Bridge Course Mathematics - Class -VII ( VI going to VII)

INTEGERS
SYNOPSIS

Natural Numbers(N)
All counting numbers are natural numbers.
1, 2, 3, 4, .... are natural numbers.
Whole Numbers(W)
zero and natural numbers together are called whole numbers.
Negative Numbers
Numbers denoted by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,..., etc., called minus one, minus two,
minus three, minus four, minus five, minus six, etc., respectively are called
negative natural numbers
INTEGERS(Z or I)
The set of Whole numbers together with negatives of Natural numbers is called
Integers. It is denoted by I or Z . Thus, Z = { ..., –4, –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ... }
The numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6, 7, ... etc. are known as positive integers.
The numbers –1, –2, –3, –4, –5, –6, –7, ... are known as negative integers.
0 is an integer which is neither positive nor negative.
NUMBER LINE:
The integers are represented by points at equal intervals on a straight line called
number line.

–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Negative integers Zero Positive integers

ORDERING OF NEGATIVE INTEGERS

Let and b be any two natural numbers. Then
(i) a  b  a  b

(ii) a  b  a  b .
(iii) Every negative integer in less than 0.
(iv) Every negative integer is less than every positive integer.
Example 1: We have
(i) 9  5  9  5 (ii) 16  11  16  11

(iii) 74  47  74  47 (iv) 1  0, 2  0, 3  0, etc.

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Mathematics - Class -VII ( VI going to VII) Bridge Course

Example 2: We have
(i) 6  10  6  10 (ii) 18  35  18  35

(iii) 59  95  59  95 (iv) 5  0, 5  1, 5  2, 5  3, etc.

FUNDAMENTAL OPERATIONS OF AN INTEGER
(a) Addition of an Integers:
Addition of two positive integers:
The sum of two positive integers is always a positive integer.

Example :  2   3   5

Addition of two negative integers:

The sum of two negative integers is always a negative integer.

Example:  2   3   5
Addition of a positive and a negative integer:
For adding a positive and a negative integer, we first find the difference between
their numerical values and assign the sign of the integer having greater
magnitude.

Example:  4    3    1   3   3  1

Example 1: Find the sum: (i) 59 + 76 (ii)  89    57 

(iii)  67   100 (iv)  243   196

Solution: clearly, we have:

(i) 59  76  135 (ii)  89    57     89  57   146

(iii)  89    57     89  57   146 (iv)  243  196   243  196   47

Example 2: A point A is on a mountain which is 3786 m above sea-level and a point B

is in a mine which is 894 m below sea-level. What is the vertical distance be
tween A and B?
Solution: Let us consider a point O at the sea level.
Then, height OA = + 3786 m; height OB= -894 m.
Distance between A and B

 OA  OB   3786  894  m   3786  894  m  4680m

b) Subtraction of an Integers:

If ‘a’ and ‘b’ are two integers, then a  b is equal to a   b  .

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Observe the following:

(i)  5    7   5   7   2 (ii) 13   7   13  7  20

(iii) 6   8   6  8  2 (iv) 0   10   0  10  10

The subtraction of integers follows the rules of sings

i.e a   b   a  b; a    b   a  b

Example 1 : (i)   6   6 (ii)   23  23 (iii)   74   74 .

Example 2: The sum of two integers is 18. If one of them is 20 , determine the other.
Solution: Let ‘x’ be the other integer.
Sum of two integers = 18 ; One of the integers 20

 x   20   18  x  18  20  x  38

 Other integer = 38
Example 3: The sum of two integers is 32 . if one of them is 10 , find the other
Solution: Other integer = (sum of two integers) - (given integer)

  32   10    32  10  22 .

Hence, the other number is 22 .

c) Multiplication of an Integers:
The repeated addition is called multiplication.
Example 1: (i) 2  3  2  2  2  6 i.e., 2 is added 3 times.

(ii)  2  3   2   2   2  6 i.e.,  2 is added 3 times.

Multiplication of Integers has the following properties.

(i) The product of two positive integers p and q is also a positive integer.
For example, 3  5  15 and 6  8  48
(ii) The product of a positive integer and a negative integer is a negative integer.

For example 4   6   24 and  8   5  40

(iii) The product of two negative integers is a positive integer.

For example,  7    4  28 and  6    5   30

(iv) The product of three negative integers is a negative integer.

For example,  3    4    2   12  2  24

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Multiplication by zero:
If any integer is multiplied by zero, then the product is zero.

1  0  0; 15  0  0.... etc.

For any integer “a”, we observe that a  0  0  a  0
d) Division of Integers:

We know that 2  3  6 . We can write that 6  2  3 or 6  3  2

Therefore, we can say that division is an inverse operation of multiplication.

(i) When we divide a positive integer by another positive integer, we get a positive
number which need not be an integer.

6 1
For example, 6  5  or 1 .
5 5
(ii) When a negative integer is divided by a positive integer, we get a negative number.

12
For example, 12  3    4
3
When 12 is a divided by 3, the quotient is 4 and we get a negative sign before 4.
(iii) When a positive integer is divided by a negative integer, we get a negative number

 20 
For example, 20   10  can be written as     2 .
 10 
(iv) When a negative integer is divided by a negative integer, we get a positive number

 40 
For example,  40    8  can be written as  5
 8 
(v) When a positive integer p is divided by 1, the result is p.

For example, 2  1  2;15  1  15;0  1  0 .

However, 1  0 is not defined. There is no integer which when multiplied by zero

gives one.
It is important to note that 0  0 is not defined. Any integer (or any number) when
multiplied by zero gives zero.
SUCCESSOR AND PREDECESSOR OF AN INTEGER
(a) Successor of an Integer
The number that comes just after a given number is called its “successor”.

The successor of an integer a   a  1

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Examples: (i) Successor of 25   25  1  26

(ii) Successor of 29   29  1  28

(iii) Successor of 1   1  1  0
(b) Predecessor of an Integer
The number that coms just before a given number is called its “predecessor”.

The predecessor of an integer a   a  1

Examples: (i) Predecessor of 23   23  1  22

(ii) Predecessor of 27   27  1  28

(iii) predecessor of 0   0  1  1
Note: (i) ‘1’ has no predecessor in set of natural numbers.
(ii) ‘0’ has no predecessor in set of whole numbers.
(iii) Every natural and whole number has a successor.
Division of an Integers by itself
Observe the following:

(i) 4  4  1 (ii) 15  15  1 (iii)  10    10   1

In general, for any non-zero integer a,a  a  1
Division of an Integer by 1
We have learnt that the multiplicative identity for integers is 1. Let us check
whether an integer divided by 1 gives the same integer or not.
Consider the following examples:

(i) 3  1  3 (ii)  5   1  5

(iii)  20   1  20 (iv) 78  1  78

From these examples, we can conclude that the identity number for division is also 1.
In general, for any integer a,a  1  a
Division of an Integer by -1
The Quotient of any non-zero integer and -1 is the additive inverse of that integer.
Consider the following examples:

(i) 12   1  12 (ii)  10    1  10

(iii)  11   1  11 (iii) 144   1  144

In general, for any integer a,a   1  a , where a is the additive inverse of a.

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Division of Zero by an Integer

Zero divided by any non-zero number is zero.
ABSOLUTE VALUE OF AN INTEGER
DEFINITION:
The absolute value of an integer is the numerical value of the integer regardless
of its sign.
The absolute value of an integer a is denoted by a .
On the number line the absolute value of an integer is regarded as the distance
of the integer from 0 irrespective of its direction.
Thus,

the absolute value of 7 is 7, i.e., 7  7 ;

the absolute value of 7 is 7, i.e. 7  7 ;

the absolute value of 0 is 0; i.e. 0  0 .

It is evident from the above discussion that for any integer ‘a’, we have

a, if a is positive or zero

a 
a, if a is negative
Example 1: Evaluate:

(i) 8  11 (ii) 9  14 (iii) 10  7 (iv) 16  12

Solution: We have

(i) 8  11   8  11  19 . (ii) 9  14   9  14   23

(iii) 10  7  10  7   3 . (iv) 16  12  16  12   4

SIMPLIFICATIONS

In order to simplify a given expression involving various operations, we strictly fol-

low the order given below:

(i) Brackets (ii) of (iii) division

(iv) Multiplication (v) Addition (vi) Subtraction

Remember the word: BODMAS, where the letters B, O, D, M, A, S stand for Brack-
ets, Of, Division, Multiplication, Addition and Subtraction respectively.

Sometimes ‘Bar’ is put on a part of an expression. In that case we simplify the ex-
pression under bar on priority.

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Use of Brackets:
There are four kinds of brackets:

(i) Bar or vinculum

(ii) Round Brackets or Small Brackets or Parentheses ( )

(iii) Curly Brakets or Braces { }
(iv) Square Brackets or Big Brackets [ ]

(i) Bar (ii) Parentheses ( )

(iii) Braces { } (iv) Square Brackets [ ]

43 2 2 3 4
 1 
we follow the order as    
 

If there is no sign  , , ,   between a number and a bracket, it means

multiplication

Example 1: Simplify: 15  8  27   2  8  7 

Solution: Given expression  15  8  27  16  7 

 15  8  27  9 simplifying ( )
 15  8  3 Simplifying 
 15  11  4 Simplifying{ } 

Example 2:  
Simplify: 10  8  9  8  5  3 
 
Solution: Given expression
  
= 10  8  9  8  5  3  
 10  8  9   8  2  [Removing ‘bar’]

 10  8  9  6 [Removing ( )]

 10  8  3 [Removing { }]

 10  5  5 [Removing [ ]]

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WORKSHEET-1
1. How many integers are there between –9 and –2 ?
1) 6 2) 5 3) 7 4) 8
2. The predecessor of the integer –1 is
1) 0 2) 2 3) –2 4) 1

3. The sum of two integers is 18. If one of them is 20 , determine the other.

1) 38 2) 30 3) 35 4) 32

4. What should be added to 8 to get 15

1) 23 2) 22 3) 21 4) 20

5.  37    7    37    3   ?
1) 370 2) 370 3) 148 4) 148

6. The product of two integers is 6 . If one of them is 2, then the other is

1) 3 2) 4 3) 8 4) 8

7. If the temperature of City A is 200 C and the temperature of City B is 100 C ,the
difference in temperature between the two Cities is

1) 300 C 2) 100 C 3) 100 C 4) 300 C

8.   
Simplify: 14  12  9  7  6  2  
1) 6 2) 7 3) 9 4) 8

9. Simplify : 15  3  10 60  8  4

1) –585 2) 585 3) 12 4) 16

10. The temperature of Delhi which was 42C fell by 2C each day for a week. The
temperature of Delhi after 2 weeks is

1) 14C 2) 28C 3) 42C 4) 28C

11. A container contains water a temperature 80C . After every 10 minutes, the
change in temperature is 4C . After how much time will the temperature of
water be 20C ?

1) 15 min 2) 1 hr:30 min 3) 2 hr:30 min 4) 2 hrs

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12. 21  12  4  3   7 

1) 12 2) 24 3) 39 4) 42

13. The value of 6  3  3 is

1) 1 2) 5 3) 3 4) 4

14. 7500 + (250  50) = ?

1) 175 2) 300 3) 6575 4) 7505

15. Find the value of p + (q + r) - (p + q) + r for p=-2, q= -1 and r = -3.

1) -12 2) -6 3) 8 4) 6

Single Correct Answer Type:

1. If  is an operation on integers such that ab  a  b  2 for all integers a and b .

Then 7  (4) 

1) 11 2) -9 3) 9 4) 8

2. Radhika bought 30 metres of cloth. Out of this, three pieces of lengths 5 m 38

cm, 8 m 7 cm and 9 m 5 cm were cut off. What is the length of the remaining
piece?

1) 22.50 m 2) 8.50 m 3) 7.00 m 4) 7.50 m

3. An insect crawls up 5 cm every second on a 60 cm vertical rod and then falls

down 2 cm over the next second. How many seconds will it take to climb the rod?

1) 39 sec 2) 20 sec 3) 30 sec 4) 40 sec

4. What is the value of the expression

(–3) × 6 + (–2) × 0 × (–11) + 16 × (–1) + 3 × (–4) × (–2)?

1) 12 2) 10 3) –10 4) –12

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Mathematics - Class -VII ( VI going to VII) Bridge Course

5. The temperature of a town is –14ºC at night. During the day, the temperature
increases by 7ºC. What is the temperature of the town during the day?
1) –7ºC 2) –8ºC 3) –9ºC 4) –10ºC

6. What is the value of the expression  81   3    3  ?

1) 9 2) 6 3) –6 4) –9

7. What is the value of the expression   42    6    8  ?

1) –15 2) – 7 3) 1 4) 3

8. What is the value of expression  10   2   4 ?

1) 20 2) 2 3) –9 4) –12

Numerical Value Answer Type

9. The difference between two positive integers is 36. The quotient, when one
integer is divided by the other is 4. The largest integer is

10. 823   398    413  312   400     30   286   115   117 =___________

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