2021 Higher School Certificate Year 11 Examination Biology General Instructions Total marks ~ 80 # Reading time ~ 5 minutes Section I — Pages 2-14 © Working time ~2 hours 20 marks © Write using black pen © Attempt Questions 1-20 5 * Allow about 30 minutes for this section © Draw diagrams using pencil # Caleulators approved by NESA Section UI — Pages 15-32 may be used 60 marks te vo, | & Attempt Questions 21-33 * Write your student number and/or | stow about 1 hours and 30 minutes for this name at the top of every page oes This paper MUST NOT be removed from the examination room STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: .....STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: Section I 20 marks: Attempt Questions 1-20 Allow about 30 minutes for this section Select the alternative A, B, C or D that best answers the question and indicate your choice with a cross (X) in the appropriate space on the grid below. welolalalalalulr i 12 13, 14 16 17 18 19 20 Page 2STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: 1 The following food web represents the interactions between some organisms in the Murray-Darling River System. Murray | [Pern }——_{ “arey] ‘Aquatic Invertebrates The Murray River Cod, Australia’s largest freshwater fish, is listed as “Vulnerable” under the Environment Protection of Biodiversity and Conservation Act due overfishing and habitat changes. In the short-to-medium term, how could the cod’s declining numbers affect other organisms in the ecosystem? A. Protozoa will increase and aquatic invertebrates will decrease B. Rocky River frog numbers will increase C. Perch numbers will decrease D. All organisms will decrease in number 2 Which list contains organelles that are only visible with an electron microscope? A. Nucleus, chloroplast, mitochondria Cell membrane, mitochondria, vacuole Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes poe Chloroplast, golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum Page 3STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: ... Charles Darwin studied a variety of finches on the Galapagos Islands and believed that these finches evolved from a common ancestor. These finches were isolated from each other on the islands and, due to small variations being selected over time, they slowly evolved into different species of finches. medium tree finch large tee finch (Cocos Island finch (Pinaroloxias inornata) . ‘small ground finch sharp-beaked ground finch (Geospiza fulginose) (Geospizacitficiis) large ground finch meckum ground finch (Geospiza magnivostis) __(Geospia forts) This is an example of what type of evolution? A. Convergent, punctuated Convergent, gradual Divergent, punctuated por Divergent, gradual Page 4STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: 4 What is the role of photosynthesis in ecosystems? A. To trap the sunlight To start all food chains To convert carbon dioxide to oxygen gow To convert light energy to chemical energy Use the diagram below to answer Questions 5 and Question 6. 5 Whatis the name of the organelle featured in the diagram? A. Endoplasmic reticulum B. Mitochondria C. Chloroplast D, Nucleus 6 This organelle is not usually visible using a high school laboratory microscope. What scientific technology was used to capture this image? Light microscope Proton microscope Electron microscope pop > Neutron microscope Page 5STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: Which statement best describes the process of endocytosis? A. A separate membrane vesicle containing materials approaches the cellular membrane and combines with it in order to transport materials into the cell. B. _ A separate membrane vesicle containing materials approaches the cellular membrane and combines with it in order to transport materials outside the cell C. The cellular membrane forms a capsule around materials that breaks off into a separate membrane vesicle for the transport of substances outside the cell D. The cellular membrane forms a capsule around materials that breaks off into a separate membrane vesicle for the transport of substances into the cell Which is a biotic factor? A. Light B. Predators C. Availability of water D. Temperature variation Which of the following features could be used to identify a prokaryotic cell? caw > The absence of organelles ‘The presence of a nucleus The absence of ribosomes The presence of a cell wall Page 610 uw STUDENT NUMBER/NAME; n about the niches of two species. ‘The diagram below shows informati Species1 Species 2 Fundamental niche Realised niche using resource Number of in Niche (range of resources used) Which of the following best describes the nature of the interaction between the two species? A. The two species occupy different habitats but overlap for some resources. Species 1 is more tolerant to a range of conditions than Species 2. ‘When the two Species compete for resources, Species 1 outcompetes Species 2. gop Interspecific competition. Which row correctly matches the organelle with their respective funetion? Nucleus ~~ Cell membrane ___ Vacuole ] A. | Controls cell division and | Controls the transfer of _ | Extracellular membranes the production of cell__| substances into and out | that can store cell structures of the cell materials and wastes Stores the genetic Protects and separates | Extracellular membranes instructions for cell cell contents from that can store cell replication and function _| surroundings materials and wastes Stores the genetic Controls the transfer of _ | Intracellular membranes instructions for cell substances into and out | that can store cell replication and function _| of the cell materials and wastes D. [| Controls cell division and | Protects and separates | Intracellular membranes | the production of cell cell contents from that can store cell structures | surroundings materials and wastes Page 7STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: ... 12 A Deep Ice Sheet Coring Drill (DISC drill) is used to obtain an ice core sample from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. How could this ice-core sample be analysed to provide specific evidence of past atmospheric conditions on Earth? A. B. According to the Law of Superposition, layers in the sample could be counted to determine the absolute age represented by the ice core. The ratio of oxygen-16 to oxygen-18 isotopes in the gas bubbles of different layers could be analysed to determine past atmospheric temperatures ‘The concentrations of dust, pollen and volcanic ash trapped in different layers of the sample could be analysed to determine past atmospheric temperatures. The ratio of carbon-14 to carbon-12 in the gas bubbles of different layers could be used to determine past atmospheric temperatures Page 8STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: .. 13. The graphic below outlines information related to surface area and volume. SA increases, volume stays constant 18 5 Total surface area (height x width x sides 6 150 750 x number of boxes) Total volume (height x width x length 4 425 425 x number of boxes) SA:Vol ratio 6 (surface area + volume) Which statement is correct? A. Cells and tissues specialised for gas or material exchanges will have increased surface area, optimising transfer rate. B. Intestinal tissue of the digestive tract has a ruffled structure, villi, increasing the volume of the inner lining. C. Cells and tissues specialised for gas or material exchanges will have decreased surface area, optimising transfer rate. D. Intestinal tissue of the digestive tract has a ruffled structure, villi, decreasing the surface area of the inner lining. Page 9STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: 14 Multiple sources of evidence are used to support Darwin and Wallace’s Theory of Evolution. Below is an image of one source of evidence. fish salamander tortoise chicken human What is the name given to this source of evidence? Biochemical evidence ‘Comparative anatomy ‘Comparative embryology Biogeography pOR > Page 1015, 16 a7 STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: Fossils in which rock layer are likely to be youngest? A. Rock layer A B. Rock layer B C. Rock layer © D. Rock layer D Which property of alveoli allows for efficient gas exchange in mammalian lungs? A. They create a smaller surface area inside the lung, They have thick walls that prevent diffusion. They keep the inside of the lungs dry. vay They are surrounded by capillaries. Which of the following human activities has increased atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide most? A. Supplying energy Agricultural practices Transportation poe Landfill waste Page 1118 19 STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: Which of the following is the correct hierarchical organisation of multicellular organisms? A. Cell > Organism > Tissue > Organ > Organ System B. Organ System > Organism > Organ > Tissue > Cell C. Tissue > Cell > Organ > Organ System > Organism D. Cell > Tissue > Organ > Organ System > Organism Which of the following is the best description of microevolution? A. Changes in frequencies of alleles in a gene pool B. Reacting to changes in the environment C. Creating new species where none existed before D. Genes mutating in response to changes in the environment Page 12STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: 20 The Northern Quoll is the smallest species of marsupial carnivore in the genus Dasyrus. Suitable habitat for Northem Quolls includes rocky areas, dry sclerophyll and vine thickets, hollow logs and termite mounds. Their distribution in Australia has changed significantly since it was first documented, as shown in the image below. previous distribution [Ell current distibs ‘The Norther Quoll’s population has been impacted significantly by poisoning from eating cane toads, which now occur throughout the north of Australia, Question 20 continues on the next page Page 13Question 20 (continued) STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: ... Some scientists wanted to assess the population of Northern Quolls in a location using the capture-mark-release-recapture method. Their results are in the table below. Number of individuals | Number of individuals | _ Number of marked captured, marked and released recaptured | individuals recaptured 30 24 | 9 To estimate the population size, these results were analysed using the Lincoln Index: Lincoln Index calculation N41 x N2)/R Pp Na N2 total size of population size of first sample (all marked) ¢ of second sample (recapture) | _ R= number of marked individuals recaptured in second sample ‘What is the estimated size of the population of Northern Quolls based on the data collected? A ll B. 88 CG. 80 D. 50 Page 14STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: ... Section IL 60 marks Attempt Questions 21-33 Allow about I hour and 30 minutes for this section Answer the questions in the spaces provided. These spaces provide guidance for the expected length of response. Show all relevant working in questions involving calculations. Extra writing space is provided at the back of this booklet. If you use this space, clearly indicate which question you are answering. Question 21 (3 marks) Marks, ‘Complete the missing information in the table below. 3 Organelle Function Mitochondria | The site of photosynthesis Ribosome | Page 15STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: ... Question 22 (4 marks) Marks Below is the image of a trilobite fossil, an ancient arthropod that lived on the ocean floor around 500 million years ago. (@) () Why would it be impossible to use biochemical analysis on this fossil? 2 Uranium-235 is an isotope used to date fossils. Uranium-235 has a half-life of 2 704 million years and decomposes into the daughter isotope Lead-207. Uraniumn-235 Decay Porcent remaining S¥¥83338s88 imo 200 ~—=SmO SCO Time (lions of years) Using the graph above, calculate the percentage of Uranium-235 and Lead-207 you would expect to find in the trilobite fossil. Page 16STUDENT NUMBER/NAME. ...... Question 23 (6 marks) Marks A practical investigation was carried out to model transport across a cell membrane. Model. cells were constructed using sections of dialysis tubes (a semi-permeable membrane) that had been sealed at both ends to encase an intracellular fluid. This was placed in a beaker of solution as shown in the diagram, 25 mL of starch solution 500 mL of water with iodine solution (a) Identify the transport process modelled in this setup. 1 (b) The experiment was viewed the next day and an intense black colour was, 2 observed only inside the dialysis tubing of the model cell. Explain the result of this experiment with reference to the observation. Question 23 continues on the next page Page 17STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: Question 23 (continued) Marks (©) A second set of materials were provided to construct an identical model to the one 3 shown in the diagram, except a solution of sucrose and water were provided. Describe how the equipment could be setup to demonstrate a different transport process and explain the expected observations. End of Question 23 Page 18STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: Question 24 (4 marks) Marks Using examples that you have studied, explain TWO different practices that can be used to 4 restore damaged ecosystems, Country or Place. Page 19STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: Question 25 (5 marks) Marks Since the introduction of penicillin in World War 2, many antibiotic-resistant strains of 5 bacteria have evolved. Use the Darwin-Wallace Theory of Natural Selection to explain the increased prevalence of these resistant strains Page 20STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: Question 26 (5 marks) A practical investigation determined the effect of environmental factors on the activity of an enzyme. Only one condition was changed and results are plotted on the graph. x | Activity (s) Temperature (°C) (a) Identify the aim of this experiment. (b) Describe the significance of the point labelled X. Question 26 continues on the next page Page 21STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: ...... Question 26 (continued) Marks (©) Explain the change in enzyme activity at the section labelled Y. 3 End of Question 26 Page 22STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: .. Question 27 (4 marks) Marks Draw a labelled diagram of a plant cell, containing the following organelles: 4 nucleus, cell membrane, cell wall, vacuole, and chloroplast. Page 23STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: Question 28 (7 marks) Marks A student used the following equipment to demonstrate the relationship between surface area and rate of reaction, She added large marble chips to hydrochloric acid and counted the number of bubbles of gas produced in one minute, She then repeated the investigation using crushed marble chips instead of large marble chips. ; hydrochloric acid GC ‘bubbles |O counted G : large marble chips- (a) Identify the following. 3 i. Independent variable. ii, Dependent variable .. iii, ONE controlled variable .. () Using your knowledge of surface area and rate of reaction, predict the student’s results. 1 Question 28 continues on the next page Page 24STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: Question 28 (continued) Marks (©)__ Explain how these results can be used to demonstrate the importance of physical 3 digestion on the process of absorption of nutrients in mammals. End of Question 28 Page 25Question 29 (8 marks) Marks Explain the evolution of a named, present-day organism in Australia. In your answer, 8 detail changes to past ecosystems and the effects of selection pressures over time. Page 26STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: Question 30 (4 marks) Marks Describe the changes in the composition of blood as it moves around a human body. 4 Page 27STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: ....... Question 31 (4 marks) Marks Select TWO types of adaptation and describe an example of each, including how they increase 4 the survival of the organism. Structural Adaptation Physiological Adaptation Behavioural Adaptation Page 28STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: Question 32 (3 marks) Marks Understanding what Earth’s ecosystems were like in the past, can help us better understand 3 our current ecosystems. The pictures below show: A rock engraving of a thylacine on the Burrup Peninsula, northwest Australia (a) Aboriginal rock drawing of a thylacine at Ubirr, Kakadu National Park (b). {b) Analyse how Aboriginal rock paintings can provide evidence of past changes in ecosystems. Page 29STUDENT NUMBER/NAME; Question 33 (3 marks) Marks Explain how human activity can impact on an abiotic feature of ecosystems. 3 End of paper Page 30STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: «......essssseessseessee Section II extra writing space If you use this space, clearly indicate which question you are answering. Page 31STUDENT NUMBER/NAME: Section II extra writing space Ifyou use this space, clearly indicate which question you are answering. Page 32