Contents

1 Introduction .................................................... 1
1.0 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND .......................................... 1
2.0 STANDARDS, STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS, AND
GUIDES .............................................................................. .4
REFERENCES ............................................................................ .8

2 Principles of Polymer Modification

for Cement Composites ................................. 11
1.0 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 11
2.0 PRINCIPLES OF LATEX MODIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.1 Mechanism of Polymer-Cement Co-matrix Formation .12
2.2 Influence of Latex Modification on Physical
and Mechanical Properties . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.0 MODIFICATION WITH REDISPERSIBLE
POLYMER POWDERS .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.0 MODIFICATION WITH WATER-SOLUBLE
POLYMERS . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.0 MODIFICATION WITH LIQUID RESINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6.0 MODIFICATION WITH MONOMERS .: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

vii
 ...
Vlll Contents

3 Process Technology of Latex-Modified

Systems ........................................................... 22
1.O MATERIALS .................................................................... .22
1.1 Cements .................................................................... .22
1.2 Polymer Latexes ......................................................... 23
1.3 Aggregates ................................................................. 30
1.4 Other Materials .......................................................... 31
2.0 MIX PROPORTIONING.. ................................................. .31
2.1 Notation .................................................................... .33
2.2 Equations for Slump Predictions ................................. 33
2.3 Equations for Strength Predictions ............................. .34
2.4 Preparation of Nomographs ....................................... .34
2.5 Proposed Mix Design System.. ................................... .34
2.6 Mix Example.. ........................................................... .38
2.7 AC1 Guidelines .......................................................... .40
3.0 MIXING ............................................................................ .42
4.0 PLACING AND CURING.. ............................................... .43
REFERENCES .......................................................................... .44

4 Properties of Latex-Modified Systems.. ..... 45

1.0 PROPERTIES OF FRESH MORTAR AND
CONCRETE.. .................................................................... .45
1.1 Workability ............................................................... .45
1.2 Air Entrainment.. ....................................................... .50
1.3 Water Retention.. ....................................................... .51
1.4 Bleeding and Segregation ........................................... .55
1.5 Setting Behavior ........................................................ .55
2.0 PROPERTIES OF HARDENED MORTAR AND
CONCRETE.. .................................................................... .55
2.1 Strength (Factors Affecting Strength) ......................... .55
2.2 Stress-Strain Relationship, Modulus of Elasticity
and Ductility.. ............................................................ .86
2.3 Shrinkage, Creep, and Thermal Expansion ................. .92
2.4 Waterproofness and Water Resistance.. ...................... .99
2.5 Adhesion or Bond Strength ....................................... 111
2.6 Impact Resistance ..................................................... 121
2.7 Abrasion Resistance ................................................. 121
2.8 Chemical Resistance ................................................. 125
2.9 Temperature Effect, Thermal Resistance, and
Incombustibility ....................................................... .125
 Contents ix

2.10 Pore Size Distribution, Resistance to Chloride Ion

Penetration, Carbonation, and Oxygen Diffusion . . . . .. . 130
2.11 Frost Resistance and Weatherability . . .. .. .. . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 141
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

5 Fabrication and Properties of Redispersible

Polymer Powder-Modified Systems ......... 157
1.0 FABRICATION .............................................................. .157
1.1 Manufacture of Redispersible Polymer Powders.. ..... .157
1.2 Process Technology ................................................. .159
2.0 PROPERTIES ................................................................. .163
REFERENCES ........................................................................ .174

6 Fabrication and Properties of Water-Soluble

Polymer-Modified Systems ........................ 175
1.0 FABRICATION . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
2.0 PROPERTIES . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
REFERENCES . . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 182

7 Fabrication and Properties of Liquid Resin

and Monomer-Modified Systems ............. 183
1.0 EPOXY-MODIFIED SYSTEMS ...................................... 183
1.1 Epoxy Modifiers ....................................................... 183
1.2 Process Technology .................................................. 185
1.3 Properties ................................................................ .186
2.0 POLYESTER-MODIFIED SYSTEMS ............................ ,195
3.0 POLYURETHANE-MODIFIED SYSTEMS .................... 198
4.0 OTHER RESIN-MODIFIED SYSTEMS.. ........................ 199
5.0 MONOMER-MODIFIED SYSTEMS.. ............................. 199
REFERENCES ........................................................................ .202

8 Special Polymer-Modified Systems .......... 205

1.0 HYDRATED-TYPE FLEXIBLE WATERPROOFING
MATERIALS .................................................................. .205
2.0 ULTRARAPID-HARDENING POLYMER-MODIFIED
CONCRETES ................................................................. .208
3.0 POLYMER-FERROCEMENTS ...................................... .208
4.0 MDF CEMENTS ............................................................. .212
x Contents

5.0 ANTIWASHOUT UNDERWATER CONCRETES ......... .212

6.0 ARTIFICIAL WOOD ...................................................... .217
7.0 COMPOSITE CEMENT MODIFIERS ............................ .217
REFERENCES ........................................................................ .219

9 Applications ................................................. 222

REFERENCES ........................................................................ .226

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227