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Volume 24 Number 1 Spring 2018

contents
FEATURES

"IN THE LIGHT OF AMARNA"

Centenary of the Nefertiti Bust Discovery
Exhibition at the Berlin Egyptian Museum
by Thomas L. Gertzen

GERMANS AI EL AMARNA
19tt-t9t4
by Suzanne Voss & Thomas L. Gertzen

AN EXACT FACSIMILE OF
THE BURIAL CHAMBER OF KV62
GIFTED TO EGYPT

EGYPT IN ANTWERP
by Luc y G o rd"a n -Ras t elli

Photo Essay
ROYAL WOMEN: DEIR EL BAHARI
by George B. Johnson

DEPARTMENTS
ffi rdttort Report
d& Nit" Currents W ro. the Record

ffi& nooks ffiffi wno r, rtl

r,;,' ,..i,,:, i Recently discottered photo of the presentdtion oJ

i i.ir_
the ptrinted plaster bust o.f NeJotiti, following cliscotery by
Germdn excdydLors at El Amanta in 19i2.
 *.teffiffii

ütntrlffl§ ff 11 [lIl[RilA, Igfl-1$14

by Susanne Voss & Thomas L. Gertzen

n the autumn of 1906, Egyptologist Ludwig Borchardt (1863-

1938) proposed to the German Oriental Society (Deutsche
Orient-Gesellschaft - DOG below) an excavation of the an-
cient city of El Amarna in Middle Egypt. Borchardt was then
the designated director of the Imperial German Institute for
Egyptian Archaeology (Kaiserlich Deutsches Institut fär Ae-
gltptische Altertumshunde), which existed solely on paper.
For all intents and purposes, it had been founded to provide
him with an income as a non-diplomatic advisor to the Ger-
man consulate-general in Cairo. Its quarters were located in
Borchardt's house or'Zamalek, an island in the Nile. (Nowa-
days this building is the home of the Swiss Institute, the suc-
cessor of Borchardt's own Institute for the History of Egyp-
Abote, The *,orls.- tian Architecture, which he founded after he retired irt 1929.
slnp oJ Chkf oJ
Worhs at Ahhet- He is buried on the grounds.) The only other personnel on
crten, tlrc sculptor ':
Thulnose , as tht
the Institute's payroll were Borchardt's temporary assistants.
1
ruins ttpltearetl The instructions Borchardt had been given stipulated that he
following the Gtr- should not engage in any research or conduct excavations l
ntant t:xtavnliotls
of 1912. Die wohn- without the expressed consent of the commission responsi- :

häuser in Tell el-Amarna

ble for the Wörterbuch der agyptischen Sprache (Dictionary of i
I

I'hc pairicd the [Ancient] Egyptian Language), under its chairman, Adolf
I
l-e.l.t,
bust of Ntl'ertiti,
stt<tn o.fkr its dis- Erman (1854-1937). As professor of Egyptology at the Fried- :
§i
coycrl'; l. [o r:.
rich-Wilhelms-University (today's Humboldt University) and *
flcr-rrrrtnlt Rrtrt hc. t
Paul Holkmdtr €" director of Berlin's Egyptian Museum, Erman was probably I
unirkntificd rcis.
the most influential figure in Egyptology at that time, and it

Courtesy of Albert-Lud- F:

wigs-University. FreibLrrg not only in Germany but worldwide. :

.:
-
37 Kmt :
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tl

:i
:!
::
 ian architecture. In order to resolve the stalemate, Bor-
chardt decided to search for a site which would be less er-
pensive to excavate than Abusir had proven to be.
Borchardt considered keeping an eye on the anrr,
quities trade in Egypt part and parcel of his scholarll- rnis-
sion. An astute observer, he had begun to notice as earh-
as I906 the appearance of an increasing number of ob1er:.
on the antiquities market from E1 Amarna, the site of rhe
new capital city (Akhetaten) founded by Akhenaten in h-.
fifth regnal year (ca. 1350 B.C.) The art o[ the Heretics
reign was already familiar to Egyprologists. Since Napole-
on's day French and British archaeologists had excavated
the zone between rhe modern villages of El Hagg eandil
(above one resldential area of Akhenaten's citv) and E1 Ti,,

§ gnoring his explicit mandate.

§ Borchardt wenl ahead. under
lü the auspices oI the DOC, to
conduct excavations from 1902
to 1904 and again from 1907
to 1908 - in the pyramid field
-
of Abusir. He himself provided
funding for the work, ro supple-
ment financing from German
businessman James Simon (185 1-
1932) , one of the founders of
the DOG. The enormous costs
and constant quarrels with Er-
man brought the Abusir excava-
tion to a halt, however. Accord-
ing to Erman, the purpose of the
Institute was to supply theWör-
terbuch with hieroglyphic texts.
while Borchardt's own interest
lay not only in securing some
scholarly distance from his for-
mer teacher, but also in develop-
ing an independent branch of
Egyptology for conducring re-
search into the history of Eglpt-

Kmt38

i
§
E
I
I
!_
 One of the most impressive pieces was a bust of
Akhenaten acquired by the Louvre in 1905.1 Another was
the quartzite head of a princess, which Borchardt saw in
the collection of a certain Capt. Timins in Cairo. When it
changed hands following the German mission's discovery
of the studio-complex of the sculptor Thutmose in L9I2
(see below), its value increased by a phenomenal 4,300
percent!2

ffi orchardt had become familiar with the site of El

ffi A-u.ra during a sojourn there with fellow Egyptol-
ffi gist Georg Steindorff (1861-I951) in November
1899, when they had examined the rock tombs at the site
and recorded texts on the southern Boundary Stelae for
theWörteibuch.The two men also surveyed the visible
ruins of the city and royal palace, and they acquired some
objects from local dealers. By 1906 major areas of EI Amar-
na had aheady been ransacked, but the residentialarea-
which lay further afield of the modern settlements and
cultivation had largely escaped the attention of treasure
seekers.
-
When Borchardt proposed a quick exploration of
that area in particular to the DOG, without the promise of
any spectacular finds worthy of exhibition in a museum,
he was probably all too well aware rhat it would be a
Iengthy undertaking and that a lack of interesting finds
could put a speedy end to the excavations. But another
goal was on his agenda: for the first time in the history of
Egyptological field work, the challenge of engaging in set-
tlement archaeology lay before him the exploration of
- inhabitants, rather
the dwellings and workplaces of a city's
than temples and tombs.

ffi n December 1906 permission to excavate at El Amarna

ffi was granted by the Egyptian Antiquities Service, rhen
§ in French hands, with the proviso that Borchardt re-
spect the French concession at TUna el Gebel, on the other
side of the Nile, and the concession granted to the British
for work in the rock tombs of El Amarna. Borchardt, ac-
companied by Egyptologist Georg Möller (1876-192I) and
engineer Walter Honroth, speedily conducted a survey of
the area inJanuary 1907. Erman and the DOG considered
the results so promising that it was proposed to end the
. : :: :: .l :, ... . ,t: :: :: : ,: ,. I.:
, :. excavations at Abusir immediately Thanks to financing by
James Simon, Borchardt was able to bring the work there
to a successful conclusion, nonetheless.
In the spring of 1908, Uvo Hölscher (1878-1963)
:i:.: a German architect and archaeologist who had collab-
-
.,1

orated with Borchardt at Abusir in 1906, and who later

was field director of Chicago's Oriental Institute excava-
tions at Medinet Habu
- the German team at Elbuilding
was given the task of
(overlying the central city, with palace and temple pre- suitable quarters to house Hagg
cincts). Unsanctioned, illegal digging, as well as officially Qandil. Hölscher utilized the foundations within the exca-
,
iicensed excavati.ons, was flooding the antiquities market vation area of an El Amarna house, subsequently assigned
F
l!§ with objects. the location number L50.9.
Kmt 40
ä
F
B
#
u
1

.,:

i
I
I

I
T
J
i
e

i
I
i
I
t
 immediate direction. Until 1914 Borchardt's staff
consisted of his assistants Hans Abel (1883-1927)
and Friedrich Roesch; Captain (from 1913,
Major) Paul Timme, on leave from the German
army; the government site-foreman (Re gierungs-
baumeister) Dietrich Marcks (brother of the sculp-
tor Gerhard Marcks, who was associated succes-
sively with the Berliner Secession, Deutscher Werle-
bund and tL.e Bauhaus); Karl Breith, A. Mark,
Walther Honroth, Paul Hollander, Karl Dubois
and Hellmut Kirmse, along with Eglptologists
Möller and Hermann Ranke (1878-1953), who
later compiled the dictionary of ancient Egyptian
personal names a standard reference work
- -
and was for a time (1938-1942) a visiting profes-
sor at Philadelphia University in Pennsylvania.

üE undamental to Borchardt's El Amarna project

p *u. a map of the site, exactingly prepared by
§ Timme, who surveyed the city as defined by
Akhenaten himself on the Boundary Stelae
-
as well as the neighboring wadis with their tombs
-
and quarries, along with some of the ruins at Tuna
el Gebel on the western side of the Nile. On Feb-
Right, Ä similar
butJor the most - ruary 2, 1911, digging started to the east of EI
part irllact, il erod- Hagg Qandil, after Hölscher had superposed a
ed-bust o! the grid with quadrates, 200 meters on a side, over
hinguas acquired Timme's map.
on the antiquities
Some 650 meters from the excavation
marhetby theLou-
vre in 1905, & al- house, the team began work in the Main City,
most cefiainly can where the survey of 1907 had indicated the great-
be provenaneed to est density of undisturbed settlement remains.
ElAmarna. The site was not excavated level by level down to
Forbos/Krnt phoio
virgin soil, but rather horizontally, across the ex-
posed surface, a procedure which had proved
highly effective at Abusir. The processing of the
finds was handled with the greatest care. The
documentation preserved today in the archives
-
of the Egyptian Museum in Berlin includes
- drawings
ground plans, sections, detailed scale
But when the excavation house was ready for oc- and sketches, photographs, and even watercolors. The ar-
cupancy, Borchardt could not immediately begin to exca- chitectural remains were meticulously recorded on the site
vate because the German Kaiserueich had introduced a new plan, following the conclusion of each campaign. Members
capital-transfer tax (Schenhungssteuer) in 1906, which ham- of the team kept the Fundjournale, recording each and ev-
strung the financing of the project by the DOG. James Si- ery find, dayby day, listing each by provenance, noring irs
mon again came to the rescue, agreeing to assume the costs, material and measurements, and including a description
and he personally took over the concession. In other words, and a sketch, along with cross references to the excavation
the DOG per se nevet actually held a concession at El dlary and remarks on disposition.
Amarna. The first week produced so many finds that an
additional storage facility had to be built. By March 1911
. r ,, I the spring of 1911, the excavations could finally Hölscher had uncovered about eighty structures, necessi-
,, commence, thanks primarill. to Borchardt's policy of tating the initial division of finds berween the Antiquities
., ' engaEling young architecrs (Regierurrgsb auftrlrer) , as Service and the concession holder, which took place on
he had at Abusir, who u,ere lr,illing to work lbr low wages. March 27 , Lgll. Borchardt himself was only sporadically
The initial campaigns of excavation u,ere under Hölscher's on site, inasmuch as managing the affairs of the Institute
43 Kmt
 L
F
kept him in Cairo.
he second campaign be- d
gan in the autumn of
" 1911. lt brought to light -{
the first portraits of the roYai
famillr "The princess ls vetY
/ine, " Borcharclt ren.rarkecl,
but he acldecl that her head
was too large (a WasserkoPf .
As the excavations proceeded
along the u'ide thoroughfare
u,hich came to be known as
High Priest's Street, the fi.rst
sculptor's studio u'as unearth-
ecl (P49.6). "The AmenhoteP
IV Borchardt regularlY re-
-
flerrecl to Akhenaten as Am-
enhotep I\ the name he bore
at his accessi on is realtl\
-
tter1, good," Borchardt report-
ed tcr Berlin, "...hoPeiullY he
ivill la.st. The stone is starting
to splinter." (This limestone
sculpture, which Borchardt
identified as a sculPtor's mo-
del, is norv in Berlin; it has
often been called a "Portrait"
o[ Tutankhaten as king).:r
Notwithstanding
such discoveries, Höischer
stuck methodicallY to the
systematic procedure, quad-
rate by quaclrate, according
to the grid plan. At the end of head of thehing, princesses, alabaster head lo| thel hing'
f S11, ihe work had progressed northward, to join up with sncrfJle bits [from horse bridles] ctnd rest Jor you Congraru'
the area cleared the previous year, without any particu- latlons!"
larly noteworthy finds. But the items from the sculptor's He himself was much more interested in the ar-
workshop inP49.6 were deemed worthy of special men- chitectural insights gained: "I am quite content with m1 rr-'-
tion in Borchardt's report to the members of the DOG' He .s.istcnts this year," he wrote to his wife Mimi, adding thar
cabled Simon in Berlin: "Kingwith oft'enngtable fot Caito - he was keeping "qutte up to dqte" with the documentattt'r

Kmt44

§ n the summer of 19L2, however, Simon urged Bor-
H chardt to move on, to excavate the temples area, where
U he anticipated there would be more finds. Borchard.t
cleverly arranged to visit the Louvre with Simon, while on
a visit to Paris in the autumn of 1912. Georges B6n6dite
(1857-1926), director of the Egyptian department, accom-
I
panied them in the galleries of Egyptian art, where Bor-
chardt could call the DOG benefactor's attention to the
bust of Akhenaten which had earlier attracted his interest
(see p. 43, above) and to other finds presumed to derive
from a sculptor's studio. (Pierre Lacau, 1873-1963, who
later became head of the Egyptian Antiquities Service, was
also a member of the party.)
Thanks to this ruse by Borchardt, when the work
resumed in October 1912, Simon allowed it could contin-
ue as originally planned, within the residential area along
High Priest's Street, and to the north of the wadi running
east-west.
The first object to be discovered was an unfinish- ing at Tüna el Gebel. The division which awarded the bust
ed limestone statuette of a king wearing the hhepresh crown of Nefertiti to James Simon took place onJanuary 20,19L3,
(most probably Akhenaten), with a smaller figure sitting
provided the first illustration of what has become, in the
interim, the most famous work of ancient Egyptian art,
the painted-limestone bust of Queen Nefertiti.T Additional
finds from the Thutmose compound including the
-
many so-called plaster "masks," which still defy adequate
interpretation a century later continued to turn up dur-
-
ing the following week. Shortly before Borchardt departed
for Cairo, he confided in a letter to Mimi: "Amenhotep lV
andhis family begin to bore me alarmingly."
When German Eg)?tologist Baron Friedrich Wil-
helm von Bissing (1873-1956) Borchardt's archenemy8
-
heard about the spectacular finds in P 47 .2.,he in-
-
stantly informed the French Antiquities inspector at Asyut,
Gustav Lefebvre (187 9-L957), whose jurisdiction included
El Amarna. Borchardt feared that the concession could be
lost; but, nonetheless, he triumphantly inquired of Erman:
"Shall I still move on to excavate the temple district or palace
lrather than continue in the residential areal?" The cam-
paign ended with Honroth, Hollander and Timme survey-
roto: Aidan Dodson

on his lap, which Borchardt captioned "Thehingkisses a

princess" in his preliminary report to the members of the
DOG.4 Since then much speculation has surrounded the
identity of this second person, who wears the "Nubian"
wig rather than a crown. Nowadays most, if not all Egyp-
tologists, agree that the individuals are actually Akhen- L
aten and his secondary wife, Kiya.
The next find was an unfinished statuette of Ne-
I fertiti holding an offering table.5 (This is one of the items
stolen onJanuary 28,2011, when the Cairo Eglptian Mu-
seum was broken into during the Revolution.) On No-
vember 27 , 1912, the workmen arrived at structures 1-3
in quadrant P47, subsequently identified as the estate and
studios of Akhenaten's Chief of Works, the master sculp-
tor Thutmose. The street was now uncovered to a length
of a bit more than one kilometer, or about .7 of a mile.
With the intention of preparing for the imminent
visit to the excavation of Prince Johann Georg, Duke of
Saxony, and his party, Borchardt arrived at El Amarna from
T fir: "iiJr-.si:r puirrt-
Cairo on December 6th. At L0:45 a.m. he reached El Hagg cd l-rrist of rr qtu'r:1,
Qandil, where he inspected the excavation, together w.ith 47 tm t«11," .lound in
Ranke, and assumed responsibility for managing the field- Rrro*i 19 ol 17.2.
work as well as keeping the day book of the excavation.
While Borchardt was preoccupied with plans for
the prince's visit, Ranke oversaw the work in Thutmose's
;
own house, P47.2where a smashed life-sized bust of Akh-
I enaten and eight other royal portraits, among them a "liJe-
I
size paintedbust oJ the queen, 47 cm. tall [18.5 inches] ," were
discovered in what has been called everything from a clo-
set to a pantry.
In his preliminary report on the excavation sea-
son l9l2/13, Borchardt juxtaposed profiles of the restored
bust of the king and that similar one in the Louvre,6 and
45 Kmt
 I

Saapsho* taheaatthe
El Amama site p47.2
iluring the visit o/
Pnnce GeorgoJ§ax-
otry €,'hß yarty. Cloch-
wise frow *pleft:
Ranhr & Borc.hardt {x)
examine finds, inclufl-
ing aplaster "mask";
ßorchariltwith apria-
cess head; Ilans von
Berlepschholds ahead
oJ Ahhznaten (N ef€rtiti
bust inbaehground);
Pince'syarty with
,
shattered Ahhenaten
bust in foregroanil; at
Egrptiaa officialhold-
ingthe Ahhewtenhead.
Courtssy Alb€rt-Lud$iigs-Uni-
vorslty, Freiburg
'

Kmt46
I

I
 and was atterrded by Lefebvre, representing
the Antiqui_ man described it as tantamount to robbery In
ties Sen ice.q A second division was made Gardiner,s
i.-n Cairo on the Ietter of Augusr 13, 1920 to Erman he *.äte: .,At qll
basis ofphotographs of the objects, since events
the excavations the presupposition which lay at the base of
had closed down by the time the date was my advocacy of
announced, and our El-Amarna application was my criticism
the participants had already ieft El Amarna. that simply änd
sole-ly on account of the wa4the cincession formerly giantra
to the DOG had irretrieyably lapsed,, and. tiat
, 'i ,, hat turned out to be the final season of excava- therefore free to-be competeafoi Uy excayating
the site was
' .:
r:.: tions for the German team at
EI Arnarna ran from museums. I will particularly ash you to note
societies and
:,.:.: ::: November 1913 until
March the following year.
ihat I hnow
Besides extending exploration to the eastern from Mfonsieur]. Lacau to be a jact, namely that prior to
alabaster oyr oltn application for El_Amarna there w ere
quarries, Borchardt,s team proceeded according . .j no
[ . less
to plan,
continuing rhe excavation in the remainder oflhe
iesrden- ly fo", separate applications for that site representing three
different countrtes.
tial area, quadrate by quadrate. On High priest,s Under these circumstances itbecame sim_
Street, ply a-matter of scientific expediency qs to which
they cleared the estate of General Ram-ose, whose applicant
house should attain-the site. lf thi Egtpt Exploration
was richly decorated with wali paintings. The Society has in_
final divi_ si-sted strength upon its supenoi claim, it
sion of finds from the German excavati-ons took is notbecause we
place on claim to excqyqte_wrth great-er shill than anyone
February 5, IgI4. else, though
in this respect I thinh w e hold a high stand.ärd, but
Among non_Egyptologists, Ludrvig Borchardt because as
is regards publication our [standardl] isbeyond
remembered as the archaeologist respor-rsibie reproach and
for the sen_ because (with professor petrie) we stand"almost
sational discoveries in the compounä belonging alone in this
to the respect."
master sculptor Thutmose _ above all, the
painted bust
of Akhenaten's queen. After the third campaign,
even be_
f,1]ffi+*
fore the excavations ceased, Erman .o,rg.ätuLted l:;-fi1
Bo._ ':+Je
chardt on rhe fulfillment of his ,,life,s *it .,,
But in a letter
wrl_u:n onJanuary 3, 1913, Borchardt begged
to differ
u'it1-r him: "l hope yotr do not considr, *, iirru*ptttous if I
rtrrrsrder- what you call my ,life\ worh, or.rly o ,r.rnit po, t iJ
it
- rrr c1 o1 o third." He continued ,,The
, fact that I was lichy
,- ,,r,r hiir:l good guesses about where and. what E*glisfu Egyptologisr
to excayate is
.,:.... ., ,;.rri grdttfying, but what about Aktn 11. Ga"rdinei
the scholqrly qnalysis
-
., .i r ., : ., r.,, r r i. I -{nd the institute?
ffsre-1e63)
C oincid.en c e qnd- inclinä_
rr,rir,,. -,.,., -. lr rnr t eal li.fe\ w orh, but
neither is making muclt
heai7r,.r'.

.,r:i e_\c.1\,tit,.rt-i ii E-qIpt ceased. OnJanuary 6, 1915,

':. , the crrnrc>it.rit> Lrf tJ-re German Kaiserreichwere
put in trust u'iti-r tite 1i:t.n.iln consulate. to
be reservecl In other words, Gardiner argued that the war
and redistributed afrer r, ,:t -lLr.r,,rr ol [ostilities. in-
But that validated the German claim to El Amarna; that
was never to be. Äccordrlt{ lf uorlsul_general the con_
Olney Arnold cession was put up for renewed international
in a letter he addressed rtr Btrrihrrrdr ir competition;
January Z_5, tStS and that, although the British did not claim
(and which the latter senl on trr Errnilnr. superiority,
this measure was
originally intended to inspire gratitr,rclt- irnrong their level of scholarly output had earned them
German the right
scholars for."Englßhfairness to lay claim on such a prestigious project as
iJ rhcsc coircr-ssi,rirs rlcre given El Amarna.
baclt after the tuar" In fact, Ärnor.i ut,r-L[,Lrrc1. '.r/rc The high methodological standard maintained
co,ce'- by
sions have been arutulled, but they rlill nor German archaeologists, and their meticulorr.
bc sir cn to (u1\,ot7e do..,*".rtu_
else." For the time heing that was all Ge.r.,,rn
f g, 1.r,.i.. gir,, tion at El Amarna, actually proved to be impediments
to
could hope for. prompt publication of the results.
euite apart from the
In the early I920s, the granting of the El role played in this circumsrance by the decline
-\larna of the Ger_
concession to the British Eg1 pr Exploraliorr man economy in the post_war period and the
Socier, crrrrr_ supply bot_
ed-a severe rupture of relations bei*een Erman
,",i i;r;" tleneck caused by the British blockade, Gardiner,s
refer_
lish colleague Alan H. Gardiner (1g79_I963). ence to William Mathew Flinders petrie could
This occur_ nor con_
red just after the two Egyptologists had
resumecl their cor_ vince Erman. Petrie's ,,Golden Rule,, was ,,...
respondence interrupted by the war. Gardiner to let each
attempied yeqr see the publication of the year\ worh,,,
to justify the British takeover of the concession. whereas Erman
alter Er- criticized the "less thorough,, working procedure
of the

47 Kmt
 English. In his autobiography, published nearly a decade
later, he described the "English method" as "simple in
form
and certainly not as comprehensiye as [German] scholars
would demand."to
Gardiner had also noted in the same letter cited
above that the Germans had gone to El Amarna because
they were interested in "the acquisition of valuable objects,,,
a supposition which Erman rejected in his response of Au-
gust 24, 1920: " . . . on the contralj. We w ent to Amarna to
learn something about the appearance of aNew Kingdom city
as a whole and in detail." Interestingly, Erman defends
Borchardt's interest in the architectural history of ancient
E$pt, although his claim that "if we have foundfine objects
Jor the museLlms, that was a pleasure for us but nonetheless
merely an encore" seems not entirely convincing, especially
as regards the painted bust of Nefertiti.
Gardiner, still embittered by Erman,s reproaches,
nonetheless tried to de-escalate the confrontation in his
followup letter of September 3, l92O: "I haye the greatest
admiration for Borchardtk worlt, which seems to me yery
nearly ideal scientifically. [. .] The delay in producing an El-
. 2. L. Borchardt,Portrats der KöinginNortel-ete (Leipzlg, 1923).
Amarna memoir was both explicable and justified."
The post-war correspondence of these leading
Egyptologists of their day reflects to a certain extent the
heated international atmosphere
the result of war prop-
-
aganda and atrocities reported on both sides but the
dispute was intensified for Erman by avery personal - fac-
tor (his eldest son Perer died on the western front), as
well as by a professional loss: the destruction of the Ger-
man House at Luxor by the British authodties. Both men
fell back upon their longstanding, pre-war friendship and
respect for each other, as well as the shared passion for
Eglptology over and above national borders and rivalries.
§ udwig Borchardt ukimarely returned to Egypt, re-es-
tablished the Institute and underrook a series ol small
ffi
ffi excavations and surveys from1924 to 192g. Thanks
to the support of the French-directed Antiquities Service
by contrast to whar might have been expected after the
-
mutual atrocities of World War I he worked Mei-
- Luxor andatKarnak.
dum, Sakkara, Giza, Abusir el Meleq,
After his retirement from the directorship of the Institute
in 1929 , he devoted rhe remainder of his life to the archi-
tectural history of Eglptian temples, and to astronomy,
with the intention of establishing a framework for the ab-
solute chronology of pharaonic Egrct.
This article is based on research in the archives of the German
Archaeological Institute and ir-r the Swiss Institute for Egyptian
Architectural History ancl Archaeologli both in Cairo, ancl in the
State and University Library,, of the city of Bremen, German1,, 2nfl
Kmt48
at the Griffith Institute, Orford.
Photographic illustrations were generousll. proride:
Lars Petersen from the Department of Classical Archaeologr. :-.,
bert-Ludwigs-Universir),, Frelburg, r,vho had previously publis -,
ed them togetherwith additional images tnFreiburger Unircr.s_-
tatsblatter 194, )0ll, 79-93.
The reconstruction of the history of the German err"-
vations at E1 Amarna draws upon S. Voss's monograph in pres:
detailing the history of the Cairo branch of the German Archa;,
ological Institute down until 1929: Die Geschichte der Abteilu,.,
Kairo des DAI im Spannungsfeld deutscher politischer lnteressen
Vol. I . I BBl bis 1929, Menschen - KulttLren - Traditionen. Stttdicr.
aus den F orschungsclustern dts D eutschen Arcltäolo gischen hsair;:..
The Gardiner,Grman post-war correspondence uill b.
discussed in detail b1. T. Gertzen in an article in preparation [..:
publication ln 2013, in the volume of papers read at the confer-
ence "Disciplinary Measures? Histories of Egyptology in Multi-
disciplinarv Contexr," which was held in London, l0-12June.
2010.
'1,:.:
f ..
I.
Louvre Inv No. E 11076.
11-12, with fig. 9.
3. Egyptian Museurn, Berlin; Inv. No. 20496.
4. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gellschafr 52 (Oct. 1913).
pI. 2; the limestone statuette, in the Egyptian Museum Calro (JE
44866), is 39.5 cm. ta11.
5. Limestone, 44 cm. tall, it was found in p48.2 OE_ 14867).
6. MDOG 52,pL.14.
7. Egyptian Museum Berlin, Inv. No. 21300.
B. T. Gertzen, "Friedrich Wilhelm von Bissing, Kmt ).3:2 (sum-
mer 201)),76-82.
9. See Rolf Krauss, "Why Nefertiti Went ro Ber1in,,, Kmt L9:3
(fall 2008), ,14-53.
10. A. Erman, MeinWerdenundmeinWirhen (Leipzig, 1929),
24t.
,.!,i' , rr,, .,,
§ss2nne Voss studied Eg1ptolog1,, Classical
archaeology and Near Easrern archaeology and philology at the
unlversities of Berlin (Free University) and Heidelberg. Her doc-
torate in Egyptology r,vas au,arded by Hamburg Universit1,,. Fol-
lowing research on Borchardt's Nachlass at the Swiss Institute in
Cairo, 2004-2006, she is employed ar rhe German Archaeologicai
Institute (DAI) in Cairo, Research Cluster 5: History ol the Ger-
man Archaeological Institute in the Tu,entieth Century (Wissen-
chaf ts-historis ches
s F or s cl.tungscl uster. 5).
Thomas L. Gettzen studied EgypLology:, Classrcal arch-
aeology and Assyriology at the unir,-ersities of Muenster, Berlin
(Free University) and Oxford. In 20lt he completed his phD in
the History of Science Dept., Humboldt Unir.ersity, Berlin. His
thesis, titled Ecole fu Berlin und Gttldmes Zeitalter (l\B2-jgj+)
der Ag,ptologie als Wis.sensch aJt, das Lehrer-Schäler-yerhaltnis t,ott
G. Ebers, A. Erman und K. Sethe , is in press.
.)