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Faculty of Engineering- Mataria

Internal Combustion Engines

Chapter (5)
Combustion in Compression Ignition Engines

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ahmed Emara

Cairo 2022/2023

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Using heat to do work – the internal combustion engine

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[5.2] COMBUSTION STAGES IN CIE's

P-θ

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P-θ

I- Ignition Delay Period

It is defined as the time from the start of

fuel injection to the point at which the
cylinder pressure starts to rise above that
of the compression curve.

2- 5 m sec.

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(i) Ignition Delay Period

(a) Physical delay period.
• Atomization
• Distribution
• Evaporation
• Combustible mixture

(i) Ignition Delay Period

(b) Chemical delay period

• Series of chemical reactions
• Ends by the spontaneous ignition

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1- Long Delay Period

• Higher RPRP
• Higher maximum pressure
• Rough running
• Higher mechanical stresses

• How to reduce?
1- Cetane No. ↑→ IDP ↓
2- Viscosity ↓→ IDP↓
3- Sulfur in fuel better to be low

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OCTANE NUMBER (or) OCTANE RATING

• Octane number is introduced to express the knocking characteristics of

petrol.

• It has been found that n-heptane knocks very badly and hence, its anti-
knock value has been given zero.

• On the other hand, iso-octane gives very little knocking and so, its anti-
knock value has been given 100.

• Thus octane number is defined as 'the percentage of iso-octane present in

a mixture of iso-octane and n-heptane.‘

• Iso-octane (Octane number = 100)

• CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 - CH3
• n - heptane (Octane number = 0)

CETANE NUMBER (or) CETANE RATING

• Cetane number is introduced to express the knocking characteristics of
diesel.
• Cetane has a very short ignition lag and hence its cetane number is taken
as 100.
• On the other hand 2-methyl naphthalene has a long ignition lag and hence
its cetane number is taken as zero.
CH3

• CH3 – (CH2)14 – CH3

• n-cetane (hexa decane)
• cetane number = 100
2-methyl naphthalene (cetane number = 0)
• Thus the cetane number is defined as "the percentage of hexa decane present
in a mixture of hexa decane and 2-methyl napthalene, which has the same
ignition lag as the fuel under test".
• The cetane number decreases in the following order.
• n-alkanes > Cycloalkanes > alkenes >branched alkanes >aromatics
• The cetane number of a diesel oil can be increased by adding additives
called dopes.
• Important dopes: Ethyl nitrate, Iso-amyl nitrate.

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2- Short delay period

- consider what will happen if there isn't any delay
period. The fuel droplets will ignite immediately
after they leave the injection nozzle.

- This will lead to concentrated burned droplets so

close to each other, causing bad distributions of
them in the air needed for their complete
combustion,

- resulting a fall in the thermal efficiency and

producing smoky exhaust.

Factors Affecting IDP

(1)T and P of air at injection P)inj, T)inj ↑ → ↓ IDP

(2) Injection timing Injection timing ↑ → ↑ IDP

(3) Engine speed Engine speed ↑ → ↓ IDP

(4) Self ignition temperature SET ↓→ ↓ IDP
(5) Volatility of the fuel Volatility of fuel ↑ → ↓ IDP
(6) Droplet size
Small droplet size ↓ → A/V ↑ surface to volume ratio → evaporation rate
↑→ ↓ IDP

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• Droplet size depends on:

1- fuel viscosity.
2- Nozzle type.
3- Injection pressure.

(ii) Rapid Pressure Rise Period

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(ii) Rapid Pressure Rise Period

The rate of pressure rise will be higher
and the maximum pressure will be
greater if:
(1) Amount of fuel injected during IDP
(2) The mixing of fuel and air

(ii) Rapid Pressure Rise Period

Mixing is Improved by:
• High volatile fuel
• Increasing atomization
• Using a strong air motion

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(iii) Slow Combustion Period

SCP= Injection period-(IDP+RPRP)

(iii) Slow Combustion Period SCP

• After the top dead center

• Depending on the location of Pmax
• Delay period is very short
• Low oxygen availability

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[5.3] Effect of engine speed, load,

size and fuel-ignition quality on
combustion
(1) Engine Speed

θo = Delay time x 6 N

N ↑ → θ)
Delay angle (θ ↑

(1) Engine Speed

• Greater Fuel injected

• High RPRP
• Higher maximum pressure
• Bad combustion
To avoid:
•Fuel with higher ignition quality
•Advancing the injection timing to
attain P)max in (10-15°) after TDC.

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(2) Engine Load ↑

• A/F ↓ from about 30 to 20

• Higher metal temperature
• Higher air temperature
• Reduced ignition delay period
• No need for retarding

(3) Engine Size

• No end gas
• Use large cylinders
• Heavy moving parts
• High inertia forces
• Lower engine speed
• Difficult for a strong air motion
• Larger amount of excess air

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(4) Fuel Ignition Quality

• Relative ease of fuel ignition

• Short IDP ↓ means high ignition quality.
• Standard known fuels.

• Fuels references are:

(a) Methylnaphthalene as a low ignition quality
(b) Cetane as a high ignition quality

(4) Fuel Ignition Quality

To determine the cetane number:

(a) Measure ID of fuel in any CIE
(b) Find the blend of standard for same ID

Very short IDP

(very high cetane number)
is not recommended

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[5.4] DIESEL KNOCK

• Too long IDP

• Higher amount of fuel injected
• Higher RPRP
• High combustion noise (knock)
• High stresses

[5.5] ENGINE STARTABILITY

• At starting
• Cold engine surfaces
• Low air temperature
• First compression stroke, air gives
heat to the cylinder walls
• Rises the metal temperature
• Rising the temperature of air
• Slow combustion
• After a few more cycles

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• Thank You

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