Alexandria Engineering Journal (2021) xxx, xxx–xxx

H O S T E D BY
Alexandria University

Alexandria Engineering Journal

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www.sciencedirect.com

Thermal improvement in magnetized nanofluid for

multiple shapes nanoparticles over radiative
rotating disk
Adnan a, Umar Khan b, Naveed Ahmed c, Syed Tauseef Mohyud-Din d,
Sayer O. Alharbi e,*, Ilyas Khan e,*

a
Department of Mathematics, Mohi-ud-Din Islamic University, Nerian Sharif, AJ&K, Pakistan
b
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan
c
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences, HITEC University Taxila Cantt, Pakistan
d
University of Multan, Multan, Pakistan
e
Department of Mathematics, College of Science Al-Zulfi, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia

Received 13 March 2020; revised 8 April 2021; accepted 9 July 2021

KEYWORDS Abstract In the present time, thermal transportation in the colloidal suspensions under various
Rotating disk; scenario becomes an influential research direction due to their extensive applications. Therefore,
MHD; investigation of thermal transport over a rotating disk under the impacts of thermal and velocity
Thermal radiation; slip, imposed Lorentz forces and thermal radiation is conducted for multiple shape effects of the
Thermal conductivity; nanomaterial. The nanofluid model suspended by Al2O3, TiO2 and Cu nanomaterial is reduced
Runge-Kutta scheme; in dimensionless version via similarity variables. After that, RK scheme is implemented and handle
Shear stresses the model effectively. The outcomes of various parameters for the velocity, thermal transport, skin
friction and local heat transport are sketched and explained broadly. It is examined that the heat
transport for the nanofluids becomes dominant throughout the analysis in comparison with conven-
tional liquid. The temperature of the nanofluids significantly enhances due to the velocity slip
effects. Moreover, thermal radiation and the volumetric fraction of the nanomaterials favor the
local heat transfer rate.
Ó 2021 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria
University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction
* Corresponding authors.
E-mail addresses: so.alharbi@mu.edu.sa (S.O. Alharbi), i.said@mu. The flow due to rotating disk is one of the significant motives
edu.sa (I. Khan). in the field of fluid dynamics due to its large class of applica-
tions. These include in rotational viscometer, pumping of liq-
uid metals, turbo machinery, spin coating and in
Peer review under responsibility of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria manufacturing and use of computer disks etc.
University.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2021.07.021
1110-0168 Ó 2021 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Please cite this article in press as: Adnan et al., Thermal improvement in magnetized nanofluid for multiple shapes nanoparticles over radiative rotating disk, Alex-
andria Eng. J. (2021), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2021.07.021
2 Adnan et al.

It is a fact that the regular liquids like oil, water, glycol and Many researchers studied different fluid mechanics flow mod-
ethylene etc. have low thermal transport capability. To els of different fluids and in different geometries. They adopted
improve the thermal capability of such fluids (oil, water, glycol many analytical and numerical technique for the solution pur-
and ethylene etc.), a new sort of fluids was developed and enti- pose. For instance, we can study [24–34] and references
tled as nanofluids. In such fluids, solid nanoparticles of differ- therein.
ent metals (copper, gold, titanium, silver etc.) are diluted in the In this work, the flow of nanofluid containing multiple
host liquid continuously and stably. This class of fluids was shapes (nanoparticles of Al2 O3 ; TiO2 and Cu) is conducted
first introduced by Choi [1] and they named as nanofluids. over a rotating disk. To increase the novelty of the study,
Nanofluids are used to enhance the heat transfer rate in fuel the nanofluid suspended by different nanomaterials will be
cells, microchips in computers, microelectronics, food process- considered. The particular problem is formulated in Section 2.
ing and biomedicine. In 2015, Turkyilmazoglu [2] prolonged In next section, the model is tackled numerically by adopting
thermal transport inspection of nanofluids in circular concen- well known numerical technique called Runge-Kutta scheme.
tric pipes. The note on nanofluids and some regular fluids was Then the influences of pertinent parameters in the flow
reported by Turkyilmazoglu [3] in 2015. regimes, shear stresses and heat transfer rate are sketched
The three-dimensional nonlinear flow over an exponentially and explained effectively. Finally, the study is completed with
sheet which is capable to stretching was explored by Khan concluding remarks.
et al. [4]. They studied the model numerically and sketched
the results against the pertinent flow parameters. Sheik- 2. Model formulation and geometry
holeslami et al. [5] conducted a study regarding thermal char-
acteristics for two phase nanofluid model. To enhance the The viscous incompressible flow of nanofluid is consider over a
thermal capability of the nanofluid, they plugged the influences rotating disk. The flow is an electrically conducting. The angu-
of thermal radiation and Lorentz force in the governing col- lar velocity of the nanofluid and disk is X about z
axis: Fur-
loidal problem. The results were discussed significantly after thermore, in the direction of increasing ðr; u; zÞ, the velocity
a successful mathematical analysis. In 2016, Khan et al. [6] components are denoted by u; v and w, respectively. Further,
examined the nanofluid behavior in rotating frame. They magnetic field B0 of uniform strength is applied perpendicular
encountered the flow behavior due to squeezing effects and to the disk. Also, Tw denotes the temperature at the surface
found significant changes in the fluid temperature characteris- and T1 represents the temperature far away from the disk.
tics over the desired domain. Sheikholeslami et al. [7] also ana- Fig. 1 presenting the physical model of the flow: (SEE Fig. 2.)
lyzed the properties of the particular nanofluid around the Under afore mentioned assumptions, following is the gov-
rotating axes. They also studied the influences of magneto erning nanofluid model over a rotating disk:
hydrodynamic on the flow behavior. The studied of nanofluids
over a magnetized disk in about rotating axes was done by @u @w u
þ þ ¼ 0; ð1Þ
Rashidi et al. [8]. They examined the behavior of the fluid @r @z r
due to porosity and found fascinating outcomes of the

analysis. @u v2 @u lnf @ 2 u u 1 @u @ 2 u lnf
u
þw ¼
þ þ
u
Lately, Singh et al. [9] presented the investigation of fluid @r r @z qnf @r2 r2 r @r @z2 qnf K
behavior in nonparallel walls. Such sort of flow is entitled as rnf B20
Jeffery-Hamel flow. During the analysis, they focused on the
u; ð2Þ
qnf
technique HATM and they concluded that proposed mathe-
matical algorithm is highly efficient and suitable for nonlinear

@v @v uv lnf @ 2 v v 1 @v @ 2 v lnf
models arising in fluid dynamics. The fruitful analysis of the u þw þ ¼
þ þ
v
nanofluids under Fourier and Fick’s laws, behavior of 3D @r @z r qnf @r2 r2 r @r @z2 qnf K
magnetized boundary layer flow, analytical treatment of Wil- rnf B20

v; ð3Þ
liam’s son fluid and flow over a thin film were examined in qnf
[10–13].
Khan et al. [14] reported the magnetized nanofluid flow
between two plates that placed horizontally. They examined
the nanofluid behavior suspended by copper nanoparticles.
In 2016, Aman et al. [15] examined the influences of Ag tiny
particles in magnetohydrodynamic mixed convective flow.
Gul et al. [16] explored the radiative and heat generated flow
of nanofluid with Lorentz forces and mixed convection. The
study of the heat flux performance over a vertically suspended
sheet was described in [17] and [18]. Sheikholeslami et al. [19]
examined the influences of thermal radiations on MHD nano-
fluid flow with the help two phase model. They also discussed
the velocity, temperature and heat transfer rate via graphical
aid. Thermal improvement in ferrofluid with Cylindrical
shapes nanoparticles over a vertical plate and the analysis of
silver tiny particles on magnetized Jeffery fluid explored in
[20] and [21], respectively. Sheikholeslami et al. [22,23] pre-
sented the magnetized flow in a stretching rotating geometry. Fig. 1 The nanofluid flow configuration over rotating disk.
Thermal improvement in magnetized nanofluid 3

Fig. 2 The variations in F0 ðgÞ for (a) Al2 O3 (b) TiO2 (c) Cu nanoparticles and (d) conventional fluid for varying k.

  
1
@w @w lnf @ 2 w 1 @w @ 2 w lnf lnf lf ¼ 1 þ a / þ b/2 ;
u þw ¼ þ þ
w; ð4Þ
@r @z qnf @r2 r @r @z2 qnf K "   #

2   
1 ks þ ðn
1Þkf þ ðn
1Þ ks
kf /
@T @T knf @ T 1 @T @ 2 T knf kf ¼   ;
u þw ¼ þ þ ks þ ðn
1Þkf
ks
kf /
@r @z ðqCp Þnf @r2 r @r @z2

2 qnf ¼ ð1
/Þqf þ /qs ;
lnf @w 4r @ 2  


 2 4T31 T ; ð5Þ
ðqCp Þnf @z 3k @z      
qCp nf
¼ ð1
/Þ qCp f þ / qCp s ;
Here, Eq. (1) is well known continuity equation and it sat-
isfies identically. Eqs. (2)–(4) are the components of the In above models, / denotes the volume fraction factor of
momentum equation and Eq. (5) is the temperature equation the nanoparticles, qs andqf are the densities of the tiny particles
incorporating thermal radiation and regular liquid, respectively. In the model of dynamic vis-
  effects. The quantities embed- cosity, a and b are constants quantities that depend upon
ded in Eqs. (2)–(5) are qCp nf , knf ; qnf , lnf . These quantities
the various geometries of tiny particles. The parameter n is
representing the specific heat, effective thermal conductivity,
called the empirical geometry factor and is n ¼ w3 , where, w
density and dynamic viscosity, respectively. Furthermore, B0
is the applied magnetic field, r is the Stefan Boltzmann con- denotes the sphericity. The values of a , b and sphericity for
stant and T is the temperature. In current model, we utilized various geometries described in [35] and thermo physical char-
the following models for effective properties of the nanofluid acteristics of the tiny particles and regular liquid embedded in
[35]: Table 1.
4 Adnan et al.

Table 1 Thermo physical values of regular liquid and tiny particles [35].
Model qðkgm
3 Þ cp ðkg
1 k
1 Þ kðwm
1 k
1 Þ b ð10
5 k
1 Þ
H2 O 997:1 4179 0:613 21
C2 H6 O2 1:115 0:58 0:1490 6:5
Cu 8933 385 401 1:67
TiO2 4250 686:2 8:9528 0:9
Ag 10500 235 429 1:89
Al2 O3 3970 765 40 0:85
Fe3 O4 5180 670 9:7 0:5

The suitable auxiliary conditions on nanofluids are the The implementation of defined nondimensional transfor-
following: mations in governing model described in Eqs. (2)–(5) and


 obtained the following model that presenting the nanofluid
@u @v
u¼ L #z¼0 ; v ¼ rX þ L # ; w ¼ 0; flow for multiple shape effects:
@z @z z¼0 h i


@T ð1
/Þ þ / qqsf  0 
T ¼ T w þ K1 # ; 000
2F þ
00
2FF þ G2
F 2
kF
0
@z z¼0 ð1 þ a / þ b/ Þ
 2
 
u ! 0#z!1 ; v ! 0#z!1 ; and T ! T1 #z!1 ; ðrs þ2rf Þþ2ðrs
rf Þ/
ðrs þ2rf Þ
ðrs
rf Þ/ 0
For under consideration flow situation, the following suit-
M2 F
ð1 þ a / þ b/2 Þ
able similarity transformations:
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼ 0; ð6Þ
u ¼ rXF0 ðgÞ; v ¼ GðgÞrX; w ¼
FðgÞ 2Xmf ;
sffiffiffiffiffiffi
T
T1 2X
bðgÞ ¼ ; andg ¼ z
Tw
T1 mf

Fig. 3 The variations in F0 ðgÞ for (a) Al2 O3 (b) TiO2 (c) Cu nanoparticles and (d) conventional fluid for varying c.
Thermal improvement in magnetized nanofluid 5
h i
ð1
/Þ þ / qqsf 0
at g ! 1 :
00 0
2G þ 2FG
2F G
kG
ð1 þ a / þ b/2 Þ 0
F ðgÞ ! 0; bðgÞ ! 0; GðgÞ ! 0;
 
ðrs þ2rf Þþ2ðrs
rf Þ/ In Eqs. (6)–(8), k is the porosity factor, M is the magnetic
ðrs þ2rf Þ
ðrs
rf Þ/

M2 G parameter, Pr denotes the Prandtl number, Rd is the Radiation
ð1 þ a / þ b/2 Þ parameter, a is the thermal slip factor, c is due to velocity slip
¼ 0; ð7Þ factor and Ec is the Eckert number. These dimensionless phys-
ical quantities are given by the following expressions:
 
ð1 þ RdÞb
00
mf qcp f u2w lf 16r T31
" " # # Pr ¼ ; Ec ¼   ; Rd ¼ ;
Pr qCp s 0   00 kf ðTw
T1 Þ qCp f 3k knf

  ð 1
/Þ þ /   Fb þ 1 þ a / þ b/2 EcF 2
ks þðn
1Þkf þðn
1Þðks
kf Þ/ qCp f
12
12
ks þðn
1Þkf
ðks
kf Þ/ mf rf B20 mf 2X 2X
k¼ ; M2 ¼ ; a ¼ K1 ;c ¼ L
¼ 0: XK Xlf v v
ð8Þ
The significant physical quantities in this flow model are
In the model described in Eqs. (6)–(8), F; G and b depend shear stresses and heat transfer rate. The dimensional mathe-
upon the variable g. The set of dimensionless boundary condi- matical expressions for shear stresses and heat transfer rate
tions are the following: are given by the following expressions:
srz suz qw
at g ¼ 0 : CF ¼ ; CG ¼ and Nu ¼ ;
qnf ðrXÞ2 qnf ðrXÞ2 knf ðTw
T1 Þ
00 0
FðgÞ ¼ cF ðgÞ; FðgÞ ¼ 0; GðgÞ ¼ 1 þ cG ðgÞ; bðgÞ ¼ 1 þ ab0 ðgÞ; The wall heat flux is qw . These quantities are as under:

Fig. 4 The variations in F0 ðgÞ for (a) Al2 O3 (b) TiO2 (c) Cu nanoparticles and (d) conventional fluid for varying M.
6 Adnan et al.

Fig. 5 The variations in GðgÞ for (a) Al2 O3 (b) TiO2 (c) Cu nanoparticles and (d) conventional fluid for varying k.



@u @v 3. Mathematical analysis of the problem
srz ¼ lnf #z¼0 ; suz ¼ lnf # and
@z @z z¼0


@T The nonlinear flow model is solved numerically by using RK
qw ¼ qr
knf # ;
@z z¼0 algorithm of order fourth. Here, we assumedgmax ¼ 5. Accord-
With the help of these relations, the following self-similar ingly, the boundary conditions far away from the disk become
0
expressions for the shear stresses and heat transfer rate are F ð5Þ ¼ 0; Gð5Þ ¼ 0 and bð5Þ ¼ 0. The following algorithm is
obtained: followed for solution purpose:

pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi A2 0 0 vnþ1¼ vn þ h;
CF Rer ¼ F ðgÞ#g¼0 ;
A1
1  
1nþ1 ¼ 1n þ k1 þ 2k2 þ 2k3 þ k4 ;
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi A2 0 6
CG Rer ¼ G ðgÞ#g¼0 and
A1
k1 ¼ hFðvn ; 1n Þ;
NuðRer Þ
2 ¼
A4 ð1 þ RdÞb0 ðgÞ#g¼0
1
 
k2 ¼ hF vn þ 0:5h; 1n þ 0:5k1 ;
The quantities A1 and A2 and A4 are as under:
   
q k3 ¼ hF vn þ 0:5h; 1n þ 0:5k2 ;
A1 ¼ ð1
/Þ þ / s ; A2 ¼ 1 þ a / þ b/2 ;
qf  
k4 ¼ hF vn þ h; 1n þ k3 ;
"   #
ks þ ðn
1Þkf þ ðn
1Þ ks
kf / Here, h is the step size and 1nþ1 is the final form of the solu-
A4 ¼ kf   ;
ks þ ðn
1Þkf
ks
kf / tion after calculating ki ; s for i ¼ 1; 2; 3; 4.
Thermal improvement in magnetized nanofluid
Fig. 6 The variations in GðgÞ for (a) Al2 O3 (b) TiO2 (c) Cu nanoparticles and (d) conventional fluid for varying c.
4. Results and discussion
The behaviour of nanofluids motion due to porosity effects is
sketched in Fig. 4 for multiple values. It is detected that the
fluid motion drops against porosity factor k. Near the disk sur-
face these are very prominent in all the cases. The physical rea-
son is that the at the surface of the disk the nanofluid particles
drag at the surface to fill the porous surface which ultimately
declines the fluid motion. The maximum decreasing motion
of platelets based nanofluid is observed whereas, the motion
decreases slowly for blades and bricks based nanofluids. Far
from the radiative disk, the fluid motion becomes stable and
asymptotically vanishes for all the nanofluids under consider-
ation. It is worthy to discuss the that the motion of conven-
tional fluid drops slowly in comparison with nanofluids. The
physical meaning of this is that the nanofluids become more
denser due to volumetric fraction factor which absent in the
conventional liquid.
Fig. 3 decorating the impacts of velocity slip flow parameter
on the fluid motion. It is noticeable that the velocity slip
parameter resists the fluid motion for the particular nanofluids.
7
For TiO2-H2O nanofluid, the abrupt decrement in the motion
is detected this behavior is due to the thermophysical charac-
teristics of the nanomaterial TiO2 due to which the nanofluid
TiO2-H2O becomes denser. Therefore, due to larger density,
the intermolecular interaction between the particles increases
and ultimately the fluid moves slowly. For Al2O3-H2O nano-
fluid, the motion of the fluid is slow comparative to rest of
the nanofluid. In the regular liquid, the motion drops slowly
because it is less dense and the intermolecular interaction
between the fluid particles becomes weaker which allows the
particles move freely.
The study of Lorentz forces attained much interest of the
researchers due to its multiple applications in various industries
to purify the products. Therefor, the impacts of imposed Lor-
entz forces on the radiative disk are sketched in Fig. 4. From
the sketched results, it is obvious that the strength of imposed
magnetic field resists the fluid motion. Physically, the movement
of the fluid particles becomes slow down due to the applied
strength of Lorentz forces which leads to decrement in the
motion. Near the surface abrupt decrement in the fluid motion
is the result of stronger magnetic field strength in that portion.
8 Adnan et al.
Fig. 7 The variations in GðgÞ for (a) Al2 O3 (b) TiO2 (c) Cu nanoparticles and (d) conventional fluid for varying M.
The porosity factor of the disk significantly affects the rota-
tional velocity of the nanofluids over the region of interest.
These are sketched in Fig. 5 for different nanofluids and regu-
lar liquid over a rotating disk. It is noticed that the porosity
parameter resists the motion and maximum decrement in the
rotational velocity is noticed in the middle of the disk. For
under consideration nanofluids, abrupt decrement is detected
for the nanofluids. Physically, the nanofluids are denser due
to volume fraction that resists the motion.
The effects of velcoity slip on the rotational velocity GðgÞ
are decorated in Fig. 6. The rotational velcoity rapidy decays
for Cu-H2O and TiO2-H2O nanofluids. For these fluids, the
maximum slow motion is observed near the disk and this beha-
viour is due to the thermophysical characteristics of Cu and
TiO2. On the other hand, the velcoity decys very slowly for
the regular liquid.
Fig. 7 portraying the pattern of rotational velocity against
imposed Lorentz forces. It is detected that the fluids move
slowly around the axes due to the stronger magnetic field
strength. The applied strength of magnetic field slows down
the fluid motion which leads to abrupt decrement in the rota-
tional velocity of the fluids. However, for regular liquid these
effects are minimal.
The investigation of nanofluids thermal transport is very
significant and extensively applied in various industries and
engineering sides. From Fig. 8a and 8b, it obvious that the
temperature bðgÞ rises due to the stronger viscous dissipative
effects. The temperature of the fluids goes under asymptotic
behavior far from the rotating disk. The Fig. 8c and 8d high-
lighting the temperature pattern for slip parameter. In the
presence of velocity slip, the temperature significantly rises in
the middle area of the disk. The augmentation in the temper-
ature for TiO2-H2O is higher than that of Al2O3-H2O. The
physical reason behind this temperature behavior is the supe-
rior thermophysical characteristics of TiO2 nanomaterial.
Figs. 9 and 10 highlighting the effects of k, magnetic
number M and Radiation parameter Rd on nondimensional
temperature field bðgÞ for Al2 O3
H2 O and TiO2

H2 Onanofluid by considering the platelets, cylinders, blades
and bricks shaped nanoparticles. From Fig. 9(a, b), it is noted
that the effects of k are prominent on both Al2 O3
H2 O and
TiO2
H2 O nanofluids. These effects are minimal away from
the disk. In the case of varying magnetic number M (Fig. 9(c,
d)), bðgÞ increases quite slowly. Fig. 10 depicts the influences of
Rd on bðgÞ. The variations in temperature field bðgÞ due to
varying Radiation number Rd are almost similar to that of
Thermal improvement in magnetized nanofluid
Fig. 8 The variations in bðgÞ for (a, c) Al2 O3 and (b, d) TiO2 nanoparticlesfor varying Ec and c.
varying magnetic number M for platelets, cylinders, blades and
bricks shaped nanoparticles.
The analysis of shear stresses and local heat transport at the
surface of the disk is of great engineering concerns. These are
decorated in Figs. 11 and 12 against various flow parameters,
respectively. The wall shear stresses decays against volumetric
fraction and maximum decay is observed for platelets based
nanofluid. Near the disk surface, these effects are prominent
for stronger magnetic field strength.
The behavior of the local heat transport agaisnt multiple
flow parameters is sketched in Fig. 12. It is analyzed that the
local heat transport enhances for more radiative disk. The vis-
cous dissipation phenomena also favors the nanofluids local
thermal transportation. While, inreverse behavior is detected
for Ec and / variations.
5. Conclusions
The flow of H2O composed by Al2O3, TiO2 and Cu nanomate-
rial over a magnetized and radiative rotating disk is conducted.
The multiple shape effects of the nanomaterial were taken to
9
check their impacts on the flow characteristics. The model deals
numerically and decorated the results over the feasible domain.
It is noticed that the nanofluid motion drops due to the platelets
shaped nanomaterial. The larger magnetic field strength resists
the fluid motion. Furthermore, it is inspected that thermal radi-
ation boost up the nanofluid temperature and minimal temper-
ature alterations are noted for more dissipative fluid. It is
reported that the wall shear stresses decline for platelets based
nanofluid and the local heat transport enhances due to thermal
radiation. Finally, it concluded that the nanofluids are superior
heat transport characteristics and suitable for wide range of
industrial and technological purposes. In future, the work could
be modified for various nanofluids effective correlations under
the phenomena of mixed convection, Joule heating in the exis-
tence viscous dissipation.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing
financial interests or personal relationships that could have
appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
10 Adnan et al.

Fig. 9 The variations in bðgÞ for (a, c) Al2 O3 and (b, d) TiO2 nanoparticles for varying k and M.

Fig. 10 The variations in bðgÞ for (a) Al2 O3 and (b) TiO2 nanoparticles for varying Rd.
Thermal improvement in magnetized nanofluid 11

Fig. 11 The variations in Skin friction due to varying (a) k and (b) M.

Fig. 12 The variations in Local Nusselt number varying (a) Ec (b) / (c) Rd and (d) Ec.
12
Acknowledgment
The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Sci-
entific Research at Majmaah University for funding this work
under Project Number (RGP-2019-6).
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