thickness and girth measurements
d. waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio
e. Bod Pods and underwater weighing
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
31. Body mass index (BMI) is used almost exclusively to determine health risks and mortality rates associated with ____.
a. excessive body weight
b. excessive visceral fat
c. lean body mass
d. non-essential body fat
e. excessive dieting or exercise
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
32. The lowest risk for chronic disease is in the BMI range of ____.
a. 17 to 22
b. 22 to 25
c. 25 to 30
d. 30 to 32
e. 32 to 35
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
33. One way of calculating BMI is by multiplying body weight in ____ by 705 and dividing this figure by the square of
the height in inches.
a. ounces
b. pounds
c. grams
d. kilograms
e. fluid ounces
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
34. A waist circumference ____ indicates a higher risk for cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes.
a. above 40 inches in men and 35 inches in women
b. above 35 inches in men and 40 inches in women
c. below 35 inches in men and 32 inches in women
d. below 32 inches in men and 35 inches in women
e. below 40 inches in men and 30 inches in women
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
35. Evidence is mounting that obese individuals with ____ fat are clearly at higher risk for heart disease, hypertension,
and type 2 diabetes.
a. retroperitoneal
b. abdominal
c. subcutaneous
d. nonessential
e. lateral
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
36. One reason that waist-to-height ratio is more accurate than waist circumference as a health assessment measure is
because WHtR ____.
a. pinpoints fat storage
b. discounts lean body mass
c. factors in overall weight
d. takes height into account
e. assesses subcutaneous fat
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
37. The high physical fitness standard for a 20-year-old woman falls between _____ body fat.
a. 11 and 13 percent
b. 15 and 17 percent
c. 18 and 23 percent
d. 8 and 10 percent
e. 23 and 25 percent
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
38. Normal physiological functions can be seriously impaired when the percent body fat falls below ____.
a. 12 percent for men
b. 10 percent for men
c. 12 percent for women
d. 17 percent for women
e. 15 percent for men
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
39. Compared with a healthy thin person, an underweight person has extremely low body fat, even to the point of
compromising the ____.
a. skin fold thickness
b. body mass index
c. essential fat
d. waist-to-height ratio
e. waist circumference
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
40. Which method of estimating body fat utilizes pressure calipers?

a. hydrostatic weighing
b. skin fold thickness
c. DXA
d. air displacement
e. girth measurements
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
measurements.
41. Most children in the United States are ____ in their early years of life.
a. overweight
b. not overweight
c. too thin
d. under-evaluated
e. over-evaluated
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
42. People engaged in a weight control/exercise program may be surprised to learn that their loss of body fat might be
countered in part by a gain in ____.
a. lean body mass
b. water weight
c. essential fat
d. visceral fat
e. body mass index
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
43. When it comes to health and fitness, “underweight” and “____” do not necessarily mean the same thing.
a. malnourished
b. at risk
c. underfed
d. unhealthy
e. thin
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
44. Dieting is often associated with a ____.

a. loss of lean body mass
b. gain of lean body mass
c. gain of water weight
d. loss of essential fat
e. gain of essential fat
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
45. What is the recommended health fitness fat percentage for a 20-year-old woman?
a. 30 to 35 percent
b. 20 percent or less
c. 15 percent or less
d. 6 to 12 percent
e. 28 percent or less
ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
46. The 3 percent ____ recommendation for men seems to be the lower limit for people to maintain good health.
a. lean body mass
b. fat mass
c. essential fat
d. visceral fat
e. subcutaneous fat
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1


47. What public health message is associated with waist-to-height ratio?

a. Keep your waist size at half your height.
b. Keep your weight (in pounds) below 3 times your height (in inches).
c. Keep your waist circumference at your BMI plus 10.
d. Keep your waist circumference to less than half your height.
e. Keep your weight at your BMI times 8.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
48. Richard, age 42, has a body fat percentage of 27. Which body composition standard applies to him?
a. good
b. excellent
c. moderate
d. overweight
e. obese
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
49. The product of body weight and percent fat is known as ____.
a. visceral fat
b. lean body mass
c. fat weight
d. water weight
e. desired body fat
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
50. What does the formula LBM / (1.0 – DFP) calculate?

a. recommended body weight
b. lean body mass

c. real body weight
d. fat weight
e. desired fat percentage
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
Select the key term that is most associated with the description below. Each term is used only once.
a. aquaphobic
b. anthropometric
c. body composition
d. essential fat
e. girth measurement
f. obesity
g. overweight
h. skin fold thickness
i. storage fat
j. subcutaneous
51. excess amount of weight with respect to height

ANSWER: g
POINTS: 1
52. excessive accumulation of body fat

ANSWER: f
POINTS: 1
53. fat and nonfat components of the human body

ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
a. aquaphobic
b. anthropometric
c. body composition
d. essential fat

f. obesity
g. overweight
i. storage fat
j. subcutaneous
54. about 3% of total weight in men

ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
55. stored in adipose tissue

ANSWER: i
POINTS: 1
a. aquaphobic
b. anthropometric
c. body composition
d. essential fat
f. obesity
g. overweight
i. storage fat
j. subcutaneous
56. measuring circumferences at specific body sites

ANSWER: e
POINTS: 1
57. fear of water

ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
58. directly under the skin

ANSWER: j
POINTS: 1
59. measuring a double thickness of skin at specific body sites

ANSWER: h
POINTS: 1
60. refers to measuring body girths at different sites

ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
61. What is the holdup in waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) being implemented worldwide as a health risk assessment?
ANSWER: Waist-to-height ratio is determined by dividing the waist circumference in inches by the
height in inches. Before WHtR can be implemented on a global scale and used to compare
risk factors across populations, worldwide health organizations will need to agree on
precisely where (how high or low on the waist) the measurement should be taken. An
abdominal measurement, for example, could be taken at the naval or at the narrowest point of
the waist, as no clear landmark has been set. Taking the measurement just below the rib cage
may provide the best estimation of visceral fat, but is not widely used as of yet. It is
important when recording your own abdominal measurements to note the site where the
measurement was taken and to be consistent with future measurements.
POINTS: 1
62. Hydrostatic weighing is considered the most accurate of the body composition assessment techniques, but the process
has several drawbacks. Discuss these drawbacks.
ANSWER: Until the coming of dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), hydrostatic weighing was the
most common technique used in determining body composition in exercise physiology
laboratories. The technique centered on comparing a person’s “regular” weight with a weight
taken underwater. Because fat is more buoyant than lean tissue, comparing the two weights
could determine a person’s percent of fat. In addition to requiring a considerable amount of
time, skill, space, equipment and a well-trained technician, this technique has several
drawbacks:
• First, because each individual assessment can take as long as 30 minutes, hydrostatic
weighing is not feasible when testing a lot of people.
• Second, the person’s residual lung volume (amount of air left in the lungs following
complete forceful exhalation) should be measured before testing. If residual volume
cannot be measured, as is the case in some laboratories and health/fitness centers, it
is estimated using the predicting equations—which may decrease the accuracy of
hydrostatic weighing.
• Third, the requirement of being completely underwater made hydrostatic weighing
difficult to administer to aquaphobic people. For accurate results, the individual must
be able to perform the test properly.
• Fourth, forcing all of the air out of the lungs (then leaning forward in a chair to be
completely submerged for 5 to 10 seconds without the chair moving) is not easy for
everyone but is important in obtaining an accurate reading. Leaving additional air
(beyond residual volume) in the lungs makes a person more buoyant. Because fat is
less dense than water, overweight individuals weigh less in water. Additional air in
the lungs makes a person lighter in water, yielding a false, higher body fat
percentage.
POINTS: 1

OTHER: Bloom’s: Analyze
63. Summarize the difference between essential fat and storage fat, the necessity of each, and the gender differences in the
amount and location of each.
ANSWER: Essential fat is found within tissues such as the muscles, nerve cells, bone marrow, intestines,
heart, liver, and lungs. This type of fat is needed for normal physiological function. Without
it, human health and physical performance deteriorate. Essential fat constitutes about 3
percent of the total weight in men and 12 percent in women. The percentage is higher in
women because it includes sex-specific fat, such as that found in the breast tissue, the uterus,
and other sex-related fat deposits.
Storage fat is the fat stored in adipose tissue, mostly just beneath the skin (subcutaneous fat)
and around major organs in the body (intra-abdominal or visceral fat). This fat serves three
basic functions: 1) as an insulator to retain body heat, 2) as an energy substrate for
metabolism, and 3) as padding against physical trauma to the body. The amount of storage fat
does not differ between men and women, except that men tend to store fat around the waist
and women around the hips and thighs.
POINTS: 1
64. Differentiate between android obesity and gynoid obesity. Which is a better predictor of increased risk for disease?
ANSWER: Android obesity is seen in individuals who tend to store fat in the trunk or abdominal area
(which produces the "apple" shape). Gynoid obesity is seen in people who store fat primarily
around the hips and thighs (which creates the "pear" shape). Obese individuals with
abdominal fat are clearly at higher risk for heart disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes ("non-
insulin-dependent" diabetes), stroke, some types of cancer, kidney disease, dementia,
migraines, and diminished lung function than are obese individuals with similar amounts of
body fat that is stored primarily in the hips and thighs. Evidence also indicates that, among
individuals with a lot of abdominal fat, those whose fat deposits are located around internal
organs (intra-abdominal or abdominal visceral fat) rather than subcutaneously or
retroperitoneally have an even greater risk for disease than those with fat mainly just beneath
the skin (subcutaneous fat).
POINTS: 1
65. Mary is a cross-country runner whose coach asked her to decrease her total body fat to 7 percent. Will Mary's
performance increase at this lower percent body fat? How would you respond to this coach?
ANSWER: Mary’s coach should be informed that, as a woman, Mary needs at least 12 percent essential
fat for normal physiological function. This type of fat is found within tissues such as muscles,
nerve cells, bone marrow, intestines, heart, liver, and lungs. If Mary decreases her total body
fat to 7%, she may not have enough essential fat to maintain her normal physiological
function and her physical performance as well as her health may deteriorate. The 3 percent
essential fat for men and 12 percent for women seem to be the lower limits for people to
maintain good health. Mary’s coach also should know that some experts believe a little
storage fat (in addition to the essential fat) is better than none at all.
POINTS: 1
REFERENCES: Essential and Storage Fat | Determining Recommended Body Weight
LPFW.HOEG.17.4.6 - Be able to determine recommended weight according to

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Chapter 04 - Body Composition

Test Bank for Lifetime Physical Fitness and Wellness

Download full solution manual at:

1. Lean body mass is equivalent to body weight minus body fat.

Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 1

OTHER: Bloom’s: Remember

4. Hydrostatic weighing is difficult to administer to aquaphobic people.

Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 3

13. "Healthy weight" is another term for ____ body weight.

Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 4

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: LPFW.HOEG.17.4.6 - Be able to determine recommended weight according to

Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 6

26. Anthropometric measurement techniques to estimate body fatness include ____.

e. dual energy x-ray absorptiometry

28. The standard error of estimate (SEE) for _____ is ±3.5%.

OTHER: Bloom’s: Understand

40. Which method of estimating body fat utilizes pressure calipers?

44. Dieting is often associated with a ____.

Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 13

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: LPFW.HOEG.17.4.6 - Be able to determine recommended weight according to

47. What public health message is associated with waist-to-height ratio?

50. What does the formula LBM / (1.0 – DFP) calculate?

b. lean body mass

51. excess amount of weight with respect to height

52. excessive accumulation of body fat

53. fat and nonfat components of the human body

Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 15

54. about 3% of total weight in men

55. stored in adipose tissue

56. measuring circumferences at specific body sites

57. fear of water

58. directly under the skin

59. measuring a double thickness of skin at specific body sites

60. refers to measuring body girths at different sites

REFERENCES: Techniques to Assess Body Composition

Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero Page 19

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