Unit 1- Tourism in the 21st century

Tourism: is considered an activity that pp do to relax

An economic sector
An area for pp to study
 Are combined together
 Is influenced by external issues
• Globalization- global conflict
• Sustainability – climate change
• Development in information and communication technology
(ICT)
GLOBALIZATION (definition)
- Crossing borders
- Goods/ services/ pp/ ideas have a free movement across the world

- Describe the process of events or decisions in on part of the world CAN

Come to have significant outcomes for communities. Individuals in distant parts
Of the world

Causes of globalization
- Development of technologies
- Development of transportation
- Free trade agreements
- Global banking.

The drawbacks of globalization

- Reduce the power of national government
- Reduce the cultural differences and fades national identities
- Increase the gap b/w rich and poor

Tourism is a part of GLOBALIZATION

- have globalized supply and demand
(Tourism suppliers have expanded across borders)
E.g Hilton Hotel &Resorts – global brand of a full service Hotels and resorts
This organization guarantee: the level of service and comfort will be the same across the globe
- demand cross-border travel
=> lead to an intense (risk) competitions b/w destinations

Tourism – take benefits from globalization

- Depends heavily on political stability
SUSTAINABILITY
Is a term (thuật ngữ) to bridge b/w development and environment.
To integrate environmental considerations into economic policy ( cân nhắc về MT trong chính
Sách …)
Sustainably balances environmental concerns with an allowance for economic growth
 The development + growth are not blocked
Three aspects of sustainability (p9)
• Economic
• Environmental
• Social
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY (ICT)
There are 4 stages using ICT
*data processing (DP)
* management information system (MIS)
* strategic Information system (SIS)
* the network era
THE SHARING ECONOMY
- Is called collaborative economy (kt hợp tác) / P2P economy
- Enable individuals to exchange/ swap/ rent or sell possessions or property (household goods/
equipment / rooms/ entertainment services
-Each individual has ability use the property which is owned by the other through the form of
digital platforms (a connection b/w sellers-buyers)
In VN, many business companies doing business in the form of digital platforms such as Grab,
hotel booking ….
Eg. Airbnb = AirBed and Breakfast – sharing economy platform for accommodation
- is an application connect directly to suppliers (rooms/ hotel/ houses/ apartment ) and
customers (travelling/ business….) for extensive periods of time with simple reservation
system with reasonable price (compared to agoda…)

Airbnd was established in VN in 2015 with 1000 rooms for rent (increased 6.5 compared in years
2017)
-> is a good website for pp who want to have holidays or book a room with reasonable price
(cooperation directly with suppliers)

ONLINE TRAVEL AGENCIES (OTAs)

- Is a travel intermediary
- Having market power b/c they offered the Tourists a convenient way of researching,
booking and paying for travel products (hotel rooms)
- Create opportunity for tourism suppliers to markets worldwide
- Dominate/ control online travel commerce + have huge marketing power over tourism
suppliers through the results of online searches and advertising
 - Transform/ change the way in booking -> for suppliers – OTAs create opportunities
+challenges
THE INTERNET OF THINGS
- Connect devices electronically and share data
- Is used as a future management
- Allows
o customers checking in and checking out by using mobile devices
o Use guest’s smartphone as a room key
o viewing of social media and streaming channels via the room’s TV
o control of heating, lighting, air conditioning and curtains
Tourists are encourages using apps on their mobile phones (are supplied free wifi)
Using this app, Ts can know
- information about attractions
- transportation
- traffic system – is updated
- wait-time at attractions
- weather
-> data is useful for Ts -to organize their route
For local authorities – understand what Ts want (understand T’s bahaviours)->
useful for making decision to improve local destinations

IMMERSIVE TECHNOLOGY
- create a digital experience that feels real
- can inspire a desire to visit a destination or attractions by allowing pp to explore and
discover experiences although they are still at their home
o eg using films having virtual reality and 360 degree images shot from above and
below aquatic and coastal sites to viewers in the scene and imagine themselves
there.
BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY
- is a database which is distributed among thousands or millions computers
- is updated in real time
- records when it is added (is not allowed to remove or amend /change)
- have ability to do distribute travel products such as airline or hotel capacity
o the capacity is available on a public block chain travel platform
eg. Having a reservation -> update on database in real time throughout the chain
ITS BENEFIT
- Can bring the high level of stability and security
o The information can not be lost by hacker
o To ensure each transaction
- To be easier and more reliable to access and store important information b/c it is
stored and shared across the entire network
UNIT 2- UNDERSTANDING TOURISM
World Travel & Tourism Council, 2017
one of the fastest-growing economic sectors in the world
UNWTO, 2017b
underlining its significance as an economic force
Tourism is an activity enjoyed by substantial proportions of the populations of industrialised
economies, and most countries promote their natural, historic or cultural resources as tourist
attractions to earn a share of the US$1,260 billion industry (UNWTO, 2016b)

Tourism – phenomenon – is an event/ occurrence that pp can observe

What is tourism
To turn or to circle that ends in the same place that it began (Theobald)
Tourism => travelling
Not travelers are Tourists
Mathieson and Wall – Tourism- an activity is located within the broader framework of leisure and
recreation b/c Tourism was understood as holidays -> having many recreational activities during
leisure time.
If holidays have only one specific use of leisure time-> Tourism is not for leisure purposes.
Definitions
Have two types:
+ conceptual – provide a holistic theoretical framework (khung lý thuyết tổng thể) that identify
all the elements of tourism and reflect its multi-faceted (đa mặt) ˌmʌl.tiˈfæs.ɪ.tɪd and multi -
disciplinary ˌmʌl.ti.dɪs.əˈplɪn.ər.i/ da linh vuc characteristics

Conceptual definition:
- Having the role of T’s routine environment
- Where Ts travel
- The impacts of tourism

Three basic elements to tourism

The dynamic element (yếu tố động) -, representing demand for and forms of tourism(is able to
change)
The destination element-,the static element (yếu tố tĩnh), representing the tourist and the
characteristics of their behaviour, the characteristics of the destination, and its static capacity
and environmental and social threshold. (ngưỡng)
The consequential element (yếu tố hậu quả) representing the economic, environmental and
social impacts that occur as a result of the interaction of the dynamic and destination
elements, and their measurement and control.
 Three elements identify the interaction of demand and supply and how each affect the
other and create impacts in the destination
o The impacts can be managed and controlled
  Framework illustrates just only ONE element change-> create the influence to others

technical identify who tourists are +what tourism industry is

Why using clear and standardized technical
-create opportunity to collect statistics data about the size of tourism _ economic value
-> the authority can measure tourism and understand its influence on economies.
-help tourism suppliers to identify trends and anticipate/ predict the changes in demand ->
they are able to respond effectively
internationally and nationally standardised definitions of tourists enable countries, regions of
countries and individual destinations to compare tourism performance (ss hiệu quả hoạt động)
in terms of the number of arrivals and their economic contribution through expenditure in the
destination

Tourism is often considered from one of two perspectives - the demand side, and the supply
side:
Demand-side perspectives (quan điểm từ phía cầu) consider tourism consumption and identify
the characteristics of tourists and their behaviour and expenditure in destinations. Technical
definitions of tourism have traditionally focused on the demand side.
Supply-side perspectives examine the businesses and organisations that supply tourism
products. Many authors claim that the supply-side understanding of tourism has been neglected
(Cooper and Hall, 2008; Theobald, 2005b)
Demand-side Definitions
Demand-side definitions identify the characteristics that distinguish tourists from travellers
for other purposes, and specify purpose of visit and duration of stay.
TECHNICAL DEFINITIONS OF TOURISM
Clear and standardised technical definitions are important because:
• they facilitate /fəˈsɪl.ə.teɪt/ to make easier the collection of statistical data about the
size of tourism (qui mô dl) and its economic value (giá trị kt)to enable governments to measure
tourism and understand its influence on their economies
• they help tourism suppliers to identify trends and anticipate changes in demand in order to
respond effectively
• internationally and nationally standardised definitions of tourists enable countries, regions of
countries and individual destinations to compare tourism performance in terms of the number
of arrivals and their economic contribution through expenditure in the destination

TOURISM
– demand side
– consider tourism consumption + identify the characteristics of Ts + behavior + expenditure
- identify the characteristics that distinguish (phản biệt) tourists from travellers for
other purposes, and specify purpose of visit and duration of stay. (2008)
 - 1937(international tourist as one who ‘visits a country other than that in which he
habitually lives for a period of at least 24 hours)-> In 1945 the UN changed the duration
of time to 6 months. But for an international tourism- travelling to another country for
less than 24 hours was not considered a tourism and the purpose of visit was not
mentioned
- In 1963 visitors – a person visiting a country to other than that in which he has his usual
place of residence, for any reason other than following an occupation remunerated from
within the country visited’
Tourists if they stayed in the country visited for at least 24 hours, or
excursionists, if they stayed less than 24 hours in the country visited, and not overnight.
This was to include cruise ship passengers who stayed overnight on-board ship.
Having words visitors / tourists/ excursionist
The distance from visitor’s house , the purpose of travelling and duration of holiday was
doing definition by each countries
- The specific purpose of tourism
o Pleasure/ leisure / recreation (giải trí) and holidays
o Visiting friends, relatives
o Business and professional
o Health treatment
o Religion
o Other
SUPPLY ELEMENTS IN TOURISM SYSTEM
Tourism supply -> refer to the businesses + organisations produce the products +services that
be consumed by Tourists
Definition “tourism supply as ‘the firms, organisations and facilities which are intended to serve
the specific needs and wants of tourists.” Leiper
Classifications of tourism purpose Examples
Personal Sightseeing, visiting natural or man-made sites,
Holidays, leisure and recreation attending sporting or cultural events, recreational
sports activities using beaches, swimming pools and
any recreation and entertainment facilities, cruising,
gambling, attending summer camps, resting, honey-
mooning, fine dining, well-being and fitness (spas,
therapies), staying in a vacation home owned or leased
by the tourist
Visiting friends and relatives (VFR) Visiting friends and relatives, attending weddings,
funerals or other family events, short-term caring
duties
Education and training Formal or informal short-term courses or study
programmes, professional or other special courses,
university sabbatical leaves
 Health and medical care Receiving short-term hospital, clinic, convalescent
services, health and social institutions, visiting health
resorts for medical treatments
religion Attending religious meetings and events, pilgrimages

Shopping Purchasing consumer goods, for personal use or as

gifts
Transi Stopping at a place without any specific purpose other
than being en route to another destination
Other Volunteer work, investigative work, temporary unpaid
activities not included elsewhere
Business and professional The activities of self-employed and employees not
linked to direct employment in the destination region:
attendance at meetings, conferences (congresses),
trade fairs and exhibitions, giving lectures,
performing concerts, shows and plays, buying and
selling goods or services on behalf of non-resident
producers, diplomatic, military or international
government missions (except when stationed on duty
in place visited), NGO missions, scientific and academic
research, professional sports, formal or informal on-
the-ịob training courses, crew member on private
transport

It is not easy to identify how much tourism contributes to their revenue (doanh thu)-> the
important role from supply-side . The authority needs to
- analyse the economic value (giá trị kinh tế) of tourism and understand its links to other
economic sectors by measuring its size, its revenue, and the number of jobs it creates
- anticipate/ predict how policy and planning decisions will affect tourism, and the
legislative requirements of the sector
- consider the effects on tourism of changes in the external environment.
FUNCTIONAL APPROACH TO TOURSIM SUPPLY
- producers / intermediaries / support services
o Producers =suppliers provide the product consumed by Ts
(passenger transport operators, accommodation, venues and attractions)
o Intermediaries create links between producers and consumers by selling some or
all of the producer’s capacity
(travel agencies, tour and MICE operators and wholesalers.}
o Support services provide products or services to the businesses and
organizations that supply the tourist product, or to tourists
(guiding services, training providers and travel insurance provider
 Public sector support services include visa and passport services and
national, regional and local tourism organisations.
THE CONNECTION B/W CUSTOMERS – SUPPLIERS /INTERMEDIARIES
- Have direct interaction (personally or digitally) at an early stage of commercial
o Before having a decision -> purchase -> consuming
Each category of supply function provides a portion of the tourist’s experience and is dependent
on the other categories for the provision of the remainder. The quality, availability and value of
one category will affect demand for the others
For instance, the success of accommodation suppliers in a destination depends on the
availability of quality attractions to draw tourists to the destination, and efficient and affordable
transport routes to the destination. This interdependence is known as complementarity (bổ
sung) + need for a close cooperation b/w different types of suppliers.
TOURISM INCOME APPROACH
This approach considers the value of tourism to businesses and organisations, and identifies the
extent to which suppliers rely on tourism financially. (xác định mức độ mà các nhà cung cấp dựa
vào tài chánh) A tourism income approach enables a more comprehensive understanding of the
economic impacts of tourism because it considers all types of businesses and organisations that
derive an income from tourism, whether or not they are typical of tourism supply hiểu toàn diện
hơn về các tác động kinh tế của du lịch vì nó xem xét tất cả các loại hình doanh nghiệp và tổ chức
có thu nhập từ du lịch, cho dù chúng có phải là hoạt động cung ứng du lịch điển hình hay không.

three types of businesses: core tourism businesses derived 50-100 per cent of their income
from tourism; complementary and ancillary services các dv bổ sung thu derived 25-50 per cent
of their income from tourism; and the remainder derived less than 25 per cent
In 2010 the UN recommended describing tourism supply in one of two ways:
• Tourism characteristic products are supply that would be unlikely to exist without tourism, and
for which statistical data can be obtained.
* Tourism connected products (sản phẩm kết nối dl) are supply( là nguồn cung cấp) that would
still exist without tourism, or supply that depends on tourism but is not recognised as such
globally, for example hospitals, clinics or language schools.
TOURISM AS AN INDUSTRY
The traditional economic view( quan điểm kinh tế truyền thống) of an industry is of a collection
of competing enterprises (tập hợp các doanh nghiệm cạnh tranh) that produce the same product.
According to this view, tourism cannot be described as an industry because it includes enterprises
(các doanh nghiệp) producing different types of product that complement each other (Davidson,
2005).
Tourism is a combination of the activities of several separate industries producing different but
complementary products. (các sản phẩm bổ sung cho nhau) Within each individual industry such
as the hotel industry or the airline industry, suppliers produce the same product and compete with
each other, but it is not possible to identify tourism as a single industry (Davidson, T. L., 2005;
Leiper, 1990b).
Tourism is a complex phenomenon that is composed of a variety of elements (bao gồm nhiều yếu
tố khác nhau) in different locations and different industries and comes in a variety of forms.
Products Activities
Accommodation for Hotels, resort hotels, pensions, guesthouses, B&Bs, apartments,
visitors bungalows, cottages, youth hostels, mountain shelters, cabins,
university halls of residence, sleeping cars, boarding houses,
campsites, recreational vehicle parks and caravan parks, second
homes, timeshare properties
Food and beverage Restaurants, cafes, food and beverage services in hotels or on ships
serving services and trains, self-service and fast-food, mobile food services, bars,
nightclubs, bars in hotels, ships and trains, beverage-serving
activities
Railway passenger Sightseeing services by rail, interurban railway services
transport
Road passenger Taxis, airport shuttle services, car rental, man- or animal-drawn
transport vehicles, non-scheduled bus and coach services, cable cars, ski lifts,
sightseeing by coach, scheduled bus, coach, trams
Water passenger Rivers, canals, ferries, inland cruises, water taxis, ocean cruises
transport
Air passenger Sightseeing flights by plane or helicopter, scheduled and chartered
transport plane and helicopter services, space transport
Transport equipment Car and light van hire
rental services
Travel agencies and All reservation services for transport, accommodation, cruises,
other reservation package tours, events, entertainment and recreational services,
services tour operators, tourist guides, visitor information services
Cultural services Theatre, dance and music performances, museums, historical sites
and buildings, gardens and zoos, nature and wildlife reserves
Sports and Stadiums, ice rinks, sports fields, golf courses, bowling alleys, scuba
recreational services diving, hang-gliding, casinos, horse riding, ballrooms, dance halls,
ski hills, beach and park services, fireworks, sound and light
performances, amusement parks
Country-specific Retail trade: duty free shops, specialised retail trade in souvenirs,
tourism characteristic handicrafts
goods
Country-specific Other country-specific tourism characteristic activities
tourism characteristic
services

TOURISM AS A SYSTEM
Why is Tourism considered a system?
B/c it consists of tourists, geographical regions and the resources required for tourism
production and consumption. Each element of the system requires different types of production
and consumption
These elements have interrelation and interdependent (mối quan hệ qua lai và phụ thuộc)
If we change only one element in this system, the other elements will be changed together

Tourism systems have 3 important factors

- Toursim generating region : nơi xuất phát của khách dl
- Tourist destination region: nơi đến của khách du lịch
- Transit region: các tuyến du lịch nối giữa nơi đi với nơi đến.
generating regions:
- are the place of residence for Ts and the source of demand for Tourism.
Need to have economic and political conditions -> to influence the location of the resources that
attract tourists. The place begins a holiday and finishes. Pay attention on the factors improve
the demand in tourism such as geological location, population characteristics (đặc điểm dân cư)
and social economics (kt XH).
- The focus of promotional activities to persuade consumers to engage in tourism and to
purchase particular travel products
Tourists: are human elements (behavioral element)
Use the time and money
Transit routes: must be made to reach the destination region.
Determine (xác định) the destinations that are accessible from the generating
region
Tourism industries include Business/ organsations providing experiences, services and facilities
for tourists.

tourism as ‘partially-industrialised’ Công nghiệp hóa 1 phần because tourists’ experiences often
include non-industrial resources, for example natural attractions, private homes or private
transport and also often include the consumption of products that are not directly associated
with tourism

THE FORMS OF TOURISM

A, the geographical
Forms of tourism are often characterised by the geographical characteristics of the destination:
Urban tourism:, tourism in cities and towns using the resources that are provided primarily for
local residents and businesses as attractions for tourists; for example museums, theatres,
markets, shops, restaurants, nightclubs, sports and cultural facilities, events and meeting
facilities. Transport links to and within urban destinations are usually well developed (Page, 2005).
Rural tourism: , tourism in small towns and villages or to remote natural areas. Attractions may
be natural, cultural or based on specific physical activities (e.g. rock climbing, hiking, cycling)
and resources may be spread over a wide area. Demand is heavily influenced by the weather. Rural
tourism destinations mainly attract holiday, leisure and recreational visitors. Access to and within
rural destinations may be limited, and require the use of private vehicles by tourists (Lane, 1994).
Resort tourism, tourism in a place that attracts large volumes of tourists, and where the economy
and services are dominated by tourism. Resort tourism may develop in an existing village or town,
or be purpose built. Resort tourism is often located in coastal or mountain regions.
B. The type of activity
Destinations often promote their tourism resources and identify broad market segments (xác
định phản khúc thị trường )by the type of activity. In addition to types of activity, descriptions of
tourism can be further refined according to the location of demand and its relationship to the
destination.
Eco tourism Visits to rural or wilderness environments to actively learn about the
natural environment and with a focus on positive impacts for the local
environment, economy and host society
Sun, sea and sand Visits to coastal destinations for relaxation where climate and beaches
tourism are the main attraction
Cultural tourism Visits to enjoy the cultural resources of a destination, for example art
galleries, museums, architecture, religion, local lifestyle, language and
traditions, and cultural events
Sport tourism Visits for the specific purpose of taking part in a particular sport such
as skiing, surfing or golf, or to spectate at a sporting event
 MICE tourism Visits for meetings, incentive, conferences and exhibitions. Customers
may be companies, associations or individual tourists travelling for
business or professional purposes
Event tourism Visits to participate in or spectate at a particular organised event, which
may be cultural or sporting
Dark tourism Visits to sites associated with significant sinister events, for example
battlefields, prison camps or murder sites
Cruise tourism Travel and stay on board a marine vessel for ocean or river journeys,
often with visits to multiple destinations
VFR tourism Visiting friends and relatives

Types of Tourism
domestic tourism is the act of travelling for business or leisure within one’s home country.
According to the UNWTO, a person must be away from their usual place of residence (but still in
their home country) for at least one night to qualify as a domestic tourist.
Is domestic Tourism important?
According to a recent report published by the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC),
domestic tourism accounts for 73% of total Travel and Tourism spending globally in 2018; thus
it is a key factor of the tourism sector.
Create jobs for local people and reduce the poverty , improve infrastructure
Inbound tourism
According to the World Tourism Organization the inbound tourism is the activities of the visitor
travelling to a place outside his usual environment for not more than one year and not less than
24 hours. The travel is for leisure, business and not for permanent work and gaining money.
Advantages of the inbound Tourism:
The inbound tourism has the following advantages
Economical Advantages:
A/ It’s a source of hard currency to the country.(nguồn cc ngoại tệ mạnh)
B/ it creates jobs for the people.
C/ Represents a tool for development and progress for the nation.
D/ An encouraging and promising field for the investors.
F/ A source for taxes to the country.
Outbound tourism is the act of travelling ‘out’ of your home country for the purposes of
tourism
THE CHARACTERISTIC OF THE TRIP
Independent travel Tourists not travelling with an organised group. The tourist
researches, makes reservations and payments direct with suppliers,
or via a travel agency or wholesaler.
Demand for independent travel has increased considerably in some
regions since internet technology has improved, and as a result of
the growth of low-cost airlines.
 Inclusive travel A pre-arranged combination of transport, accommodation and/or
(package travel) other travel services, sold at one price, to groups or to individual
tourists, and usually organised by a tour operator or travel agency.
Usually associated with holidays, leisure and recreation but could also
be used for conference and incentive travel.
Group travel Tourists travelling with an organised group of tourists on the same
trip. They may or may not know each other. The trip may be for
personal or business/professional purposes. Often group travel is
also an inclusive tour.
Corporate travel Tourism for business or professional purposes that is organised and
paid for by companies. Travel agencies and tour operators may
specialise in providing tourism services to corporate customers.
Mass tourism Large-scale holiday tourism offering standardised products and
experiences, requiring major infrastructural development in
destinations, and with general appeal to broad tourist markets, often
equated with outbound inclusive travel to coastal resort destinations.
Often associated with negative environmental and social impacts in
the destination, although this is not necessarily true.
Alternative tourism Often used to describe specialised forms of tourism that attract low
volumes of tourists. Often associated with tourism that actively
benefits the host economy, environment and society. May also be
described as soft tourism, slow tourism, eco tourism, sustainable
tourism, responsible tourism or green tourism.

The tourism has transformed significantly since the rapid growth of tourism demand and supply
To have a form of tourism as a mass, standardized and rigidly inflexible
+ produce identical holidays in large volumes in the most cost-effective ways (hiệu quả về chi
phí) because of having the lowest operating costs led to large scale development
-> create many negative environmental and social impacts in destinations
Tourists lack of consideration about culture and environment of the countries that they are
visiting
Mass tourism cannot be survived b/c of 4 key factors
• New consumers
o New tourists: have many experience in travelling
▪ Require the tourism suppliers provide products and services being
customized to their needs
-> suppliers have to understand how tourism consumers thought , felt
and behaved to provide satisfactory experience
o Old tourists in mass tourism : not have experience in travelling and
preferred inclusive tours
• New technologies
 o IT is used in processing , storing , retrieving (truy xuất) and distributing
information
IT would be a key tool in transforming mass tourism into new tourism because it
would facilitate the provision (thuận tiện cho việc cung cấp) of high-quality,
flexible tourism experiences to new tourists
• Emergence of a new global best practice
Mass production will be dismissed to make a way for flexible production
The good points of mass production: reduce the costs and generate profits through
the production of large volumes of identical products -> compete in price
Flexible production: emphasis product quality , the need to respond and satisfaction
Flexible tourism provides quality tourism experiences and closely match the needs
of particular market segments , improve the satisfaction level to maintain loyalty
• Limits to growth.