1

REFRIGERATION
REFRIGERATION 2

- Any process of heat removal

- A process of reducing and
maintaining the temperature of
the space or material below the
temperature of the surroundings.
REFRIGERATION LOAD 3

The rate at which heat must be

removed from the refrigerated space
or material in order to produce or
maintain the desired temperature
conditions.
EXAMPLES OF 4
REFRIGERATION LOAD
1. heat flow through the walls, floor and ceiling;
2. heat gains from the change of air through the
doors/covers/open fronts;
3. the heat from the engines, fans, lights, and even
solar radiation;
4. heat from pumps and other electrical devices in
the cold store;
5. heat from people and processing equipment, such
as fork-lift trucks, which comes in the shop.
BASIC 5
REFRIGERATION CYCLE
Liquids absorb heat when
changed from liquid to gas
Gases give off heat when
changed from gas to liquid.

For an air conditioning system

to operate with economy, the
refrigerant must be used
repeatedly.
BASIC
REFRIGERATION CYCLE 6

a) The refrigerant comes into the

COMPRESSOR as a low-pressure
gas, it is compressed and then
moves out of the compressor as a
high-pressure gas.
b) The gas then flows to the
CONDENSER. Here the gas
condenses to a liquid, and gives off
its heat to the outside air.
BASIC
REFRIGERATION CYCLE 7

c) The liquid then moves to the

EXPANSION VALVE under high
pressure. This valve restricts the
flow of the fluid, and lowers its
pressure as it leaves the
expansion valve.
d) The low-pressure liquid then
moves to the EVAPORATOR,
where heat from the inside air
is absorbed and changes it
from a liquid to a gas.
BASIC
REFRIGERATION CYCLE 8

e)As a hot low-pressure gas,

the refrigerant moves to
the compressor where the
entire cycle is repeated.
f) Note that the four-part
cycle is divided at the
center into a high side and
a low side This refers to the
pressures of the refrigerant
in each side of the system
BASIC
REFRIGERATION CYCLE 9
BASIC
REFRIGERATION CYCLE 10
BASIC
REFRIGERATION CYCLE 11
 12

COMPONENTS OF
REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
COMPRESSOR 13

The purpose of the

compressor is to circulate the
refrigerant in the system
under pressure, this
concentrates the heat it
contains.

•At the compressor, the low

pressure gas is changed to
high pressure gas.
 Thispressure buildup can only be 14
accomplished by having a restriction in the
high pressure side of the system. This is a small
valve located in the expansion valve.

 The compressor has reed valves to control the

entrance and exit of refrigerant gas during the
pumping operation. These must be firmly
seated.

 Twoservice valves are located near the

compressor as an aid in servicing the system.
 One services the high side, it is quickly identified
15
by the smaller discharge hose routed to the
condenser.
 One is used for the low side, the low side comes
from the evaporator, and is larger than the
discharge hose
 Compressor Relief Valve
Some compressors have a relief valve for
regulating pressure. If the system discharge
pressure exceeds rated pressure, the valve will
open automatically and stay open until the
pressure drops. The valve will then close
automatically.
CONDENSER 16

•The purpose of the

condenser is to receive the
high-pressure gas from the
compressor and convert
this gas to a liquid.

•It does it by heat transfer,

or the principle that heat
will always move from a
warmer to a cooler
substance.
 Air passing over the condenser coils 17
carries off the heat and the gas
condenses.
 The condenser often looks like an
engine radiator.
 As the compressor subjects the gas
to increased pressure, the heat
intensity of the refrigerant is actually
concentrated into a smaller area,
thus raising the temperature of the
refrigerant higher than the ambient
temperature of the air passing over
the condenser coils.
EXPANSION VALVE 18

 The expansion valve removes pressure

from the liquid refrigerant to allow
expansion or change of state from a liquid
to a vapor in the evaporator.
 The high-pressure liquid refrigerant
entering the expansion valve is quite
warm. This may be verified by feeling the
liquid line at its connection to the
expansion valve. The liquid refrigerant
leaving the expansion valve is quite cold.
The orifice within the valve does not
remove heat, but only reduces pressure.
 Heat molecules contained in the liquid 19
refrigerant are thus allowed to spread as
the refrigerant moves out of the orifice.
Under a greatly reduced pressure the
liquid refrigerant is at its coldest as it leaves
the expansion valve and enters the
evaporator.
 Pressures at the inlet and outlet of the
expansion valve will closely approximate
gauge pressures at the inlet and outlet of
the compressor in most systems. The
similarity of pressures is caused by the
closeness of the components to each
other.
EVAPORATOR 20
 Theevaporator works the
opposite of the condenser,
here refrigerant liquid is
converted to gas, absorbing
heat from the air in the
compartment.
 21

When the liquid refrigerant reaches the evaporator its pressure

has been reduced, dissipating its heat content and making it
much cooler than the fan air flowing around it. This causes the
refrigerant to absorb heat from the warm air and reach its low
boiling point rapidly. The refrigerant then vaporizes, absorbing
the maximum amount of heat.
 22
 This heat is then carried by the refrigerant
from the evaporator as a low-pressure
gas through a hose or line to the low side
of the compressor, where the whole
refrigeration cycle is repeated.
 The evaporator removes heat from the
area that is to be cooled. The desired
temperature of cooling of the area will
determine if refrigeration or air con-
ditioning is desired. For example, food
preservation generally requires low
refrigeration temperatures, ranging from
40°F (4°C) to below 0°F (-18°C).
 23

 A larger area is cooled, which requires that large volumes of air

be passed through the evaporator coil for heat exchange.
 The blower fans must not only draw heat-laden air into the
evaporator, but must also force this air over the evaporator fins
and coils where it surrenders its heat to the refrigerant and then
forces the cooled air out of the evaporator into the space being
cooled.
 24

REFRIGERANT
REFRIGERANT 25

A refrigerant is a substance or mixture,

usually a fluid, used in a heat pump and
refrigeration cycle that can extract heat
from another body or substance. Ice, cold
water, cold air etc. can be treated as a
refrigerants.
Desired Properties of a Refrigerant: 26

Vapor density:
To enable use of smaller compressors and
other equipment the refrigerant should have
smaller vapor density.
Enthalpy of vaporization:
To ensure maximum heat absorption during
refrigeration, a refrigerant should have
high enthalpy of vaporization.
Thermal Conductivity: 27
Thermal conductivity of the refrigerant
should be high for faster heat transfer during
condensation and evaporation.

Specific heat:
To have minimum change in entropy during
the throttling process, the specific heat
should be minimum. For this, liquid saturation
line should be almost vertical.
 28
Leak tendency:
The refrigerant may leak out of the system. The problems with
leakage are wearing out of joint or the material used for the
fabrication of the system. A denser refrigerant will have fewer
tendencies to leak as compared to higher density refrigerant.
The detection of leaks should be easy to loss of refrigerant.
Leakage can be identified quickly if the refrigerant has distinct
color or odour.
Toxicity:
The refrigerant used in air conditioning, food preservation etc.
should not be toxic in nature as they will come into contact
with human beings. refrigerants will affect human health if
they are toxic.
 29
Cost of refrigerants:
The quantity of refrigerant used in industries is very less.
The cost of the refrigerants is generally high when
compared to other chemicals in the industry. Very low
industry professional will not take necessary action to
control the leaks.
Availability:
Refrigerants should be available near the usage point.
It must be sourced and procured within a short period
to enable the user in case of leaks, maintenance
schedules etc.
 EXAMPLES OF REFRIGERANTS 30

Ammonia
n Has good heat transfer properties
Halogens (freons)
n Not miscible with oil n Non – toxic
n But n Non – flammable
n Toxic n Have good heat transfer properties
n Flammable n Lower cost
Corrosive to copper pipes
But
n
n

Miscible with oil

Carbon dioxide
n

n Widely used despite miscibility

n Non toxic
n Non flammable
n But
n Higher cost
Properties of Commonly Used Refrigerants: 31

1. Carbon dioxide:

Carbon dioxide is widely as refrigerant in

mechanical systems refrigerant, marine services,
hospitals etc. due to its excellent safety properties. It
is odourless, non-toxic, non-flammable, non-
explosive and non-corrosive.
 32
2. Sulphur dioxide:

Sulphur dioxide was widely used as

refrigerant during early 20th century.
However its use has been restricted now-a-
days because of its many inherent
disadvantages. It is highly toxic, non-
flammable, non-explosive, non-corrosive and
works at low pressures.
3. Ammonia:
33

Ammonia is one of the earliest type of

refrigerants which is still widely used in many
applications due to its inheritance excellent
thermal properties, It is toxic in nature,
flammable explosive under certain
conditions, it has low specific volume¸ high
refrigerating effect, low piston displacement
in case of reciprocating compressors make it
an ideal refrigerant for cold storage’s, ice
plants, packing plants, skating rinks breweries
etc.
4. Freon-11: 34

Freon-11 (Trichloro fluoromethane) is

used under low operating pressures;
it is non-toxic, non-corrosive and
non-flammable. Due to low
operating pressure and high
displacement, it is used in systems
employing centrifugal compressors. It
is used for air-conditioning
applications.
5. Freon-12: 35

Freon-12 (Dichloro difluoromethane) is

non-flammable, non-toxic and non-
explosive. It is highly chemically stable. If it
is brought in contact with open flame or
heater elements, it decomposes into
highly toxic constituents. It has not only
excellent safe properties but also
condenses at moderate pressure under
normal atmospheric conditions.
6. Cryogenic refrigerants: 36

Cryogenic refrigerants are those

refrigerants which produce minus
temperature in between range -157°C
to -273°C in the refrigerated space. The
cryogenic refrigerants have
exceptionally low boiling point at
atmospheric pressure. Some of the
widely used cryogenic refrigerants are
Helium, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Hydrogen.
 37

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