Remote sensing

Remote sensing is the process of detecting and monitoring the physical characteristics of an area
by measuring its reflected and emitted radiation at a distance (typically from satellite or aircraft). Special
cameras collect remotely sensed images, which help researchers "sense" things about the Earth.

OR
The scanning of the earth by satellite or high-flying aircraft in order to obtain information about it.

Specific application in Risk assessment

The world has experienced an increasing impact of disasters in the past decades. Many regions are
exposed to natural hazards, each with unique characteristics. The main causes for this increase can be
attributed to a higher frequency of extreme hydro-meteorological events, most probably related to
climate change, and to an increase in vulnerable population. To reduce disaster losses, more efforts
should be applied towards Disaster Risk Management, with a focus on hazard assessment, elements-at
risk mapping, vulnerability and risk assessment, all of which have an important spatial component.The
use of RS and geographic information systems (GIS) has become an integrated approach in disaster-risk
management. Hazard and risk assessments are carried out at multiple scales, ranging from global to a
community level.

Flooding

Floods can cause power, water, and gas outages; disrupt

transportation routes and commercial supplies; pollute drinking water
systems; damage homes, buildings, and roads; and cause severe
environmental problems including landslides and mudslides.
EXAMPLE RECENT FLOODS IN PAKISTAN 2022
LANDSLIDE
The impact of a landslide can be extensive, including loss of life,
destruction of infrastructure, damage to land and loss of natural
resources. Landslide material can also block rivers and increase the
risk of floods. A systematic landslide study with gis helps to reduce the damages in
infrastructures, houses and cultivated lands and loss of lives.

Earthquake damage

Ground shaking from earthquakes can cause buildings and bridges to collapse; disrupt gas,
electricity, and telephone services; and sometimes trigger landslides, avalanches, flash floods,
fires, and tsunami.

Forest fire

The risk of wildfires increases in extremely dry conditions, such as

drought, and during high winds. Wildfires can disrupt transportation,
communications, power and gas services, and water supply. They
also lead to a deterioration of the air quality, and loss of property,
crops, resources, animals and people
Starting on 30 January 2023, a series of wildfires began in the South
American country of Chile.

Data
Primary data refers to the first hand data gathered by the researcher
himself. Secondary data means data collected by someone else
earlier.

Satellite
Landsat
Landsat satellites have the optimal ground resolution and spectral
bands to efficiently track land use and to document land change due
to climate change, urbanization, drought, wildfire, biomass changes
(carbon assessments), and a host of other natural and human-caused
changes.
Landsat satellites provide high-quality, multi-spectral imagery of the surface of the Earth.

New band 1 (ultra-blue) is useful for coastal and aerosol studies. New band 9 is useful for cirrus
cloud detection. The resolution for Band 8 (panchromatic) is 15 meters. Thermal bands 10 and
11 are useful in providing more accurate surface temperatures and are collected at 100 meters.

Spatial resoltion of lansat is 30 meters and pancromatic is 15m

MODIS

Two sensor aqua and tera

Resolation 250

Take Image twice times in a day.

Sentinel

Sentinel-2 (S2) is an Earth observation mission from the Copernicus Programme from ESA that
acquires optical imagery at high spatial (maximum 10 m) and temporal resolution (5 days revisit
time at the equator) over land and coastal waters.

SPOTS

The two spectral modes are panchromatic and multispectral. The

panchromatic band has a resolution of 10 meters, and the three
multispectral bands (G, R, NIR) have resolutions of 20 metres. They
have a scene size of 3600 km2 and a revisit interval of one to four
days, depending on the latitude.
Radar System
radar, electromagnetic sensor used for detecting, locating, tracking,
and recognizing objects of various kinds at considerable distances. It
operates by transmitting electromagnetic energy toward objects,
commonly referred to as targets, and observing the echoes returned
from them.
Warning and forecasting system
Forecasting systems calculate future atmospheric conditions on the
basis of measurement data and observations. MeteoSwiss uses these
weather models to create weather forecasts and to enable it to issue
weather warnings in the event of imminent hazards.

an overflow of a large amount of water beyond its normal limits, especially over what is normally dry
land.

a sudden violent shaking of the ground, typically causing great destruction, as a result of movements
within the earth's crust or volcanic action.

a mountain or hill, typically conical, having a crater or vent through which lava, rock fragments,
hot vapour, and gas are or have been erupted from the earth's crust.
Kk

 long, high sea wave caused by an earthquake or other disturbance.

Diagonal down slope movement of rock fragments and finegrained material along sliding plane
with enough water is called earth flow.

O verbalance or cause overbalance and fall