Multiview Projection

2022/07/24
Draughting for Civil Engineers (DRGCIB1):

Multiview (Orthographic) Projection
by Thabang Mafokoane (tmafokoane@uj.ac.za)
25 July 2022
Objectives
1.Develop an ability to visualise in three dimensions

2.Understand the basic multiview projection principles
3.Draw the six standard views of an object
4.Select a principle view (front view)
5.Construct a drawing of a component according to 1st angle orthographic
projecting method
6.Construct a drawing of a component according to 3rd angle orthographic
projecting method
Draughting 1B 2022 © Thabang Mafokoane (tmafokoane@uj.ac.za) 2
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Types of Projections
✔ ✔ ✔
Orthographic Projection Theory
• Projection → a view of an object conceived to be drawn onto a plane

(plane of projection)
• Orthographic projection
→ views of an object formed by projectors from the object perpendicular
to the desired planes of projection
→ drawing at right angles (90º)
• Representing the three dimensions object on paper (i.e. in 2-D)
NB: Applies to both manual drawing and CAD

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Observation of an object begins with the direction from which the
object is to be viewed—the line of sight.

The viewing station for the observer is always an infinite distance
from the object.

Viewing Station
at Infinity
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The plane of projection is located between the viewing station and
the object (third angle projection).
Line of Sight

Viewing Station
at Infinity
Projection Plane
(Picture Plane
Viewing Plane)

The line of sight is always normal to the plane of projection
Line of Sight

Viewing Station
at Infinity
Projection Plane
(Picture Plane
Viewing Plane)
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The object may be located anywhere behind the plane of projection
Object
Line of Sight

Viewing Station
at Infinity
Projection Plane
(Picture Plane
Viewing Plane)

Because the observation location is at infinity, parallel visual rays
extend from the object to the plane of projection, and produce the
image on the projection plane.
Object
Line of Sight

Viewing Station
at Infinity
Parallel Visual Rays
Projection Plane
(Picture Plane
Viewing Plane)
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Six Standard Views
1. Front view (FV) 4. Left view (LV)

2. Back (Rear) view (BkV) 5. Top view (TV)
3. Right view (RV) 6. Bottom view (BmV)
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Views
• Three principal dimensions of an object:

width, height, and depth
• General guidelines:
✓Normally the longest dimension is chosen as the width
✓Number of views should be restricted to the minimum necessary for clarity
✓Most common combination of views is to use: FV, TV and Side View (SV, either RV
or LV)
✓Width and depth are displayed on the TV, height and width on the FV, height and
depth on the SV
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Front View
• Most important view from which other views are established

• Selected first
• Guidelines for selecting FV… The FV should:

✓Represent the most natural position of use
✓Provide the best shape description or most characteristic contours
✓Have the longest side
✓Have minimum hidden details
• Other views may be selected. Two projected views for simple objects.
Three or more for complex shapes
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Methods of Projection
• Either first (1st) angle orthographic projection or third (3rd) angle

orthographic projection should be used.
• First angle projection → derived from rolling item into its different views
• Third angle projection → items are placed on the side with the same
name (e.g. the left hand view is placed on the left side of the front view)
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First Angle Projection
• With reference to the front view, A, the other views should be arranged
as follows:
a) top view, B, is placed below;

b) left view, C, is placed on the right;
c) right view, d, is placed on the left;
d) bottom view, e, is placed above;
e) back view, f, is placed on either the
left or the right, as convenient.
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First Angle Projection
NOTE: A, B, C are primary views (first choice) and

d, e, f are secondary views (second choice).
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Third Angle Projection
• With reference to the front view, A, the other views should be arranged
as follows:
a) top view, B, is placed above;

b) left view, c, is placed on the left;
c) right view, D, is placed on the right;
d) bottom view, e, is placed below; and
e) back view, f, is placed on either the left or
the right, as convenient.
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Third Angle Projection
NOTE: A, B, D are primary views (first choice) and

c e, f are secondary views (second choice).
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The Glass Box (6 views)

• If planes of projection are placed parallel to the
principal faces of the object, they form a “glass box”
• Six views of the object can be obtained
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As the object is viewed from a specific orientation (perpendicular to one of the sides
of the cube) visual rays project from the object to the projection plane. These
projectors are always parallel to each other.
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The object’s image is formed on the Frontal Projection Plane by the pierce points
of the visual rays.
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The process is repeated to construct the right side view on the Profile Plane
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Similarly, the top view is

projected to the
Horizontal Plane
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For many three-dimensional objects, three orthographic views are

sufficient to describe their geometry
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The box can be unfolded to

show the multiple views in a
single x-y plane
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Because the observation point is located

at infinity, the integrity of feature size and
location are maintained, and the views
are oriented orthogonally in relationship
to each other
TOP
FRONT RIGHT SIDE
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Notice that the projectors or extension

lines, are perpendicular to the folding
lines of the glass box.
Fold lines and extension lines are
drawn very lightly, when used, and are
not part of the finished drawing)
TOP
FRONT RIGHT SIDE
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Dimensional data can then be added to the

drawing.
Notice the three basic line types:
•Continuous (solid) thick – visible edges
•Continuous (solid) thin – dimensions
•Hidden (dashed) – invisible edges
•Centre (chain) – centres of cylinders
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Projection Symbols
• Method of projection used should be clearly indicated by means of a

symbol.
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Example 1: 3rd angle projection for component manufacturing
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Example 2: 3rd angle projection

as applied to architecture
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Example 3: 1st angle projection for vehicle industry
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Drawing Layout Technique

1. Clean your board and all your drawing tools
2. Square drawing paper and secure with masking tape
3. Draw the border line and title block
4. Select the front view
5. Rough sketch layout views according to orthographic projections
6. Determine the scale of the drawing. Remember to allow for dimensions and notes
7. Use construction lines to layout the views on the drawing paper
8. Draw front view first and then the other views (draw centre lines first, circle and
arcs, and then object lines including hidden lines)
9. Dimension the views
10. Add notes if required
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Exercises (Set A)
Exercises 1 -12
Sketch in 1st angle projection the Top-, Front-, and Right views of the
figures below.
Note:
• Use the recommended A3 paper
• Each large division equals 10 mm and each small division equals 5 mm. All holes are
through holes
• The front view direction (arrow) in #1 applies to all problems
• Use scale 1:1
• All dimensioning (according to SANS 10111-1) required
• Show hidden lines
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Exercises (Set B)
Exercises 1 -12
Sketch in 3rd angle projection the Top-, Front-, and Right views of the
figures below.
Note:
• Use the recommended A3 paper
• Each large division equals 10 mm and each small division equals 5 mm. All holes are
through holes
• The front view direction (arrow) in #1 applies to all problems
• Use scale 1:1
• All dimensioning (according to SANS 10111-1) required
• Show hidden lines
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Exercises (Set C)
Exercise 1
Draw in 1st angle projection the
Top-, Front-, and Right views of the
figure below. Use scale 1:1. Show
hidden detail where necessary and
fully dimension your drawing.
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Exercise 2
Draw in 3rd angle projection the

Top-, Front-, and Right views of the
figure below. Use scale 1:1. Show
hidden detail where necessary and
fully dimension your drawing.
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Exercise 3
Draw in 1st angle projection the

Top-, Front-, and Right views of
the figure below. Use scale 1:1.
Show hidden detail where
necessary and fully dimension
your drawing.
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Exercise 4
Draw in 3rd angle projection

the Top-, Front-, and Left
views of the figure below. Use
scale 1:1. Show hidden detail
where necessary and fully
dimension your drawing.
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References
1. Engelbrecht, J. (2006). Engineering graphics and design. H.S.E. CC.
2. Giesecke, F.E. et al. (2017). Engineering Graphics. Essex: Pearson Education
Limited.
3. Latifee, E.R. (2017). Civil Engineering Drawing Sessional: Lab Manual. Ahsanullah
University of Science and Technology.
4. Mafokoane, T. (2022). Draughting for Civil Engineer: Learning Guide. University of
Johannesburg.
5. Pieterse, F.F. and Pretorious, J. (2017). A Quick Reference to Dimensioning
Technical Drawings. Johannesburg: University of Johannesburg.
6. SANS 10111-1. (2011). Engineering drawings, Part 1: General principles. Pretoria:
SABS Standards Division.
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Thought for the day
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2022/07/24

Draughting for Civil Engineers (DRGCIB1):

1.Develop an ability to visualise in three dimensions

Draughting 1B 2022 © Thabang Mafokoane (tmafokoane@uj.ac.za) 2

Draughting 1B 2022 © Thabang Mafokoane (tmafokoane@uj.ac.za) 3

Orthographic Projection Theory

• Projection → a view of an object conceived to be drawn onto a plane

NB: Applies to both manual drawing and CAD

Orthographic Projection Theory

Draughting 1B 2022 © Thabang Mafokoane (tmafokoane@uj.ac.za) 5

Orthographic Projection Theory

Draughting 1B 2022 © Thabang Mafokoane (tmafokoane@uj.ac.za) 6

Orthographic Projection Theory

Draughting 1B 2022 © Thabang Mafokoane (tmafokoane@uj.ac.za) 7

Orthographic Projection Theory

Draughting 1B 2022 © Thabang Mafokoane (tmafokoane@uj.ac.za) 8

Orthographic Projection Theory

Draughting 1B 2022 © Thabang Mafokoane (tmafokoane@uj.ac.za) 9

Orthographic Projection Theory

Draughting 1B 2022 © Thabang Mafokoane (tmafokoane@uj.ac.za) 10

Six Standard Views

1. Front view (FV) 4. Left view (LV)

Draughting 1B 2022 © Thabang Mafokoane (tmafokoane@uj.ac.za) 11

• Three principal dimensions of an object:

• Most important view from which other views are established

• Guidelines for selecting FV… The FV should:

Draughting 1B 2022 © Thabang Mafokoane (tmafokoane@uj.ac.za) 14

• Either first (1st) angle orthographic projection or third (3rd) angle

Draughting 1B 2022 © Thabang Mafokoane (tmafokoane@uj.ac.za) 15

Draughting 1B 2022 © Thabang Mafokoane (tmafokoane@uj.ac.za) 16

Draughting 1B 2022 © Thabang Mafokoane (tmafokoane@uj.ac.za) 17

First Angle Projection

a) top view, B, is placed below;

First Angle Projection

NOTE: A, B, C are primary views (first choice) and

Third Angle Projection

a) top view, B, is placed above;

Third Angle Projection

NOTE: A, B, D are primary views (first choice) and

The Glass Box (6 views)

• Six views of the object can be obtained

Draughting 1B 2022 © Thabang Mafokoane (tmafokoane@uj.ac.za) 22

The Glass Box (6 views)

Draughting 1B 2022 © Thabang Mafokoane (tmafokoane@uj.ac.za) 23

The Glass Box (3 views)

Similarly, the top view is

For many three-dimensional objects, three orthographic views are

The box can be unfolded to

Because the observation point is located

FRONT RIGHT SIDE

Notice that the projectors or extension

FRONT RIGHT SIDE

Dimensional data can then be added to the

• Method of projection used should be clearly indicated by means of a

Draughting 1B 2022 © Thabang Mafokoane (tmafokoane@uj.ac.za) 34

Example 1: 3rd angle projection for component manufacturing

Draughting 1B 2022 © Thabang Mafokoane (tmafokoane@uj.ac.za) 35

Example 2: 3rd angle projection

Draughting 1B 2022 © Thabang Mafokoane (tmafokoane@uj.ac.za) 36

Example 3: 1st angle projection for vehicle industry

Draughting 1B 2022 © Thabang Mafokoane (tmafokoane@uj.ac.za) 37

Drawing Layout Technique