Pipe flow (turbomachine-pump)

UEME 2123
Aims

 Turbomachines – Chapter 12 Munson et al.

 Different Types of Pumps
 Basic Pump Output Parameters
 Dimensionless Pump Groups
 System Characteristics – Operating point
Pumps and Turbines
 Turbomachines
• Turbomachines: mechanical devices that either
extract or add energy from/to a fluid
– Extract energy → turbine
– Add energy → pump
 Pumps and Turbines

❖Pumps and turbines: Fluid machines.

❖Pumps: Add energy to the fluid – they do work on the
fluid.
❖Turbines: Extract energy from the fluid – the fluid
does work on them.

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 Positive Displacement Pump

• Bicycle Pump:
– Moving piston
changes volume
– Valve allows flow in
only one direction
 Positive Displacement Pump

• Two stage pump

• Complicated
contraction patterns
• Dominant valve
opening mechanism
is pressure
difference
 Turbomachines

❖Turbomachines involve a collection of blades,

buckets, flow channels, or passages arranged around
an axis of rotation to form a rotor.
❖Turbomachines are mechanical devices that either
extract energy from a fluid (turbine) or add energy to
a fluid (pump) as a result of dynamic interactions
between the device and the fluid.
❖The fluid used can be either a gas or a liquid.

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 Turbomachine - Axial Flow
Fan
• Flow driven by
rotation of blades
• Fluid enters and
leaves in the axial
direction
• Blockage caused
by the motor and
hub etc
 Operating Principles of
Turbomachines
❖The basic operating principles are the same whether
the fluid is a liquid or a gas.
❖Cavitation may be an important design consideration
when liquids are involved if the pressure at any point
within the flow is reduced to vapor pressure.
❖Compressibility effects may be important when gases
are involved if the Mach number becomes large
enough.

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 Turbomachine - Axial Flow
Fan

• Axial flow fan fitted with stator to reduce

swirling of flow exiting the fan
 Turbomachine - Centrifugal
Pump/Fan
• Fluid enters axially
at the centre of the
pump
• Caught in impeller
blades & whirled
tangentially
• Moves through the Inflow
pump in the radial
direction
• Discharged into the
outer casing
 Turbomachine - Centrifugal
Pump/Fan

“Backward” Curved Blades “Radial” Blades.

There are also Forward curved blades
All have different flow rate/pressure characteristics
 Classification of Turbomachines

❖Axial-flow machines: The fluid maintains a

significant axial-flow direction component from the
inlet to outlet of the rotor.
❖Mixed-flow machines: There may be significant
radial- and axial-flow velocity components for the
flow through the rotor row.
❖Radial-flow mahcines: The flow across the blades
involves a substantial radial-flow component at the
rotor inlet, exit, or both.

14
Turbomachine - Centrifugal
Pump/Fan
The Centrifugal Pump

16
 Structure of the Centrifugal Pump
❖Centrifugal pump has two main components: an
impeller and a stationary casing, housing, or volute.

17
 Structure of the Centrifugal Pump

❖An impeller attached to the rotating shaft. The

impeller consists of a number of blades, also
sometimes called vanes, arranged in a regular pattern
around the shaft.

Type of impeller
(a) Open impeller, (b) enclosed or shrouded impeller
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 Structure of the Centrifugal Pump

❖A stationary casing, housing, or volute enclosing the

impeller.
 The casing shape is designed to reduce the velocity as the fluid leaves the impeller, and
this decrease in kinetic energy is converted into an increase in pressure.
 The volute-shaped casing, with its increase area in the direction of flow, is used to
produce an essentially uniform velocity distribution as the fluid moves around the casing
into the discharge opening.

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 Basic Output Parameters
• Head
– Pump / Turbine acts to increase/decrease the
Bernoulli head of the flow
 p V2   p V2 
H= + + z −  + + z
 g 2g  2  g 2g 1
p 2 − p1 p
H =
g g
• Power – delivered to the flow
– Pw = gQH
– (Q is volume flow rate)
 Operation of the Centrifugal
Pump
❖As the impeller rotates, fluid is sucked in through the
eye of the casing and flows radially outward.
❖Energy is added to the fluid by the rotating blades,
and both pressure and absolute velocity are increased
as the fluid lows from the eye to the periphery of the
blades.

21
 Stages of the Centrifugal Pump

❖Simple stage pump: Only one impeller is mounted on

the shaft.
❖Multistage pump: Several impellers are mounted on
the same shaft.
 The flowrate is the same through all stages.
 Each stage develops an additional pressure rise.
 For a very large discharge pressure.

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 Theoretical Considerations
❖The basic theory of
operation of a
centrifugal pump can be
developed by
considering the average
one-dimensional flow of
the fluid as it passes
between the inlet and
the outlet sections of the
impeller as the blades
rotate.

Velocity diagrams at the inlet and exit of a centrifugal pump impelle

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Theoretical Considerations
For a centrifugal pump with
backward curved vanes ( β2
<90º )

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 Pump Performance
Characteristics
p 2 − p1
The differences in elevations ha  (20)
and velocities are small 
The power gained by the fluid
Pf = Qha (21)

Qha
P f = water horsepower = (22)
550
Overall efficient
power gained by the fluid Pf Qha / 550
= = = (23)

shaft power driving the pump Wshaft bhp
25
 Pump Performance
Characteristics
❖The overall pump efficiency is affected by the
hydraulic losses in the pump, and in addition, by the
mechanical losses in the bearings and seals.
❖There may also be some power loss due to leakage of
the fluid between the back surface of the impeller hub
plate and the casing, or through other pump
components.
❖This leakage contribution to the overall efficiency is
called the volumetric loss.
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 Pump Performance
Characteristics
❖The overall efficiency arises from three source, the
hydraulic efficiency, ηh,,the mechanical efficiency, ηm ,,
and the volumetric efficiency, ηv
 η =ηhηmηv

27
 Pump Performance
Characteristics
Performance characteristics for a given pump
geometry and operating speed are usually given in the
plots of ha, η, and bhp versus Q.
Rising head curve

Typical performance
characteristics for a centrifugal
pump of a given size operating
at a constant impeller speed.

Best efficiency points (BEP) capacity 28

 Pump Performance
Characteristics
❖Rise head curve: the head curve continuously rises
as the flowrate decreases.
❖Falling head curve: ha-Q curves initially rise as Q is
decreased from the design value and then fall with a
continued decrease in Q.
❖Shutoff head: the head developed by the pump at
zero discharge. It represents the rise in pressure head
across the pump with the discharge valve closed.
❖Best efficiency points (BEP): the points on the
various curves corresponding to the maximum
efficiency.
29
 Pump Performance
Characteristics
❖As the discharge is increased from zero the brake
horsepower increases, with a subsequent fall as the
maximum discharge is approached.
❖The efficiency is a function of the flowrate and
reaches a maximum value at some particular value of
the flowrate, commonly referred to as the normal or
design flowrate or capacity for the pump.
❖The performance curves are very important to the
engineer responsible for the selection of pumps for a
particular flow system.

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 Pump Performance
Characteristics

NPSHR
Required net
positive suction
head
Related to conditions
on the suction side of
the pump
Performance curves for a two-stage centrifugal pump operating
at 3500 rpm. Data given for three different impeller diameters. 31
 Net Positive Suction Head
❖On the suction side of a pump, low pressures are
commonly encountered, with the concomitant
possibility of cavitation occurring within the pump.
❖Cavitation occurs when the liquid pressure at a given
location is reduced to the vapor pressure of the liquid.
When this occurs, vapor bubbles form; this
phenomenon can cause a loss in efficiency as well as
structural damage to the pump.
❖How to characterize the potential for cavitation…

32
 Net Positive Suction Head
❖To characterize the potential for cavitation, define the
net positive suction head (NPSH) as

ps Vs2 p v
NPSH = + − (24)
 2g 
The liquid vapor
The total head on the pressure head
suction side near the
pump impeller inlet

There are actually two values of NPSH of

interest. 33
 NPSHR and NPSHA
❖Required NPSH, denoted NPSHR, that must be
maintained, or exceeded, so that cavitation will not
occur. Since pressure lower than those in the suction
pipe will develop in the impeller eye, it is usually
necessary to determine experimentally, for a given
pump, the required NPSHR.
❖Available NPSH, denoted NPSHA, represents the
head that actually occurs for the particular flow
system. This value can be determined experimentally,
or calculated if the system parameters are known.
34
NPSHR and NPSHA

For a typical flow system

The energy equation
applied between the free
liquid surface and a point
on the suction side of the
pump near the impeller
inlet
ps Vs2

patm
− z1 = + + hL Head losses between the
  2g free surface and the pump
impeller inlet. 35
 NPSHR and NPSHA

ps Vs2 patm
+
 2g
=

− z1 − h L

The head available at the

pump impeller inlet


patm pv
NPSH A = − z1 − hL − (25)
 
For proper pump operation

NPSH A  NPSH R
36
 Example 12.3 Net Pressure Suction
Head
 A centrifugal pump is to be placed above a large, open water
tank, as shown in Fig. 12.13, and is to pump water at a rate of
0.5ft3/s. At this flowrate the required net positive suction head,
NPSHR, is 15 ft, as specified by the pump manufacturer. If the
water temperature is 80ºF and atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psi,
determine the maximum height, z1, that the pump can be
located above the water surface without cavitation. Assume
that the major loss between the tank and the pump inlet is due
to filter at the pipe inlet having a minor loss coefficient kL = 20.
Other losses can be neglected. The pipe on the suction side of
the pump has a diameter of 4 in. If you were required to place
a valve in the flow path would you place it upstream or
downstream of the pump? Why?
37
 Example 12.3 Solution


patm pv
(25) NPSH A = − z1 − hL −
 
and the maximum value for z1 will occur when
ZPSHA=NPSHR

patm pv
(z1 ) max = − hL − − NPSH R
 

V = = 5.73ft / s  h = K
2
Q V
L = ... = 10.2ft
L
A 2g

− h −
p p
(z ) =
1 max
atm
L− NPSH = ... = 7.65ft
v
R
 
38
 System Characteristics and Pump
Selection
For a typical flow system in which a pump is
used
The energy equation
applied between points (1)
and (2)
h p = z 2 − z1 +  hL (26)

All friction
The actual head losses and minor
gained by the fluid losses
from the pump.
39
 System Characteristics and
Pump Selection

(26) h p = z 2 − z1 + KQ2 (27)

K depends on the pipe size

h L  KQ 2
and lengths, friction factors,
and minor loss coefficients.
(27) is the system equation which shows how the
actual head gained by the fluid from the pump is
related to the system parameters.

40
 System Characteristics and Pump
Selection
❖There is also a unique
relationship between
the actual pump head
gained by the fluid and
flowrate, which is
governed by the pump
design.
Pipe friction increase
due to wall fouling.
(A)→ (B) flowrate ↓ Utilization of the system curve and
efficiency↓ the pump performance curve to
obtain the operating point for the 41
system.
 System Characteristics and Pump
Selection
❖To select a pump for a particular application, it is
necessary to utilize both the system curve, determined
by the system equation, and the pump performance
curve.
❖The intersection of both curves represents the
operating point for the system.
 The operating point wanted to be near the best efficiency point (BEP).

42
 Pumps in Series or Parallel

Effect of operating pumps in (a) series and (b) in parallel.

43
 Pumps in Series or Parallel
❖When two pumps are placed in series
 The resulting pump performance curve is obtained by adding heads at the same flowrate.
 Both the actual head and the flowrate are increased but neither will be doubled.
 The operating point is moved from (A) to (B).

44
 Pumps in Series or Parallel
❖When two pumps are placed in parallel
 The combined performance curve is obtained by adding flowrate at the
same head.
 The flowrate is increased significantly, but not be doubled.
 The operating point is moved from (A) to (B).

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 Example 12.4 Use of Pump
Performance Curves
 Water is to be pumped from one large, open tank to a second
large, open tank as shown in Fig. E12.4a. The pipe diameter
throughout is 6 in. and the total length of the pipe between the
pipe entrance and exit is 200 ft. Minor loss coefficients for the
entrance, exit, and the elbow are shown on the figure, and the
friction factor for the pipe can be assumed constant and equal
to 0.02. A certain centrifugal pump having the performance
characteristics shown in Fig. E12.4b is suggested as a good
pump for this flow system. With this pump, what would be the
flowrate between the tanks? Do you think this pump would be
a good choice?

46
Example 12.4 Use of Pump
Performance Curves

47
 Example 12.4 Solution

Application of the energy equation between the two free

surfaces, points (1) and (2) as indicated, given


p1 V12 p2 V22  V2 V2
+ + z1 = + + z2 + f + KL
 2g  2g D 2g 2g
With p1=p2=0, V1=V2=0, z2-z1=10ft, f=0.02, D=6/12ft, and 
=200ft
 ( 200ft )  V2
h p = 10 + 0.02 + (0.5 + 1.5 + 1.0) 2
 ( 6 / 12 ft )  2 ( 32.2ft / s )
Q
V = = .. h p = 10 + 4.43Q 2 Q is in ft 3 / s
A 48
 Example 12.4 Solution

With Q in ft3/s System equation for this

h p = 10 + 4.43Q2 Eq. (3)
With Q in gal/min
h p = 10 + 2.20  10−5 Q2
particular flow system and
reveals how much actual
head the fluid will need to
gain from the pump to
maintain a certain flowrate.
Eq. (4)

With intersection occurring at Q=1600

gal/min
With the corresponding actual head gained
equal to 66.5ft
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 Dimensionless Parameters
❖The principal, dependent pump variables
 Actual head rise ha
 Shaft power Efficiency η

W shaft
❖The important variables
 Characteristic diameter D Pertinent lengths i
 Surface roughness ε Flowrate Q
 Pump shaft rotational speed ω
 Fluid viscosityμ
 Fluid density ρ

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 Dimensionless Parameters

dependent var iables : h a , W shaft , 
= f ( D,  i , , Q, , , )
  i  Q D 2 
dependent pi term =  , , 3 , 
 D D D  
 

51
 Dimensionless Parameters

The dependent pi term may be

gh a   i  Q D 2 
Head rise coefficient C H = 2 2 = 1  , , 3 , 

 D  D D D  

W   i  Q D 2 
Power coefficient C p = 3 5 = 2  , , 3 ,
shaft 
 D  D D D  
 
gQh a   i  Q D 2 
Efficiency = = 3  , , 3 , 
W  D D D  
shaft  
52
 Dimensionless Parameters
❖For simplicity, ε/D can be neglected in pumps since
the highly irregular shape of the pump chamber is
usually the dominant geometry factor rather than the
surface roughness.
❖With these simplicity and for geometrically similar
pumps, the dependent pi terms are function of only
Q/ωD3.
gh a  Q  
W  Q 
= 1  (29) =
shaft
 2 
 D
2 2
 D 
3
 D
3 5
 D 
3 (30)

 Q 
 = 3  (31) Flow coefficient CQ
 D 
3 53
Similarity Laws
Above three equations provide the desired similarity
relationship among a family of geometrically similar
pumps
 Q   Q  (32)
If  3 = 3
 D 1  D  2

 gh a   gh a  W   W  
Then  2 2  =  2 2  (33)  shaft  = shaft  (34)
  D 1   D  2   D    D 
3 5 3 5
 1  2

1 = 2 (35)

Where the subscripts 1 and 2 refer to any two pumps

from the family of geometrically similar pumps. 54
 Similarity Laws

❖With these so-called pump scaling laws, it is possible

to experimentally determine the performance
characteristics of one pump in laboratory and then use
these data to predict the corresponding characteristics
for other pumps within the family under different
operating conditions.
 From these curves of the performance of different-sized, geometrically similar pumps
can be predicted.

55
 Similarity Laws

Typical performance data for a centrifugal pump:

(a) characteristic curves for a 12-in. centrifugal pump operating
at 1000 rpm, (b) dimensionless characteristic curves. 56
 Specific Speed

❖Specific speed is a useful pi term obtained by

eliminating diameter D between the low coefficient
and the head rise coefficient
(Q / D 3 )1 / 2  Q
Ns = =
( gh a /  D )
2 2 3/ 4
( gh a ) 3 / 4

Specific speed varies with flow coefficient just as the

other coefficients and efficiency.
57
 Specific Speed
❖For any pump it is customary to specify a value of
specific speed at the flow coefficient corresponding to
peak efficiency only.
❖In the United States a modified, dimensional form of
specific speed, Nsd

( rpm) Q(gpm)
N sd =
[ h a (ft )]3 / 4

58
 Specific Speed

❖Nsd is expressed in U.S. customary units.

❖Typical value of Nsd are in the range 500 to 4000 for
centrifugal pumps.
❖Both Ns and Nsd have the same physical meaning, but
their magnitudes will differ by a constant conversion
factor Nsd=2733Ns when ωis expressed in rad/s.

59
Specific Speed

Variation in specific speed with type of pump.

60
 Specific Speed

❖Each family or class of pumps has a particular range

of values of specific speed associated with it.
❖Pumps that have low-capacity, high-head
characteristics will have specific speed that are
smaller than that have high-capacity, low-head
characteristics.
❖As Nsd increases beyond about 2000 the peak
efficiency of the purely radial-flow centrifugal pump
starts to fall off, and other type of more efficient
pump design are preferred.
61
 Suction Specific Speed
❖ Suction specific speed is defined
 Q
Ss = 3/ 4
[g( NPSH R )]
❖ In the United States a modified, dimensional form of
suction specific speed, Ssd

( rpm) Q( gpm)
Ssd =
[ NPSH R (ft )]3 / 4

62
 Suction Specific Speed
❖Typical values for Ssd fall in the range 7000 to 12000.
❖Note that Ssd=2733Ss ,with ω expressed in rad/s.

63