Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 55 (2023) 102994

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Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/seta

Feasibility analysis of floating photovoltaic power plant in Bangladesh: A

case study in Hatirjheel Lake, Dhaka
Md. Imamul Islam a, Md Hasan Maruf a, Ahmed Al Mansur a, *, Ratil H. Ashique a,
Mohammad Asif ul Haq a, ASM Shihavuddin a, Mohd Shawal Jadin b
a
EEE Department, Green University of Bangladesh, 220/D, Begum Rokeya Sarani, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
b
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pekan, Pahang 26600, Malaysia

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The installation of large-scale photovoltaic (LSPV) power plants is a solution to mitigate the national energy
Floating PV plant demand in Bangladesh. However, the land crisis is one of the key challenges for the rapid growth of ground-
Solar energy mounted LSPV plants in Bangladesh. The per unit cost of energy from ground-mounted PV systems is rising as
Case study
a response to numerous difficulties, particularly for large-scale electricity generation. To overcome the issues
PV power
with land-based PV, the floating photovoltaic (FPV) could be a viable solution. To the aspirations of the Sus­
Sustainable energy
tainable and Renewable Energy Development Authority (SREDA), this article has investigated the feasibility of
constructing a floating solar plant at Hatirjheel Lake in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The lake is an excellent spot to build
an FPV plant due to its geographic location and climatic conditions inside the capital city. In this paper, the
design of the plant and tariff are carried out using the PVsyst simulator. It is found that the optimum cost of
energy for the plant is $ 0.0959/KWh, which is lesser than the currently operational ground-mounted PV plants
in Bangladesh. Additionally, the projected 6.7 MW plant can meet 12.5 % of the local energy demand.
Furthermore, the FPV plant is capable to cut off 6685 tons of CO2 annually. A reduction in power costs and
environmental protection would assist the government of Bangladesh in achieving the sustainable development
goals and electricity generation target of 6000 MW from solar photovoltaics by 2041 as well.

implementation and generation phase, for example, deforestation, bird

Introduction
World electricity demands are rising rapidly over the years because
of the tremendous growth of the world population, urbanization, and
technological development. The rate of global energy consumption
will rise by around 50 % by 2050 compared to 2020 [1]. The degrada­
tion of energy in conventional (non-renewable) resources opens the door
for renewable energy resources. Renewable energy is an eco-friendly
resource that generally does not pollute the environment and it is
good for the climate and is unlimited like wind, photovoltaic, biogas,
ocean wave, hydro, and geothermal [2,3]. Most countries in the world
are trying to develop at least one renewable power plant based on their
resources [4]. Among various renewable power plants, solar power
plants are the most common and widely used in different countries [5].
However, a large-scale photovoltaic (PV) energy plant needs a huge
amount of area for implementation which is sometimes a great challenge
[6]. In addition, it has also some challenges when the plant is in the
mortality, erosion, runoff, and microclimate change [7]. The average
land need for a land-based solar power plant is 0.5–0.7 MWp/ha [8]. It is
also true that land-based solar power plant is established on agricultural
land which is not a sustainable use of land resources. By considering the
mentioned fact, researchers are trying to develop floating photovoltaic
(FPV) where the photovoltaic (PV) panels are floated in the water
[9,10].
Compared to land-based PV, floating PV has several advantages. FPV
protects evaporation from the water as it reflects light onto it and pro­
vides shading to the water’s surface. From the cooling point of view, the
PV panel temperature is lower because of the natural watering cooling
system. As a result, the efficiency of FPV is better than the land-based PV
plant. Another point, it can also lead to better water quality due to
reduced photosynthesis and algae growth. It saves precious land for
agricultural, mining, tourism, and other land-incentive activities and
turns unexploited and non-revenue-generating water surfaces into
commercial solar power plants [11–13] (see Table 1).

* Corresponding author at: EEE Department, Green University of Bangladesh (GUB), 220/D, Begum Rokeya Sarani, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh.
E-mail addresses: imamul@eee.green.edu.bd (Md.I. Islam), maruf@eee.green.edu.bd (M.H. Maruf), mansur@eee.green.edu.bd (A. Al Mansur), ratil@eee.green.
edu.bd (R.H. Ashique), asiful@eee.green.edu.bd (M. Asif ul Haq), shihav@eee.green.edu.bd (A. Shihavuddin), mohdshawal@ump.edu.my (M.S. Jadin).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2022.102994
Received 21 September 2022; Received in revised form 22 December 2022; Accepted 23 December 2022
Available online 28 December 2022
2213-1388/© 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Md.I. Islam et al. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 55 (2023) 102994

Nomenclature Max Maximum

MDPE Medium Density Poly-Ethylene
Acronyms CTs System Total Cost
AC Alternating Current DC Direct Current
ADB Asian Development Bank DHI Diffuse Horizontal Irradiation
Avg. Average DMP Dhaka Metropolitan
BDT Bangladeshi Taka DNCC Dhaka North City Corporation
BE Baseline Emission DNI Direct Normal Irradiance
BFDC Bangladesh Film Development Corporation DPDC Dhaka Power Distribution Board
BMD Bangladesh Meteorological Department DWASA Dhaka Water Supply and Sewerage Authority
CO2 Carbon di Oxide EEE Electrical and Electronic Engineering
COE Cost of Energy EF Emission Factor
CRVA Climate Risk and Vulnerability Analysis Min Minimum
Egn Net Generated Electricity MW MW Watt
EPS Expanded Polystyrene MWp Mega Watt peak
EVA Ethylene Vinyl Acetate NJR New Jersey Resources Corporation
FPV Floating Photovoltaic O&M Operation and Maintenance
FRP Fiber Reinforced Plastic ONAN Oil Natural Air Natural cooling
GHI Global Horizontal Irradiation PE Project Emission
GW Giga Watt Pm Maximum Power
HDPE High-Density Poly-Ethylene Pnom Nominal power
HT High Tension PV Photovoltaic
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
Imp Maximum power current PWD Ponding Water Depth
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change RAJUK Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakkha
IPP Independent Power Producers S/S Sub Station
Isc Short circuit current SREDA Sustainable and Renewable Energy Development
KVA Kilo Volt Ampere Authority
KVAR Kilo Volt Ampere reactive STC Standard Test Conditions
KW Kilo Watt UK United Kingdom
KWh/m2/day Killo Watt hour per meter square per day USA United State of America
LGED Local Government Engineering Department VCB Vacuum Circuit Breaker
LT Low Tension Vmp Maximum power voltage
LSPV Large scale PV Voc Open circuit voltage

FPV is one of the great solutions for countries that do not have much
land area for implementing solar. It has also created a positive impact on
the economy as well as the cost of a generation because it does not need
land for implementation. Moreover, the FPV plant will become more
efficient because of the natural cooling impact supplied by its closeness
to the water and the results of increasing the level of irradiance due to
the effect of the reflection of the water [12,14]. These kinds of plants are
used in the United States, Japan, China, Korea, India, Brazil, Singapore,
Norway and the United Kingdom, and so on [15].
The Aichi Project in Japan, which has a 20 KW capacity, introduces
the first pilot FPV technology to the globe in 2007 [16]. However, the
first 175 kW commercial FPV plant was unveiled in California, USA, in
2008 [17]. The FPV plant was initially only suitable for small-scale
research projects. The very first 7.55 MW large-scale FPV plant is pre­
sented in Japan in 2015, and a 40 MW plant is introduced in China in
2017 [18,19]. On 1st January 2022, Shandong province in China’s
largest FPV project, which has a 320 MW capacity, joined its grid [20].
As part of the overall strategy for generating electricity, Indonesia is
aimed to construct 60 FPV projects, to supply 23 % of its energy from
renewable sources by 2025 and 31 % by 2030. A Singaporean firm called
“Sunseap” has begun construction of a 2.2 GW FPV plant at Duriangkang
reservoir as part of the project, with an end goal of 2024 [21]. Singapore
has erected the world’s biggest offshore FPV plant with a capacity of 60
MW in mid-2021, and its ultimate goal is to ensure a solar capacity of 2
GW by 2030 in its energy sector [22]. Vietnam established two FPV
plants with ADB financing. One of these, a 47.5 MW plant, was con­
structed in the province of Binh Thuan in 2018 [23,24]. Solkiss created
the first 465 KW FPV plant in the Republic of Korea in 2014. They
created an 18.7 MW floating PV plant in 2018, which was the largest
project of its kind outside of China. By 2019, the Korean Rural Com­
munity Corporation intended to install 280 MWp of FPV plant across
three locations [25].
A nation in Europe, Belgium erected the very first FPV facility in
2018 with a 998 KW capacity. A 17 MW FPV system was constructed in
France in 2019. Netherlands started installing its FPV system in 2018
with a 1.85 MW capacity, and with the aid of a group of 40 firms, they
will guarantee a 2 GW FPV infrastructure by 2023. With a 6.36 MW
capacity, the UK’s first project was constructed in 2016. More European
country like Italy, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and so on are developing
their FPV power plants [26–31]. With the full support of the African
Development Bank and the Clinton Foundation, Seychelles installed a 4
MW plant in 2018 and became the first African nation to make history in
the field of FPV technology [32]. In 2017 and 2018, two FPV projects
with a capacity of 31.5 kW and 252 kW installed stormwater storage
reservoirs and wastewater treatment ponds in California respectively.
The biggest FPV project now underway in the United States is an 8.9 MW
installation by New Jersey Resources Corporation (NJR) Clean Energy
Ventures in Millburn, New Jersey. In many nations, however, there are
still few FPV installations. In 2020, there were 2 GW of FPV installations
globally, and by 2025, 7 to 11 GW are anticipated to be made [33,34].
The worldwide scenario of running and implementing a large FPV
project is presented in Fig. 1.
As a developing country, Bangladesh is trying to develop this kind of
plant. The first project is developed in Mongla under the Bagerhat dis­
trict with a 10KW capacity in 2019 [35]. The feasibility investigation of
four other reservoirs in the country under the Sustainable and

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Md.I. Islam et al. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 55 (2023) 102994

Table 1
Pros and Cons of various types of floating structures used in FPV technology [38,42,43].
Floating Platforms Merits Demerits Comparative
Costs

• Simple in construct and implement. • The proximity of the modules to the Cheaper
• No changes are required in the design for realignment. water decreases air movement and
• Corrosion can be minimized using less metal. cooling.
• Platform responds to the motion of the waves and • Creates a humidified atmosphere for PV
mitigates tension panels and cables.
HDPE Pure • Transporting pure floats across wide
areas is extremely expensive.
• Continuous shifting can put a strain on
knots and connections.

Floats
• The approach is straightforward. • The inflexible structures generate wave Expensive
• Considerably easier to produce domestically. tension in certain areas.
• Among PV modules, wave-swerving is more consistent. • Construction is rather challenging to put
together.
Pontoon + Metal • In some configurations, the availability
of PV plant maintenance might be
problematic.

Frame
• The structure is easy to install and maintain. • Systems are difficult to make and scale- Cheaper
• Due to the intimate contact of the module with water, the up readily
rate of module deterioration due to temperature impact is • Submerged FPV is not quite a frequently
substantially lower. used or well-accepted option.

Membranes

and Mats

Fig. 1. Worldwide Large FPV Plants: Running and Under Implementation.

Renewable Energy Development Authority (SREDA) has already been Rangamati, 4.5 MW at Mohamaya Lake, Mirsharai in Chattagram, a 9
completed with the assistance of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) to MW at Joydia Baor in Jhenaidah, and a 6 MW at Bukbhara Baor in
build more FPV plants. These include a 24 MW at Kaptai Lake in Jessore. Additionally, an assessment is being conducted to see whether it

3
Md.I. Islam et al.
Fig. 2. Layout of Floating Photovoltaic Power Plant.
is feasible to put FPV plants on two desolate lakes owned by the Bor­
opukuria Coal Mining Company in Dinajpur. There is a possibility to
construct a 40 MW FPV plant [36]. In addition to SREDA’s activities,
other Independent Power Producers (IPP) are attempting to analyze the
possibilities of installing FPV plants in the country’s reservoirs as we
have Rivers covering 7.497 billion ha, Beels and Haors covering 1.142
billion hactors, Estuaries and Mangrove swamps covering 6.102 billion
ha, and numerous small and large ponds [37]. A feasibility research
study has been carried out by the department of EEE, the Green Uni­
versity of Bangladesh on the Hatirjheel Lake, situated in the center of
Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh, in terms of geological, technical,
ecological, and economic aspects based on the PV power potentiality,
per unit tariff and CO2 Emission reduction.
The article is organized in the following manner: Section 2 gives an
overview of the several types of PV plants, together with their benefits
and drawbacks. The details of floating photovoltaic technologies are
covered in Section 3. Section 4 provides geographic information, a
description of meteorological occurrences, a summary of available solar
resources, and information on the area’s electrical consumption. FPV
design studies, simulation work, data interpretation, and array charac­
teristics are all covered in depth in Section 5. A comprehensive analysis
of the financial, economic, environmental, climatic, and grid assessment
has been performed in section 6 to determine the viability of an FPV
plant on Hatirjheel Lake. The major findings of this investigation are
outlined in Section 7.
Overview of floating photovoltaic technology
The FPV system is made up of a floating structure that provides a
platform for solar PV equipment to generate power. Even though the
majority of construction tasks remain the same for an FPV installation, a
variety of factors are taken into account that are not necessary for a roof-
top or ground-mounted PV system [12,38]. The FPV is made up of the
following components, Fig. 2 [39]: (a) Floating structure, (b) Anchoring
and Mooring systems, (c) Solar panel, (d) Underwater cables and con­
nections, and (e) Inverter.
Floating structure
The floating structure seems to be the most important aspect of FPV
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Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 55 (2023) 102994
because it offers sufficient support for solar panels that are generally
installed with predetermined tilt angles [38]. It consists of several
plastic empty floats that combine to form a massive pontoon that can
bear simultaneously external forces and the weight of the panels. Floats
come in a variety of materials and forms. They are HDPE (High-Density
Poly-Ethylene), FRP (Fiber Reinforced Plastic), MDPE (Medium Density
Poly-Ethylene), and Fero-cement. Several floats used for several FPV
plants depend on their geographical location, materials availability,
transportation, construction plan, and so on. There are mainly-three
types of floating structures used in the FPV system. They are Pure
Floats, Pontoons with metal frames, and Membranes and Mats.
Anchoring and mooring system
A mooring system is an essential component of an FPV plant that
gives the impression of security, keeps the floating structure in place,
and protects the framework from rotating or floating away [12,40]. The
structure of the floating body and the external forces caused by wind and
other natural sources, as well as man-made difficulties, may influence
the choice of mooring systems [41].
The construction of the mooring systems is classified as the gravity
type, anchor-tension type, semi-rigid type, tension type, and modified
type [44]. The optimum way for the mooring system of an FPV structure
is determined by its location, soil quality, and level of water [38]. The
anchor-tension type is the most common in FPV technology among the
numerous varieties. Further, it has been narrated into three types and
they are (i) bank anchoring, (ii) bottom anchoring, and (iii) piling
anchoring. The floating platform can be held in position by synthetic
fiber ropes in one of three traditional methods. Table 2 describes FPV
anchoring systems.
Solar panel
A solar panel is made up of a specific number of solar cells that are
connected to generate electricity from sunlight. The amount of energy
generated by sunlight is mostly determined by geographical factors such
as sunlight period, irradiance, clarity index, and temperature [49]. The
panel’s front is coated with tempered and textured transparent glass
with low iron content, allowing for effective sunlight absorption. To
ensure optimal security from adverse weather conditions, the backside is
Md.I. Islam et al. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 55 (2023) 102994

Table 2 Table 3
An overview of anchoring of FPV systems [45–48]. Details of the Hatirjheel Lake site.
Anchoring Systems Brief Description Criteria Sub-criteria Findings

• It is best for tiny, Topography Geographical appropriateness The proposed location for
shallow ponds. for construction. construction and O&M is close
• Suitable for a plant to Bangladesh Film
that is quite close Development Corporation
to the shore. (BFDC) and Hatirjheel south
Bank • It can be used bridge. In this area, the loam
when none of the and clay composition of soil
other options are have a semi-flat slope towards
available. the water body.
• Very economical Position flexibility for transit Almost the whole of Hatirjheel
anchoring to construct. and storage of commodities lake is surrounded by a 40–70-
• Much easier to during construction and foot-wide road, allowing items
operate and operation to be transported from
maintain. anywhere in the town or
• Depends on the countryside at any time.
state of the Reliability and compatibility of Due to the large scale of water
shoreline and the the space for floating base and locations (302 acres)
pond owner’s assembly availability, the suggested site is
permission. suitable for creating a floating
• Widely used in platform.
FPV plants. Construction-related The current attractiveness of the
• Two types of constraints property may deteriorate over
bottom anchors the development time. It will,
are used namely however, be recoverable when
Bottom self-seating and the final procedure is
installed anchors. completed.
• More tensile
strength over
Hydrology The water level at the The water level on the
pilings.
installation site construction site is between 5
anchoring • Less impediment
and 9 m below the surface, and
at icing condition.
it varies from 0.5 and 2 m
• Lower stress and
depending on the season [62].
damage on
Measurement of water flow The flow of water must be
floating docs.
rate and discharge system measured to establish the drag
• In the system of
loads on the floats and anchors
pile anchoring,
however, there are no
they’re drilled
measuring facilities. When a
down to the
reservoir’s level rises over its
water’s surface.
Piling capacity, a sluice gate is utilized
• This arrangement
to discharge water in a
is especially handy
regulated way.
for installations
Surface and groundwater According to physical,
that include
quality scientific, and bacteriological
unique features
analyses, the lake’s surface
like tracking and
water is inferior to the
concentration.It is
groundwater. The dissolved
capable of
oxygen level of surface water is
working at a
just 5.3 mg/L, compared to a
variety of water
threshold of 6 mg/L [62].
depths.In
Probability of flood & cyclone During the monsoon, whenever
comparison to
the level of water exceeds + 5.5
others, it is
PWD there at the permitted
somewhat costly.
level, a water pump is utilized
to drain the surplus water to
reduce the risk of floods [70].
coated with an Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) potent sheet. The torsional Although a cyclone is unlikely
and corrosion resistance of the aluminum frame ensures the appropri­ to hit Dhaka, the cyclone in the
ateness of the installation. Holes are drilled into the aluminum metal Bay of Bengal might cause
surface for precise installation. The panel’s anode and cathode terminals severe storms.
The site’s maximum wave There are no noticeable high
are connected to the backside of the module’s junction box. Crystalline
height waves generated at Hatirjheel.
solar panels are widely used for FPV plants but to get rid of salt mist However, owing to the
exposure of salty surface installation requires a special fabrication of movement of the water taxi,
panels [40,50]. some minor waves may occur at
regular intervals.

Inverter
Geology Fitness of the site’s soil Since the largest area of
Hatirjheel is so closer to the
An inverter is a piece of an electrical component that transforms the Tejgoan Industrial Area, heavy
direct current produced by PV panels into alternating current (AC) for metal influences the soil.
However, the site’s soil has a
distribution to the grid utility [51]. It might take place on land or on the
negligible effect on the
floater’s top [38]. In FPV systems, there are several types of inverters ecosystem at the moment.
used each with its unique function, voltage, and current management
(continued on next page)
method. Grid-connected inverters typically employ the current control

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Md.I. Islam et al. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 55 (2023) 102994

Table 3 (continued ) Cables and connectors

Criteria Sub-criteria Findings
The power generated by the FPV plant is sent to the onshore sub­
detrimental effect on the
ecosystem right now.
station via underground cables and it will have exceptionally durable
Seismic Zone Dhaka is in Seismic zone 2. So, it and resistant to corrosion and mechanical stress to ensure a longer life
is highly critical to assess the cycle on its uses. The connectors will be able to handle a large amount of
risk of earthquake-related current and will make it easy to put the wires together [40].
anchoring, operation, and
maintenance at the sites.
Probability of the erosion of There has not been any Transformer
soil apparent soil deterioration yet,
and there is not likely to be in
The transformer is one of the most crucial components of grid-
the future.
connected PV systems for power transmission and has a significant
impact on both commercial and technological dimensions [52]. In
Roads and Link road at the construction There is enough pavement for
Networks site both light and heavy transit
general, the converted DC power from solar energy is fed into an inverter
around the construction yard to become AC and then fed into a transformer that is connected to the
for construction and operation. grid, where it is increased to the appropriate amount of voltage based on
Suitability of construction For construction electricity, the grid system. Typically, high-rated transformers are used for the grid
power and grid connection there is a 132/33/11KV
based on the maximum generation of the solar power plants as its output
substation of DPDC. After the
construction is completed, this power varies depending on the time of day, weather, surroundings, and
grid may be used to link to the various co-efficient factors [53]. The most widespread liquid-immersed
FPV plant which is only 120 m and dry-type transformers are made for solar energy generating systems
away from the connection
taking into account the quantity of load, loss assessment, power quality,
point.
Security of the area The entire lake is under the
efficiency, voltage, and insulation synchronization, according to
authority of the DNCC and the the IEEE guidelines [54].
Hatirjheel Police Station. As a
result, the region is completely Site features of Hatirjheel
secure.

approach, which can be single or three-phase. A grid-connected inverter
has a high power factor, greater transient current suppression, minimal
short circuit current, a solid control platform, high efficiency, high
availability, and low maintenance (see Table 3).
Location
Hatirjhil is located at 23◦ 44′ 58.47′′ N, 90◦ 23′ 48.35′′ W, with a
latitude of 23.7496 and a longitude of 90.3968 in Dhaka city, which is
the center of Bangladesh’s and capital city [55] with a total area of.
122 ha (302 acres). The borderline has started from the Sonargaon
hotel in the south to Banasree in the north. Niketon, Tejgaon Industrial

35 90
(a) (b)
30 85 86 85 85
75 81 82
25 74 72 70
60 68
Temperature ( C)

Humidity (%)

62 60
20
45
15
30
10

5 15

0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Time (Months)
Time (Months)

420 12
(c) (d)
350 10
Avg. Sunshine (Hours)

280 8
Rainfall (mm)

210 6

140 4

70 2

0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Time (Months) Times (Month)

Fig. 3. (a) Annual Temperature, (b) Relative Humidity, (c) Rainfall, and (d) Average Sunshine of DMP area [61].

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Md.I. Islam et al. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 55 (2023) 102994

4.5 7

4 (a) 4.21
6
(b)

Solar Radiation (kWh/m2/day)

3.8 3.7 3.64
3.5

Wind Speed (m/s)

3.21 5
3
2.5 2.59 4
2.24
2 3 5.7 5.8 5.7
1.5 1.6 4.6 4.6 4.2
1.23 1.28 2 4.5 4.5
3.9 4.1 4.2 4
1 0.93 0.92
0.5 1

0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Time (Months)
Times (Months)

Fig. 4. (a) Monthly wind speed of Dhaka, (b) Monthly average solar radiation in Bangladesh.

600 450
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

Direct normal irradiation (Wh/m²)

Direct normal irradiation (Wh/m²)

500 375

400 300

300 225

200 150

100 75

0 0
5 9 13 17 5 9 13 17
Times (Hours) Times (Hours)
330 600
Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Direct normal irradiation (Wh/m²)

Direct normal irradiation (Wh/m²)

275 500

220 400

165 300

110 200

55 100

0 0
5 9 13 17 5 9 13 17
Times (Hours) Times (Hours)

Fig. 5. Monthly preliminary assessment of site solar irradiance of Hatirjheel Lake [69].

Area, Gulshan, Badda, Rampura, and Banasree encircle the whole re­ water buses are usually available [58].
gion. The lake is 4.1 km long and 0.46 km broad at its widest point. It is
2.6 m deep on average [56]. The geographic location of hatirjheel lake Climate
has been shown in appendix figure no. A.1 [57,58].
In general, the pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon atmo­
Lake’s current ownership and uses spheric flows impact the climate of DMP, which is humid and warm. The
Summer season lasts from March through May, and there is a lot of rain
Dhaka North City Corporation (DNCC) owns Hatirjheel Lake [55], during this time. The rainy season runs from June through October, with
and the project was originally led by the Ministry of Public Works and an average of 368 mm rainfall in June and a maximum relative humidity
Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakkha (RAJUK), with the help of Dhaka Water of 85.52 % in July. The winter season lasts from November to February,
Supply and Sewerage Authority (DWASA) and Local Government En­ and it is at this time that the lowest rainfall occurs. The average annual
gineering Department (LGED) as supporting agencies [59,60]. For city temperature in Dhaka is 25.3 ◦ C, with 2055 mm of rainfall [62,61]. April
dwellers and visitors, Hatirjheel is one of the most appealing places in seems to be the sunniest month of the year (Average sunshine: 11 h)
the Dhaka Metropolitan (DMP) region. There is a theatre, laser show, whereas November seems to have the shortest hours of sunshine
fast food and restaurants, and a car parking zone for citizens to relax and (Average sunshine: 7.3 h) [63]. Fig. 3 shows the climatic characteristics
enjoy their leisure time. In the transportation zone, water taxis and of Dhaka, which represent the suitability to construct an FPV plant at

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Md.I. Islam et al.
Fig. 6. Google Earth view of FPV installation location.
Hatirjheel.
The mean annual wind speed in Dhaka is 2.45 m/s, which is the
highest during the rainy season and lowest during the dry season [64].
The mean maximum and minimum wind speeds in Dhaka are 4.21 m/s
in April and 0.92 m/s in December respectively. The last two years
recorded wind speed data from the Bangladesh Meteorological Depart­
ment (BMD), was 4.22 m/s in May 2020 and 4.12 m/s in April 2021
respectively. Fig. 4(a) shows the mean monthly wind speed and the
maximum wind speed for the years 2020 and 2021 Dhaka as a whole
[64,65]. So a floating PV plant may be built in any reservoir in Dhaka
thanks to the favorable wind conditions, which will not interfere with
installation or operation.
Solar radiation
Bangladesh is located in the South Asian subtropics and tropics
surrounded by India, neighboring also only Myanmar in the West and
the Bay of Bengal in the South. It ranges from 20◦ 42′ 11.2′′ to
26◦ 37′ 57.3′′ North and 88◦ 00′ 32.2′′ to 92◦ 40′ 44.1′′ East which is the
ideal location for solar photovoltaic base electricity. The sun angle
varies from 40◦ to 90◦ due to the geographical region. In Bangladesh, the
daily average sun irradiation fluctuates from 215 W/m2 in the north to
the west and 235 W/m2 in the south to the west [66]. The monthly
average solar radiation in Bangladesh varies between 4 and 6.5 KWh/
m2/day. Fig. 4(b) shows a representation of the monthly average solar
radiation of Bangladesh [66–68].
The yearly Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) in the Hatirjheel region is
around 987.9 kWh/m2, Global Horizontal Irradiation (GHI) is 1638.2
kWh/m2, and Diffuse Horizontal Irradiation (DHI) is 950.5 kWh/m2,
according to the geographical position. Fig. 5 depicts a monthly pre­
liminary evaluation of solar irradiance in Hatirjheel. There is adequate
radiation to support an FPV plant in this region.
Site inspection details
According to the site’s physical investigation on January 25 and 27,
2022, a review of several publications, and the authors’ best knowledge,
the following observations are made. Fig. 6 shows the specific area and
distance between the grid points on the Google Earth view of the FPV
installation location.
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Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 55 (2023) 102994
Site electrical demand assessment
It is essential to know the daily maximum electrical demand or
maximum load to construct an FPV plant for the Hatirjheel area. Around
Hatirjheel, the Dhaka Power Distribution Company (DPDC) has eight
Grid Substations. DPDC Hatirjheel 132KV S/S, Moghbazar 132/33/
11KV Grid S/S, Moghbazar 33/11KV S/S, DPDC Nakhalpara 33/11KV
S/S, Tejgoan 33/11KV S/S, Niketon 33/11KV S/S, Ullon 132/33/11KV
S/S, Ullon 33/11KV S/S [71]. Moghbazar 132/33/11 Grid S/S is one of
them, and it is very close to the project site that we have chosen. Our
initial goal is to use the Hatirjheel FPV Plant to generate a portion of the
overall power requirements of Moghbazar 132/33/11 Grid S/S. The
monthly imported Energy of Moghbazar 132/33/11 KV Grid S/S for the
year 2021 has been shown in Appendix Fig. A.2 [72].
It includes eight several Feeders to serve the community near
Hatirjheel Lake. They are Ambagan, Desh TV, Doctor’s Lane, Ispahani,
Modhubag, Nayatola, Padma, and Sonalibag. In September 2021, the
highest imported Energy is 8.826 GWh for a month, while the lowest
imported energy is 4.747 GWh in January 2021. In 2021, the total im­
ported energy is 87.43 GWh. The proposed FPV plant will supply 12.5 %
energy of the grid’s imported energy each year which is around 11 GWh.
Design studies
Steel members are commonly used in ground-mounted PV systems;
however, they are heavy and expensive owing to corrosion. Despite the
advantages of a full HDPE system, we chose FRP materials for this
project as the supporting structure because of their high chemical and
corrosion resistance, relatively high strength and rigidity, and low
weight, all of which are extremely crucial for FPV construction and it
consider the best materials for floating PV fabrication [73]. A simulation
using PVsyst has been done to calculate the yearly production and unit
price depending on all necessary components and lifetime (see Fig. A.1).
Floating system design
The floating unit contains PV modules, a physical system for sup­
porting PV modules, a floating mechanism, and connecting components.
Pontoons and metal frames would be used to create the FPV structure.
The High-density expanded polystyrene (EPS) piper floater (model
500x800) with a diameter of 500 mm and a length of 800 mm will be
used to create the buoy [74]. As EPS is made by infusing hydrocarbon
gas into polystyrene, it may be considerably easier to break. It is widely
Md.I. Islam et al. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 55 (2023) 102994

Fig. 7. (a) Proposed FPV generation platform, (b) Unit structure of FPV plant.

utilized both in residential fisheries and aquaculture, in FPV plants difference may be calculated using the formula below. The allowable
because of its high buoyancy, low cost, lightweight, highly robust, spacing between arrays is D = 2.34 m and the height difference is 0.685
fireproof material, and numerous applications. The low-density sub­ m. As each module has been inserted one after the other into the string
stance EPS is strongly advised for use as FPV floaters since the density of without a space somewhere, the distance between modules in a string is
solar PV modules is denser than that of water. [75–77]. The system zero.
walkway along with the supporting structure of the plant will be made of
D1 = l cos β (1)
FRP material [78]. The unit connector will be made of stainless steel.
The array size is 6763 KWp. Using the simulation of PVsyst, there are
D2 = l sin β. tan (δ + φ) (2)
1017 strings in all that make up a solar array and each string has 19 pcs
series connected modules each of them 350 W which are distributed D = D1 + D2 (3)
among 9 platforms. The FPV unit structure and generation platform has
shown in Fig. 7. Height = l sin β (4)
Maintaining a minimum inter-row space between two strings is a
most impact full concern for generating maximum power during the
Simulated data evaluation using PVsyst
daytime. The tilt angle (β), module length (l), solar declination angle (δ),
and latitude (φ) of the specific location are all taken into account to
PVSyst software was used to model grid-connected plants throughout
determine the inter-row space between two panels [79]. As the solar
this study. Wind speed, global radiation, diffused radiation, ambient
module will be at a tilt angle of β = 23◦ , the length of the selected
temperature, and humidity are among the climatic data collected by
module l = 1.754 m, considering the longest day of the year the solar
CLIMATE-DATA.ORG for the site of Hatirjheel, Dhaka. The data is ac­
declination angle δ = 23.5◦ , and the latitude of the Hatirjheel φ =
quired for the year 2021 and put into the PVSyst program by altering the
23.7496, the active space D1 and free space D2 of the array, height
software’s previously existing data. The tilt angle and azimuth angle for

9
Md.I. Islam et al. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 55 (2023) 102994

Yf: Produced Useful Energy 4.45 KWh/KWp/day

Ls: System Loss 0.06 KWh/KWp/day
Lc: Collection Loss (PV array losses) 0.743 KWh/KWp/day

Normalized Energy (KWh/KWp/day

7

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

88
87
(b)
(% ) Performance Ratio

86
85
84
83
82
81
80
79
78
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Fig. 8. (a) Normalized Productions (Per installed KWp) and (b) Monthly Performance Ratio.

the orientation of a fixed tilted plane have been established based on the
geographical location. The intended power, solar module, and inverter
sizes were chosen based on market viability. Fig. 8 represents the yearly
system production graph. The average produced useful energy is 4.45
KWh/KWp/day with an annual generation of 10,996 MWh/year. Be­
sides the average performance ratio of the installed system is around
84.7 %.
The annual solar radiation and the amount of energy added to the
grid are shown in appendix Table A.1. The month of March had the
highest generation of PV power (1086 MWh), while June saw the lowest
generation of PV power (804 MWh). The projected array’s nominal
energy, 12,818 MWh, would inject about 10,996 MWh into the grid
annually based on Standard Test Conditions (STC). The remaining en­
ergy is lost as a result of several circumstances and aging-related
processes.
of the inverter won’t meet the output power of the array because of
several apparent and invisible losses caused by irradiance, temperature,
module quality, mismatch, wiring, and other factors in a PV plant.
Without an inverter, there is a loss of approximately 14.05 % in this
project. As a result, 645 KW is the inverter’s input power. The loss of the
inverter is 1.4 %.
Final assessment
In this feasibility analysis, the key factors influencing the deploy­
ment of floating Photovoltaic have been evaluated and applied to the
Hatirjheel Floating PV project. This section will describe the numerous
assessments relating to costs, electricity transfer, ecological effects, and
climate risk.
Financial assessment

PV array characteristics
To build a grid-connected PV plant, it is crucial to choose the PV
modules, inverter sizes, Transformers, Switchgear, and Protection in­
struments based on the feasibility of the market, their efficiency, cost,
and other crucial variables. The array of properties to meet these re­
quirements have been guaranteed by the PVsyst simulation. In Table 4,
the required list of components for a grid-connected FPV system and the
PV plant characteristics are given below.
The 1017 strings will be distributed among the 9 different floating
platforms, and each platform will accommodate 113 strings, 5 DC
combiner boxes, and a 700 KW inverter. Each platform has 2147 PV
modules with a DC power of approximately 751 KWp. The input power
The financial assessment of the prospected FPV plant of Hatirjheel
Lake has been done in compliance with the ADB Financial Management
and Analysis of Projects [80]. In Table 5, the followings are the out­
comes of the technical support that are covered by the cost analysis. The
prices of all the goods have been determined by taking into account the
current market price as determined by various online sources and from
literature review [81–83]. The calculations for the estimations have
been done in actual foreign currency (US dollar) units. The US dollar to
Bangladeshi Taka (BDT) exchange rate of 94 has been regarded as being
dependent on current value.

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Md.I. Islam et al. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 55 (2023) 102994

Table 4 Table 4 (continued )

FPV Design Components and Plant Characteristics. Components Characteristics of the Proposed Hatirjheel FPV Project
Components Characteristics of the Proposed Hatirjheel FPV Project
Plant Summary of the Proposed Hatirjheel FPV Project
Component Name Parameters Value/Unit Specification Value Specification Value
Nominal PV Power, 6.763 MW Array Size 1017 ×
Pnom, DC 19
PV Module Manufacturer Longi Solar Max. PV Power, Pmax, 6.583 MW No. of Floating 9
Module Type LR4-60 HBD 350 M G2 Bifacial Platform
DC
Maximum Power (Pm) 350 Wp Nominal AC Power, 5.543 MW Module Area 35201
Open Circuit Voltage 40.10 V Pnom, AC m2
(Voc) Pnom Ratio 1.22 Cell Area 31784
Short Circuit Current 11.15 A m2
(Isc) Max. voltage 572 V Plant Occupied 47567
Maximum Power 33.0 V Operating Area m2
Voltage (Vmp) Condition
Maximum Power 10.62 A Max. Current 10.831 KA No. of DC 44
Current (Imp) Operating Combiner Box
Dimension 1755 × 1038 × 30 mm Condition
No. of PV Modules 19,323 pcs No. of Inverter 9
Inverter Manufacturer ABB ltd. No. of PV Modules in 19 pcs No. Transformer 3
Model PVS800-57–0700 kW-A each String
Max. Input Voltage, VDC, 1100 V
max
Min. Input Voltage, VDC, 320 V
Table 5
min
MPP Voltage Range, VDC 450 – 825 V Breakdown of PFV Plant Cost Estimation.
Max. Input Current, IDC, 1230 A S.L Purpose Items Cost (US $)
max No.
Number of DC Inputs 4 – 15
Nominal AC Power, 700 KW 1 Civil Work Survey and Inspection 106,382
Pnom, AC Engineering Drawing & Consultation 430,000
Max. Output Power, 875 KW Fencing 85,106
Pmax,AC Drainage system and cable trench 53,191
Nominal Output AC 1010 A Environmental and Social cost 159,574
Current IAC, nom Structural work and land preparation 425,531
Nominal AC Output 400 V (assembly site, office for security
Voltage, VAC, nom personnel, monitoring, and spares
Max. Efficiency 98.6 % storage)
Frequency 50 Hz Water Storage and Supply, Including 212,765
Weight 1800 Kg Drinking Water and others
2 FPV Equipment PV modules 8,115,600
Inverters 3,375,000
DC Combiner Box Manufacturer Trinity Touch All DC & AC cables and Conductors 158,308
Model DC SCB Tricheck 24 Input DC Combiner Box 22,500
Rated DC Voltage 1000 V Floating Structure 1,231,629
Maximum Current Per Up to 20 A Mooring and anchoring 25,532
String 3 Power Transfer 3-Ø Transformer (2000 KVA, 144,707
Total Possible DC Up to 300 A Equipment 0.440KV/KV)
Current Auxiliary Transformer (50 KVA, 11/ 2,340
Measurement Voltage 24 V DC 0.415 kV)
Supply LT and HT Switchgear 6,832
Enclosure Size 1210(W) × 748(H) × 250(D) Lighting Arrestor (11KV) 200
No. of DC Inputs 24 Poles, Insulators, drop-out fuse with 8,500
No. of DC outputs 1 the barrel, 11 KV HT kits, Earthing,
and others
Transformer Manufacturer Scotech Electrical Co. Ltd. 4 Miscellaneous Fire Safety Equipment 10,915
Model S11-2.5 MVA-33/0.4KV Solar Panel Testing Equipment and 5,300
Rated Power 2500 KVA toolboxes
Rated Voltage on HT 11 KV Three Phase Energy Meters, Cable, 25,000
Side Panel Structure, PVC Flexible Pipe,
Rated Voltage on LT 0.415 KV SDB Board, and Fitting-fixing
Side Accessories, UPS, Desktop Computer,
Rated Current on HT 131.2 A printers, CC TV, Lan Networking Tools,
Side, and others
Rated Current on LT 3.48 KA 5 Lake Lease for 25 Years 1,063,829
Side 6 Replacement Cost 4,751,773
No. of Phases 3 7 Operation & Maintenance Cost 4,846,808
Frequency 50 Hz (±5%) Total Cost of the System (CTS) 25,267,322
Impedance 6.5 %
Basic Insulation Level, 75 KV
BIL Economic assessment
Type of Cooling ONAN
Switchgear & Manufacturer Ensysco The capital investment is where each project’s economic assessment
Protection LT Switchgear 1050A
begins. Civil works and all the equipment costs are included in the
HT Switchgear VCB Panel
PFI 450 KVAR capital cost. The floating structure, anchoring, and mooring system are
extra equipment costs for the floating PV plant as compared with ground
mounted or rooftop plant. For the economic analysis, the replacement

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Md.I. Islam et al. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 55 (2023) 102994

Fig. 9. Single Line diagram of Hatirjheel FPV plant.

Fig. A.1. Geographical location of the proposed Floating PV plant in Hatirjheel, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

12
Md.I. Islam et al. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 55 (2023) 102994

Ambagan Desh TV Doctor's Lane Ispahani Modhubag Nayatola Padma Sonalibag

10

Monthly Imported Energy (GWh)

7

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Times (Months)

Fig. A.2. Feeder Wise Monthly Imported Energy of Moghbazar 132/33/11 KV Grid Sub-station.

of useable electrical energy provided by the power generation system in

Table A.1 terms of per kWh. The amount of energy produced per year that will be
PVsyst simulated yearly solar irradiation and generated output power. added to the grid is 10,996 MWh or 10,996,000 KWh. Therefore,
Months Global Effective The energy at Array Energy Injected 274,900,000 KWh of net electric energy will be produced in 25 years.
Irradiation (kWh/m2) Output (MWh) into Grid (MWh) The following equation is used to calculate the Cost of Energy (COE)
January 147.4 889 876 provided by the plant.
February 162.3 946 933
March 192.1 1086 1071 CTs
COE = (5)
April 174.3 1006 992 EGn
May 168.2 985 971
June 134.4 804 792 Where CTS is the System Total Cost and EGn is the Net Generated
July 145.7 871 858
Electricity in 25 years. The FPV plant’s Cost of Energy (COE), deter­
August 146.1 869 856
September 145.9 861 849 mined from equation (5), is estimated to be USD 0.0959/KWh or BDT
October 162.2 954 941 9.015/kWh. The National Data Base of Renewable Energy reports that
November 163.5 976 963 the tariffs for each KWh of the different working solar parks that are
December 149.6 906 894 delivering power to the National Grid range from $0.110 to $0.171. In
Total 1891.9 11,153 10,996
the appendix the Table A.2 shows the per unit cost of running solar
power plants in Bangladesh [84,85].

Table A.2
The tariff for running Solar Parks in Bangladesh.
Grid assessment

SL Solar Park Name Capacity Location Cost/ Cost/

An analysis of the effects of integrating a 6.7 MW FPV plant at
No. (MWp) KWh KWh
(BDT) ($) Hatirjheel Lake into the National grid has been done through the grid
assessment. The plant is intended to have 9 inverters, each of which is
1 Energon 100 Mongla, 11.04 0.117
Renewables (BD) Bagerhat
700 KW, which will spread near the land. The underwater cables are
Limited being installed in between the pontoons and the nearest inverter. Later
2 Sirajganj 6.13 MW 7.6 Sirajganj 13.16 0.14 the connection has made from the inverter to the grid. The most cost-
Solar Photovoltaic Sadar, effective approach is to interconnect the Hatirjheel 6.7 MW FPV plant
Power Plant Sirajganj
to the nearest Moghbazar 132/33/11 Grid substation, which will need
3 Spectra Solar Park 35 Shibalaya, 10.36 0.110
Manikganj 100–150 m of overhead lines. The details about Moghbazar 132/33/11
4 HDFC Sin Power ltd 50 Gauripur, 14.38 0.153 Grid substation have been discussed in section 4.6. To step up the
Mymensingh voltage from 0.415KV to 11KV all the necessary instruments will be set
5 Sympa Solar Power 8 Panchagarh 11.04 0.117 up at the Moghbazar grid. The single-line diagram of the grid-connected
ltd.
6 Technaf Solartech 20 Teknaf, Cox’s 11.80 0.125
FPV plant has shown in Fig. 9.
Energy ltd. Bazar The assessment of the grid revealed the following results:
7 Engreen Solar 3 Sarishabari 16.11 0.171
Jamalpur • Due to the plant’s proximity to the substation, fewer cables and poles
are required to transmit the power.
and O&M costs are also taken into account. Even though this design • No extra space is needed to build a substation because the plant’s
omitted a substation since the electricity from this FPV plant would be power equipment will be installed at the Moghbazar grid station.
sent to the closest Moghbazar 132/33/11 Grid substation; nonetheless, • Losses and costs associated with transmission lines will decrease.
the cost of the substation for the generated power was taken into account • As long as the monitoring system is maintained on a large scale,
during the cost analysis. The cost of per unit Electricity is the normal cost switchgear security and protection will be smoother and more
precise.

13
Md.I. Islam et al.
Environmental and social impact assessment
Hatirjheel lake is one of the finest and most attractive lakes in the
center of Dhaka city with an area of 302 acres. The roadways for
transportation, as well as the industrial and residential buildings,
encircle the lake. The lake is used extensively for fishing, providing
drinking water for Dhaka WASA, delivering services for water taxis and
buses, and by many residents of the lakefront slums to wash and take
baths. The project will have a significant influence on the surroundings
and the lake body during installation and operation, which will have a
long-term impact on the ecosystem. The environmental and social im­
pacts that can be anticipated and their mitigating actions are as follows:
Temporary Land Loss: In terms of the assembly of PV panels, floating
structures, and other materials, the lake’s surrounding land will be
occupied throughout the construction time. To mitigate the issue, to the
greatest extent possible, the component assembly on the ground side
must be finished quickly.
Occupancy of the Local Roads: Since the necessary PV modules,
floating components, and other heavy equipment will be transported by
container from the manufacturer or port, there will be at least 1.5 times
as many vehicles using the local roads every day for the duration of the
project, which is expected to last 6 to 8 months. Traffic on the roads will
therefore rise and the local roads will be occupied by containers. To
reduce the impact, only one of the nearby roads—either the southern or
northern—might be used for the transit of containers to alleviate traffic.
Unloading of the containers must be finished as early as possible to clear
the lanes.
Air and Noise pollution: Concerning temporary or long-term road
renovations, material unloading, and storage, floating structure assem­
bly and construction, PV module installation, and lakeside fence, the air
and noise quality of the work site will be affected. It may be possible to
reduce air and noise pollution during the project construction time by
ensuring the movement of validly functioning vehicles, preventing
nighttime construction works, enforcing speed restrictions for vehicles,
insulating generators to reduce noise, and developing noise and dust
control facilities.
Destroying the lake’s natural beauty: The natural beauty of Hatirj­
heel Lake may be destroyed by the development of FPV there. So to
make the visitors more attractive, strategy and design may create a vital
role.
Hampering navigation and water transportation: Since a water bus
jetty is located near the worksite, moving water buses will be difficult,
and the plant’s construction work will be hampered by the waves
created by moving water buses. Transferring the jetty to a different
location is one of the finest ways to tackle this issue.
Construction and Perilous waste: Building waste products such as
wood, plywood, iron, concrete, gravel, stone, glass, topsoil, plastics, and
PVC, as well as hazardous chemicals like transformers and vehicle oil,
may have a significant negative impact on the environment. Imple­
menting a sustainable waste management strategy can lessen this impact
on the ecosystem.
CO2 Emission reduction
Carbon dioxide (CO2) emission is one of the vital concerns to the
environment. According to the ADB Economic Analysis Guidelines [86],
the evaluation of the CO2 emission reduction by this FPV project has
been analyzed considering the grid Emission Factor (EF) of Bangladesh
[87] 0.648 t CO2eq/ MWh. According to equation (6), a fuel-based
power plant will emit (Baseline Emission) 7,125 tons or 7,125,000 kg
of Co2eq per year if the generation of electricity is 10,996 MWh per year.
According to the literature [88], the PV panels have a carbon impact of
roughly 40 g CO2eq/kWh. Specifically, 60–70 % for the infrastructure of
the plant (modules, inverters, supports, and so on), 21–26 % for plant
maintenance and operation, and 5–20 % for plant disposal. Therefore,
the amount of project carbon footprint or Project Emission (PE) for
10,996 MWh of energy output from an FPV plant is roughly 439,840 kg
14
Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 55 (2023) 102994
or 439.48 tons of CO2eq each year. So according to equation (7), the
amount of reduced CO2 emission is 6685 tons per year for the 6.7 MW
FPV plant. Considering the lifetime of 25 years and plant degradation is
1 %, the total CO2 emission reduction will be 167,125 tones. Here BE is
the Baseline Emission and PE is the Project Emission.
Baseline Emission (BE) of CO2 (tons)
EFgrid = (6)
Annual Generation of Electricity (MWh )
Year
Emission Reduction (RE) = BE − PE (7)
Climate Hazard risk assessment
An overview of the potential hazards from climate change for the
Hatirjheel FPV plant is covered in this subsection. It is considered the
primary observations from the site inspection that was conducted be­
tween January 25 and 27, 2022, and the Climate Risk and Vulnerability
Analysis (CRVA) that had been done for this project. Section 4.3 dis­
cussed a detailed description of the present climate of the Hatirjhhel
area. The mean temperature of Bangladesh has risen by around 0.3 ◦ C
during the last century (1906–2005). Throughout Bangladesh, year­
ly rainfall significantly declined by 2–3 % over the past century, and the
majority of this decline has taken place during the month between
December and February, which is the wettest time of the year. Most
studies on global warming assumed that Bangladesh’s mean tempera­
ture will rise by 1 ◦ C by 2030, 1.4 ◦ C by 2050, and 2.4 ◦ C by 2100 in
comparison to the reference period (1960–1990) [89]. According to the
climate Change report of 2014 by the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC) [90], severe rainfall, heavy storms, and floods
have already been seen in Bangladesh, and they will continue to grow in
the future at a faster rate. From the visual inspection of the location and
the different climate change studies, it seems that the site’s equi­
pment and structure appear to be vulnerable to a variety of low, me­
dium, and high-level environmental disasters. The potential Climatic
Hazard Risk, Severity, and their Effects on FPV plants are described as
follows:
Due to the increase in temperature (Medium Level), Rainfall &
Floods (Low Level), and Heavy Wind (High Level) the FPV Plant-.
• Will generate hot spot-on PV panel.
• This will decrease the efficiency and lifetime of the panel.
• Will decrease the lifetime of floats.
• Will reduce the temperament of panel supports.
• Heavy rain may create floods.
• Water reservoirs might shrink due to sedimentation.
• Regular electricity generation might get down.
• Stormy winds may destroy the surrounding infrastructure.
• Heavy storms or Cyclones may damage power plants and trans­
mission infrastructure.
Conclusion
The energy demand around the world is increasing rapidly due to the
tremendous growth of population, urbanization, and technological
development. The world is moving to ensure the installation of a clean
energy-based power plant to meet the SDG’s goals. The solar Floating PV
plant is one of the most environmentally beneficial sources of clean
energy due to its numerous benefits over ground-mounted PV plants. In
line with the rest of the world, the Bangladesh government and several
organizations are looking into the feasibility of installing floating
photovoltaic plants in the country’s vast reservoirs. As a stand-alone
project, the department of EEE, Green University of Bangladesh has
examined a feasibility assessment on the Hatirjheel Lake situated in
Dhaka to build an FPV plant to supply a portion of the community’s
energy needs. The main findings of the investigation are as follows:
It is physically possible to build an FPV plant in Hatirjheel Lake,
Md.I. Islam et al.
which will provide around 12.5 % of the local entire energy demand.
Since the power instruments will be placed at the grid substation, a
separate substation, and monitoring system won’t be required. The
substation’s proximity to the planned facility will result in extremely
low costs for the transmission line and poles.
The projected plant’s energy cost is $ 0.0959/KWh, whereas most of
Bangladesh’s ground-mounted PV plants have a unit price of at least $
0.11/kWh.
The project would assist reduce environmental pollution by reducing
CO2 emissions by 6685 tons annually.
The FPV installation work will hamper the navigation of water buses
and generate temporary air and noise pollution.
The proposed FPV power plant on Hatirjheel Lake has been assessed
in terms of geological, technical, ecological, and economic aspects based
on the PV power potentiality, per unit cost, and CO2 Emission reduction
could be a potential source of Renewable Energy in Bangladesh.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Md. Imamul Islam: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology,
Data curation, Writing – original draft. Md Hasan Maruf: Data curation,
Writing – original draft, Supervision. Ahmed Al Mansur: Conceptuali­
zation, Software, Supervision, Funding acquisition. Ratil H. Ashique:
Writing – review & editing. Mohammad Asif ul Haq: Writing – original
draft. ASM Shihavuddin: Project administration, Data curation,
Writing – original draft, Visualization. Mohd Shawal Jadin: Data
curation, Supervision, Writing – review & editing.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
Data availability
The data that has been used is confidential.
Acknowledgment
We, the authors of this work are quite grateful to the Malaysian
Technical Cooperation Program (MTCP) and the Faculty of Electrical
and Electronic Engineering Technology at Universiti Malaysia Pahang
(UMP) for their financial and technical assistance to conduct this
research. In addition, we would like to extend our sincere appreciation
to the Department of EEE and CRiT at Green University of Bangladesh
(GUB) for letting us utilize their lab facilities and financing our study.
Thanks in particular to the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST),
Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, for developing an
inclusive research platform and providing funding for this project.
Appendix
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[2] A. Al Mansur, M. I. Islam, M. A. Ul Haq, M. H. Maruf, A. S. M. Shihavuddin, and M.
R. Amin, “Investigation of PV Modules Electrical Characteristics for Laboratory
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