“

THERMALPOWERPLANT”

Aseminarrepor
tsubmit
tedi
npart
ialf
ulf
il
lmentoft
he
requir
ementsfort
heawardofthedegreeof

BACHELOROFTECHNOLOGY
I
n
MECHANI
CALENGI
NEERI
NG
By

PRAMODKUMARSAHANI
(
Regd.No.–2001320146)
Undert
hesuper
visi
onof
GI
RISHSWAI
N
Assi
stantPr
ofessor
DEPARTMENTOFMECHANI
CALENGI
NEERI
NG

ARYANI
NSTI
TUTEOFENGINEERI
NGANDTECHNOLOGY
ARYABI
HAR,BHUBANESWAR
PI
N-752050
AUGUST-
2023
 CERTI
FICATE
Thi
stocer
ti
fyt
hatt
hesemi
naron“
THERMALPOWERPLANT”

i
sabonaf
idewor
kcar
ri
edoutbyPRAMODKUMARSAHANIi
n

par
ti
alf
ulf
il
mentoft
her
equi
rement
sfort
heawar
dofDegr
eeof

Bachel
orofTechnol
ogyi
nMechani
calEngi
neer
ingf
rom t
he

Ar
yan I
nst
it
ute ofEngi
neer
ing and Technol
ogy
,Ar
ya Bi
har
,

Bhubaneswardur
ingt
heacademi
cyear2023-24.I
tiscer
ti
fi
ed

t
hatt
hesemi
narr
epor
tsat
isf
iest
heacademi
crequi
rementi
n

r
espect of semi
nar wor
k descr
ibed f
or t
he Bachel
or of

Engi
neer
ingDegr
ee.

Semi
narGui
de Semi
narCo-
ordi
nat
or HeadofMech.

Dept
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Mysinceret hankstoDr.Pr
adyutKumarSwai
nHeadofDepart
ment
Mechanical Engineer
ing f
or this whol
e hear
ted suppor
t in
complementati
onofthesemi
nar
.

Iam hi
ghlyi
ndebtedtomyseminarco-or
dinat
orandmyseminarguide
GI
RISHSWAI Nforguidi
ngandgiv
ingtimelyadvi
cesandsuggest
ionin
t
hesuccessf
ulcompleti
onoft
heseminar.

Lastbutnotleast
,Iwoul dlike t
ot hanksThe Teachi
ng and Non-
Teachi
ngSt
affofMechanicalEngi
neeri
ngDepart
ment,Iwouldli
kethank
oneandal
lwhohavehelpedmedur i
ngthecour
seofthisseminar
.

NAME-PRAMODKUMARSAHANI
REGD.NO.
-2001320146
 ABSTRACT
(
THERMALPOWERPLANT)

Theper formanceanal y sisofEgbi nPowerPl anti nt erms

ofef f
iciencyandr eli
abi li
tyisher einpr esent ed.The
Stati
onconsi stsofsi xuni t
sofst eam t urbineswi t
ha
totalinstall
edcapaci tyof1320MW andcommi ssioned
betweenMay1985andNov ember1987.I nt hispaper ,
fi
elddat awer ecollectedf r
om t heSt ationr ecor dsof
operat i
onandmai ntenancef oraper iodunderr evi
ewof
2000t o2010.Thi sr ev ealst hattheav erageov eral
l
effi
ciencyoft heplant ,fort her evi
ewper i
od, was34. 67%
asagai nstst andardsof40- 45%whi l
et heav erage
reli
abili
tywas80. 92%asagai nstbestpr act i
cesof98-
100%.Theshor tfalli
nper formancel ev elsoft hepl antis
attri
butabl etolowpl antav ailabil
ityduet of requent
breakdowns/ fai
lures, ov erdueov er haulingofsomeuni t
s,
obsolet etechnology , i
nst abili
tyoft henat i
onal grid
system, agingplantequi pmentanddi sr uptioni ngas
supplyamongot her s.Measur est oimpr ov et he
performancei ndices( ef fi
ciencyandr eliabili
ty )oft he
plantwer esuggest ed

Keywords:Egbi
npowerpl
ant
,per
for
manceanal
ysi
s,
ef
fi
ciency,
reli
abi
li
ty
 CONTENTS

1.I
NTRODUCTI
ON

2.ADVANTAGES AND DI
SADVANTAGES OF A THERMAL POWER
PLANT

3.SELECTI
ONOFSI
TEFORPOWERPLANT

4.BOI
LER

5.WATERTUBEBOI
LERS

6.SUPERHEATERANDREHEATER

7.REHEATER

8.ECONOMI
ZED

9.AI
RPREHEATERS

10. COOLI
NGTOWERSANDSPRAYPONDS

11. CONCLUSI
ON

12. REFFERENCE
1.I
NTRODUCTI
ON

➢ Ther
mal
ener
gyi
sthemaj
orsour
ceofpowergener
ati
oni
nIndi
a.Mor
ethan60%of
el
ect
ri
cpoweri
spr
oducedbyst
eam pl
ant
sinI
ndi
a.I
ndi
ahasl
argedeposi
tofcoal
(about
170bi
l
li
ont
onnes)
,5t
hlar
gesti
nwor
ld.I
ndi
ancoal
sar
ecl
assi
fi
edasA-
Ggr
adecoal
s.

➢I
nSt
eam powerpl
ant
s,t
heheatofcombust
ionoff
ossi
lfuel
sisut
il
izedbyt
heboi
l
erst
o
r
aisest
eam athi
ghpr
essur
eandt
emper
atur
e.Thest
eam sopr
oducedi
susedi
ndr
ivi
ngt
he
st
eam t
urbi
nesorsomet
imesst
eam engi
nescoupl
est
ogener
ator
sandt
husi
ngener
ati
ng
el
ect
ri
cal
ener
gy.

➢ St
eam t
urbi
nesorst
eam engi
nesusedi
nst
eam powerpl
ant
snotonl
yactaspr
ime
mov
ersbutal
soasdr
ivesf
orauxi
l
iar
yequi
pment
,suchaspumps,
stoker
sfanset
c.

➢ St
eam powerpl
ant
smaybei
nst
all
edei
thert
ogener
ateel
ect
ri
cal
ener
gyonl
yorgener
ate
el
ect
ri
cal
ener
gyal
ongwi
thgener
ati
onofst
eam f
ori
ndust
ri
alpur
posessuchasi
npaper
mi
l
ls,
text
il
emi
l
ls,
sugarmi
l
lsandr
efi
ner
ies,
chemi
cal
wor
ks,
plast
icmanuf
act
ure,
food
manuf
act
ureet
c.

➢ Thest
eam f
orpr
ocesspur
posesi
sext
ract
edf
rom acer
tai
nsect
ionoft
urbi
neandt
he
r
emai
ningst
eam i
sal
l
owedt
oexpandi
nthet
urbi
ne.Al
ter
nat
ivel
ytheexhaustst
eam maybe
usedf
orpr
ocesspur
poses.

➢ Ther
mal
stat
ionscanbepr
ivat
eindust
ri
alpl
ant
sandcent
ral
stat
ion.

2.ADVANTAGESANDDI
SADVANTAGESOFATHERMALPOWERPLANT

ADVANTAGES:

▪Lessi
nit
ial
costascompar
edt
oot
hergener
ati
ngst
ati
ons.

▪I
trequi
resl
essl
andascompar
edt
ohy
dropowerpl
ant
.

▪Thef
uel
(i.
e.coal
)ischeaper
.

▪Thecostofgener
ati
oni
slessert
hant
hatofdi
esel
powerpl
ant
s.
DI
SADVANTAGES:

▪I
tpol
l
utest
heat
mospher
eduet
othepr
oduct
ionofl
argeamountofsmoke.Thi
sisoneof
t
hecausesofgl
obal
war
ming.

▪Theov
eral
lef
fi
ciencyofat
her
mal
powerst
ati
oni
slow(
lesst
han30%)
.

▪Requi
resl
ongt
imef
orer
rect
ionandputi
ntoact
ion.

▪Cost
li
eri
noper
ati
ngi
ncompar
isonwi
tht
hatofHy
droandNucl
earpowerpl
ant
s.

▪Requi
rementofwat
eri
nhugequant
it
y

3.SELECTI
ONOFSI
TEFORTHERMALPOWERPLANT

•NEARNESSTOTHELOADCENTRE:
Thepowerpl
antshoul
dbeasnearaspossi
blet
othe
l
oadcent
ret
othecent
reofl
oad.
Sot
hatt
het
ransmi
ssi
oncostandl
ossesar
emi
nimum.
Thi
sfact
ori
smosti
mpor
tantwhenDcsuppl
ysy
stem i
sadopt
ed.Howev
eri
nthecaseofAC
suppl
ywhent
ransf
ormat
ionofener
gyf
rom l
owerv
olt
aget
ohi
gherv
olt
ageandv
icev
ersai
s
possi
blepowerpl
ant
scanbeer
ect
edatpl
acesot
hert
hant
hatofl
oadpr
ovi
dedot
her
condi
ti
onsar
efav
orabl
e.
•WATERRESOURCES:
Fort
heconst
ruct
ionandoper
ati
ngofpowerpl
antl
argev
olumesof

wat
erar
erequi
redf
ort
hef
oll
owi
ngr
easons

(
i)Tor
aiset
hest
eam i
nboi
l
er.

(
ii
)Forcool
i
ngpur
posesuchasi
ncondenser
s

(
ii
i)Asacar
ryi
ngmedi
um suchasdi
sposal
ofash.

(
iv)Fordr
inki
ngpur
poses.

Thi
scoul
dbesuppl
i
edf
rom ei
therr
iver
sorunder
groundwat
err
esour
ces.Ther
efor
ehav
ing
enoughwat
ersuppl
i
esi
ndef
inedv
ici
nit
ycanbeaf
act
ori
nthesel
ect
ionoft
hesi
te.

•AVAI
LABI
LITYOFCOAL:
Hugeamountofcoal
isr
equi
redf
orr
aisi
ngt
hest
eam.Si
ncet
he
gov
ernmentpol
i
cyi
stouset
heonl
ylowgr
adecoal
wit
h30t
o40%ashcont
entf
orpower
gener
ati
onpur
poses,
thest
eam powerpl
ant
sshoul
dbel
ocat
edneart
hecoal
minest
oav
oid
t
het
ranspor
tofcoal
&ash.

•LANDREQUI
REMENT:
Thel
andi
srequi
rednotonl
yforset
ti
ngupt
hepl
antbutf
orot
her
pur
posesal
sosuchasst
affcol
ony
,coal
stor
age,
ashdi
sposal
etc.

Eg:
For2000MW pl
ant
,thel
andr
equi
rementmaybeoft
heor
derof200-
250acr
es.Ast
he
costoft
hel
andaddsupt
othef
inal
costoft
hepl
ant
,itshoul
dbeav
ail
abl
eatar
easonabl
e
pr
ice.Landshoul
dbeav
ail
abl
eforf
utur
eext
ensi
on.

•TRANSPORTATI
ONFACI
LITI
ES:
Thef
aci
l
iti
esmustbeav
ail
abl
efort
ranspor
tat
ionof

heav
yequi
pmentandf
uel
se.
gnearr
ail
wayst
ati
on.

•LABOURSUPPLI
ES:
Ski
l
ledandunski
l
ledl
abor
ersshoul
dbeav
ail
abl
eatr
easonabl
e

r
atesneart
hesi
teoft
hepl
ant
.

•ASHDI
SPOSAL:
Ashi
sthemai
nwast
epr
oductoft
hest
eam powerpl
antandwi
thl
ow
gr
adecoal
,i
tmaybe3.
5tonesperday,
somesui
tabl
emeansf
ordi
sposal
ofashshoul
dbe
t
houghof
.Itmaybepur
chasedbybui
l
dingcont
ract
ors,
ori
tcanbeusedf
orbr
ickmaki
ng
neart
hepl
antsi
te.I
fthesi
tei
sneart
hecoal
minei
tcanbedumpedi
ntot
hedi
susedmi
nes.
I
ncaseofsi
tel
ocat
ednearar
iver
,seaorl
akeashcanbedumpedi
ntoi
t.

•DI
STANCEFROM POPULATEDAREA:
Thecont
inuousbur
ningofcoal
att
hepowerst
ati
on
Pr
oducessmoke,
fumesandashwhi
chpol
l
utet
hesur
roundi
ngar
ea.Suchapol
l
uti
onduet
o
smokei
sdanger
ousf
ort
hepeopl
eli
vi
ngar
oundt
hear
ea.Hence,
thesi
teofapl
antshoul
d
beataconsi
der
abl
edi
stancef
rom t
hepopul
atedar
ea.
Maj
orComponent
sofaTher
mal
PowerPl
ant

•Coal
Handl
i
ngPl
ant

•Pul
ver
izi
ngPl
ant

•Dr
aftorDr
aughtf
an

•Boi
l
er

•AshHandl
i
ngPl
ant

•Tur
bineandGener
ator

•Condenser

•Cool
i
ngTowerAndPonds

•FeedWat
erHeat
er

•Economi
ser

•Superheat
erandReheat
er

•Ai
rpr
eheat
er

•Al
ter
nat
orwi
thExci
ter

•Pr
otect
ionandcont
rol
equi
pment

•I
nst
rument
ati
on

4.BOI
LER

❖ Aboi
l
er(
orst
eam gener
ator
)isacl
osedv
essel
inwhi
chwat
er,
underpr
essur
e,i
s
conv
ert
edi
ntost
eam.Theheati
str
ansf
err
edt
otheboi
l
erbyal
lthr
eemodesofheat
t
ransf
eri
.e.conduct
ion,
conv
ect
ionandr
adi
ati
on.

❖ Maj
ort
ypesofboi
l
ersar
e:(
i)f
ir
etubeboi
l
erand(
ii
)wat
ert
ubeboi
l
er

❖ Gener
all
ywat
ert
ubeboi
l
ersar
eusedf
orel
ect
ri
cpowerst
ati
ons.
Fir
eTubeBoi
l
er
•Theboi
l
eri
snamedsobecauset
hepr
oduct
sofcombust
ionpasst
hrought
het
ubeswhi
ch
ar
esur
roundedbywat
er.

•Dependi
ngonwhet
hert
het
ubei
sver
ti
cal
orhor
izont
alt
hef
ir
etubeboi
l
eri
sdi
vi
ded

i
ntot
wot
ypes

1.Ver
ti
cal
tubeboi
l
er

2.Hor
izont
alt
ubeboi
l
er

•Af
ir
etubeboi
l
eri
ssi
mpl
e,compactandr
uggedi
nconst
ruct
ion.I
tsi
nit
ial
costi
slow.

•Wat
erbei
ngmor
eandci
rcul
ati
onbei
ngpoort
heycannotmeetqui
ckl
ytochangesi
nst
eam
demand.

•Aswat
erandst
eam ,
bot
har
eint
hesameshel
l
,hi
gherpr
essur
eofst
eam ar
enotpossi
ble,
t
hemaxi
mum pr
essur
ewhi
chcanbehadi
s17.
5kg/
cm2wi
thacapaci
tyof15,
000kgof
st
eam perhour
.

•Fort
hesameout
putt
heout
ershel
lofaf
ir
etubeboi
l
eri
smuchl
argert
hant
hatofawat
er
t
ubeboi
l
er.

•I
ntheev
entofasuddenandmaj
ort
ubef
ail
ure.St
eam expl
osi
onsmaybecausedi
nthe
f
urnaceduet
orushofhi
ghpr
essur
ewat
eri
ntot
hehotcombust
ionchamberwhi
chmay
gener
atel
argequant
it
iesofst
eam i
nthef
urnace.

•Fi
ret
ubeboi
l
ersusei
sther
efor
eli
mit
edt
olowcostsmal
lsi
zeandl
owpr
essur
epl
ant
s.
5.WATERTUBEBOI
LERS

•I
nthi
sboi
l
er,
thewat
erf
lowsi
nsi
det
het
ubesandhotgasesf
lowout
sidet
het
ube.

•Wat
ert
ubeboi
l
erar
ecl
assi
fi
edas

1.Ver
ti
cal
tubeboi
l
er

2.Hor
izont
alt
ubeboi
l
er

3.I
ncl
i
nedt
ubeboi
l
er

•Theci
rcul
ati
onofwat
eri
ntheboi
l
eri
smaybenat
ural
orf
orced.

•ForCent
ral
steam powerpl
ant
slar
gecapaci
tyofwat
ert
ubeboi
l
ersar
eused.

•Thet
ubesar
eal
way
sext
ernal
tot
hedr
um t
heycanbebui
l
tinsmal
l
ersi
zeandt
her
efor
e
wi
thst
andhi
ghpr
essur
e.

•Theboi
l
erdr
um cont
ainsbot
hst
eam andwat
er,
thef
ormerbei
ngt
rappedf
rom t
het
opof
t
hedr
um wher
ethehi
ghestconcent
rat
ionofdr
yst
eam exi
sts.
6.SUPERHEATERANDREHEATERS

•Thef
unct
ionoft
hesuperheat
eri
stor
emov
ethel
astt
rashofmoi
stur
efr
om t
hesat
urat
ed
st
eam l
eav
ingt
heboi
l
ert
ubesandal
soi
ncr
easesi
tst
emper
atur
eabov
ethesat
urat
ion
t
emper
atur
e.

•Fort
hispur
poset
heheatoft
hecombust
iongasesf
rom t
hef
urnacei
sut
il
ized.

•Superheat
edst
eam i
sthatst
eam whi
chcont
ainsmor
eheatt
hant
hesat
urat
edst
eam at
t
hesamepr
essur
e.Theaddi
ti
onal
heatpr
ovi
demor
eener
gyt
othet
urbi
nehencepowerout
puti
smor
e.

•Super
heat
edst
eam causesl
esserer
osi
onoft
het
urbi
nebl
adesandcanbet
ransmi
tt
edf
or
l
ongerdi
stancewi
thl
i
ttl
eheatl
oss

•Asuper
heat
ermaybeconv
ent
iont
ype,
radi
antt
ypeorcombi
nat
ion.Howev
er,
conv
ent
ion
super
heat
ersar
emor
ecommonl
yused.
7.REHEATER

•I
naddi
ti
ont
osuperheat
ermoder
nboi
l
erhasr
eheat
eral
so.Thef
unct
ionoft
her
eaheat
eri
s
t
osuper
heatt
hepar
tl
yexpandedst
eam f
rom t
het
urbi
ne,
thi
sensur
ethatt
hest
eam r
emai
n
dr
ythr
ought
hel
astst
ageoft
het
urbi
ne.

•Ar
eheat
ermaybeconv
ent
iont
ype,
radi
antt
ypeorcombi
nat
ion.

FeedWat
erHeat
ers:
Theseheat
ersar
eusedt
oheatt
hef
eedwat
erbymeansofbl
end
st
eam bef
orei
tissuppl
i
edt
otheboi
l
er.Necessi
tyofheat
ingf
eedwat
erbef
oref
eedi
ngi
t
backt
otheboi
l
erar
isesduet
othef
oll
owi
ngr
easons.

•FeedWat
erheat
ingi
mpr
oveov
eral
lef
fi
ciency
.

•Thedi
ssol
vedoxy
genwhi
chwoul
dot
her
wisecauseboi
l
ercor
rosi
onar
eremov
edi
nthe
f
eedwat
erheat
er.

•Ther
mal
str
essesduet
ocol
dwat
erent
eri
ngt
heboi
l
erdr
um ar
eav
oided.

•Quant
it
yofst
eam pr
oducedbyt
heboi
l
eri
sincr
eased.

•Someot
heri
mpur
it
iescar
ri
edbyst
eam andcondensat
e,duet
ocor
rosi
oni
nboi
l
erand
condenser
,ar
epr
eci
pit
atedout
sidet
heboi
l
er.

8.ECONOMI
ZER

•Boi
l
ersar
epr
ovi
dedwi
theconomi
zerandai
rpr
e-heat
erst
orecov
erheatf
rom t
hef
lue
gases.Ani
ncr
easeofabout20%i
nboi
l
eref
fi
ciencyi
sachi
evedbypr
ovi
dingbot
h
economi
zerandai
rpr
e-heat
ers.

•Economi
zeral
onegi
vesonl
y10-
12%ef
fi
ciencyi
ncr
ease,
causessav
ingi
nfuel
consumpt
ion5-
15%.Thef
eedwat
erf
rom t
hehi
ghpr
essur
eheat
ersent
erst
heeconomi
zer
andpi
cksupheatf
rom t
hef
luegasesaf
tert
hel
owt
emper
atur
esuperheat
er.

•Economi
zercanbecl
assi
fi
edasani
nli
neorst
agger
edar
rangementbasedont
het
ypeof
t
ubear
rangement
.

•Forpr
essur
eof70Kg/
cm2ormor
eeconomi
zerbecomesanecessi
ty.

•Thet
ubesar
ear
rangedi
npar
all
elcont
inuousl
oops.

•Feedwat
erf
lowst
hrought
het
ubesandt
hef
luegasesout
sidet
het
ubesacr
osst
hem.The
f
eedwat
ershoul
dbesuf
fi
cient
lypur
enott
ocausef
ormi
ngofscal
esandcausei
nter
nal
cor
rosi
onandunderboi
l
erpr
essur
e.
•Thet
emper
atur
eoft
hef
eedwat
erent
eri
ngt
heeconomi
zershoul
dbehi
ghenoughsot
hat
moi
sterf
rom t
hef
luegasesdoesnotcondenseont
heeconomi
zert
ubes.

9.AI
RPREHEATERS

•Af
tert
hef
luegasesl
eav
eeconomi
zer
,somef
urt
herheatcanbeext
ract
edf
rom
t
hem andi
susedt
oheatt
hei
ncomi
ngai
rforcombust
ion.

•Ai
rpr
eheat
ersmaybeoff
oll
owi
ngt
ypes:

➢ Pl
atet
ype

➢ Tubul
art
ype

➢ Regener
ati
vet
ype

•Cool
i
ngoff
luegasesby200i
ncr
easet
heef
fi
ciencyoft
hepl
antby1%.

•Theuseofai
rpr
eheat
ersi
smor
eeconomi
cal
wit
hpul
ver
izedf
uel
boi
l
ersbecause
t
he

t
emper
atur
eoff
luegasesgoi
ngouti
ssuf
fi
cient
lyl
argeandhi
ghai
rtemper
atur
es
(
250t
o

3500C)i
sal
way
sdesi
rabl
eforbet
tercombust
ion.

•Ai
rpr
eheat
ersshoul
dhav
ehi
ght
her
mal
eff
ici
ency
,rel
i
abi
l
ityofoper
ati
on,
less
mai
ntancechar
ges,
shoul
doccupysmal
lspace,
shoul
dber
easonabl
eini
nit
ial
cost
andshoul
dbeaccessi
ble.

•I
nor
dert
oav
oidcor
rosi
onoft
heai
rpr
eheat
ers,
thef
luegasesshoul
dnotbe
cool
edbel
owt
hedewpoi
nt.
10.
COOLI
NGTOWERSANDSPRAYPONDS

•Condenser
sneedhugequant
it
yofwat
ert
ocondenset
hest
eam.

•Wat
eri
sledi
ntot
hepl
ant
sbymeansofci
rcul
ati
ngwat
erpumpsandaf
terpassi
ngt
hrough
t
hecondenseri
sdi
schar
gedbacki
ntot
her
iver
.

•I
fsuchasour
cei
snotav
ail
abl
ecl
osedcool
i
ngwat
erci
rcui
tisusedwher
ethewar
m wat
er
comi
ngoutoft
hecondenseri
scool
edandr
eused.

•I
nsuchcasespondsandcool
i
ngt
ower
sar
eusedwher
ethewat
erl
osesheatt
othe
at
mospher
e.
11.CONCLUSI
ON

Ther
mal
powerpl
ant
sar
eani
mpor
tantsour
ceofel
ect
ri
cit
y.Theyuseheatt
ogener
ate
el
ect
ri
cit
y,andt
heyar
ever
yef
fi
cient
.Howev
er,
theyal
sohav
esomedi
sadv
ant
ages.They
canbeexpensi
vet
obui
l
d,andt
heycanpol
l
utet
heenv
ironment
.Butov
eral
l
,ther
mal
power
pl
ant
sar
eagoodwayt
ogener
ateel
ect
ri
cit
y.Hy
dropowerpl
ant
sar
eanot
heropt
ionf
or
gener
ati
ngel
ect
ri
cit
y,andt
heyhav
ethei
rownadv
ant
agesanddi
sadv
ant
ages.Butov
eral
l
,
bot
hty
pesofpowerpl
ant
sar
eimpor
tantsour
cesofel
ect
ri
cit
y.

12.REFERENCES:

1-PowerPl
antSy
stem Desi
gnbyKam W.
LiandA.
Paul
Pri
ddy

2-Ther
mal
Engi
neer
ingbyR.
K.Raj
put

3-PowerPl
antTechnol
ogybyEl
-Waki
lM.
M.

4-PowerGener
ati
onHandbookbyPhi
l
ipKi
amch

5-Ther
mody
nami
cFundament
alsbyEi
stop