MATHEMATICS VII-CLASS-CDF

MATHEMATICS
PLAYING WITH NUMBERS
1. Factor & Multiple : A number which divides a given number exactly is called
factor (or divisor) of that given number and the given number is called a multiple
of that number.
2. One and itself (the number) are called the improper factors of the given
number.
3. 1 is a factor of every number.
4. Every number is a factor of itself.
6. Every factor of a number is less than or equal to that number.
7. Every multiple of a number is greater than or equal to itself.
8. Every number has infinite number of its multiples.
9. Prime number: A natural number except 1, which is divisible by itself and 1 is
called a prime number.(or) A natural number which has exactly two factors (1 &
itself )is called a prime number.
10. There are 25 prime numbers between 1 and 100 which are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17,
19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, and 97.
11. The least prime number is 2
12. The even prime is 2
13. Twin primes : The difference between two primes is 2 then the primes are called
twin primes. Pairs of twin-primes between 1 and 100 are:
(3, 5), (5, 7), (11, 13), (17, 19), (29, 31), (41, 43), (59, 61) and (71, 73)
14. Co-Prime numbers :Two numbers are said to be co-prime if the numbers have no
other common factor than 1.
15. Composite number : A number except 1, which is divisible by it self and at least
one other number is called a composite number.
16. Every natural number except 1 is either prime or composite.
17. Prime factorisation: If a natural number is expressed as the product of prime
numbers (factors) then the factorisation of the number is called its prime
factorisation.
18. Divisibility rule of 2 : A given number is divisible by 2, if its unit digit is any of 0,
2, 4, 6, 8

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19. Divisibility rule of 3:A number is divisible by 3, if sum of its digits is divisible by 3.

20. Divisibility rule of 4 :A number is divisible by 4 if the last two digits of the
number is divisible by 4 or the number ends with 00’.

21. Divisibility rule of 5 :A number is divisible by 5 if its unit place digit is either 0 or 5.

22. Divisibility rule of 6 :If a number n is divisible by 6. Then, it must be divisible by

both 2 and 3.

23. Divisibility rule of 7 :The divisibility rule of 7 states that, if a number is divisible
by 7, then “ the difference between twice the unit digit of the given number and
the remaining part of the given number should be a multiple of 7 or it should be
equal to 0 ”.

24. Divisibility rule of 8 :A given number is divisible by 8 if the number formed by

last three digits of the number is divisible by 8 or the number ends with ‘000’

25. Divisibility rule of 9:A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of digits of the number
is divisible by 9.

26. Divisibility rule of 10 :A number is divisible by 10 if the unit place digit of given
number is ‘0’ .

27. Divisibility rule of 11 :A number is divisible by 11 if the difference between the

sum of the digits at odd places and sum of the digits at even places is equal to zero
or multiple of 11

28. When any factor which is the factor of two or more given numbers then it is said to
be a common factor.

29. HCF of two or more than two numbers is the greatest possible number that can
divide all these numbers exactly, without leaving any remainder.

30. The least common multiple (L.C.M.): The L.C.M. of two or more numbers is
the least number which can be divided exactly by each of the given numbers.

31. Relation Between H.C.F. and L.C.M. of Two Given Numbers

The product of two numbers = The product of their L.C.M. and G.C.D.

Thus, (1st number × 2nd number) = (H.C.F. × L.C.M.)

(1st number × 2nd number)
L.C.M.  .
H.C.F.
(1st number × 2nd number)
H.C.F. 
L.C.M.
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QUARES AND SQUARE ROOTS

1. The square of a number is that number raised to the power 2.

Thus, if ‘a’ is a number, then the square of a is written as a 2 and is given by

a2  a × a

2. The Square of a number is obtained by multiplying it by itself

If a × a  b i.e. a 2  b , then we say that the square of number a is the number

b or the number b is the square of number a.

3. All the square numbers end in the digits 0, 1, 4, 5, 6, 9.

4. A number having 2, 3, 7 or 8 at unit’s place is never a perfect square. In other

words, no square number ends in 2, 3, 7 or 8.

5. Division algorithm: Dividend = (Divisor  Quotient) + Remainder

6. a is divided by b let us assume that q is the quotient and r is the remainder then
a = bq+r, Here, remainder r satisfies the condition, 0  r  b .

7. A perfect square leaves remainder 0 or 1 on division by 4.

8. A number when divided by 4 leaves remainder 2 or 3, it cannot be a perfect

square.

9. For every natural number n, the difference of square of two consecutive natural
numbers is equal to their sum i.e., (n  1)2  n2  (n  1)  n

10. The square of a natural number n is equal to the sum of first n odd natural
numbers. n 2  1  3  5  7  9  ...  (2n  1)

11. The square of an odd natural number is odd.

12. The square of an even natural number is even.

13. If n is a perfect square, then 2n can never be a perfect square.

14. Pythagorean triplet : A triplet (m, n, p) of three natural numbers m, n and p is

called a Pythagorean triplet, if m2  n2  p2 .

n(n  1)
15. nth triangular number is given by the formula,
2

16. If b is the square root of a number a, then b  b  a or , b 2  a

17. For all a  0, ( a )2  a

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18. If a and b are two real numbers, then ab  a b and a /b  a / b .

19. If a square number is followed by an even number of zeros, it has a square root in
which the number of zeros at the end is half of the number of zeros in the number

20. The square root of an even square number is even and that of odd square number
is odd.

Sum of the first n odd natural numbers n  1  3  5  ....   2n  1

2
21.

22. If the number of digits in a square number is n, then

n
(1) Number of digits in its square root is , when n is even.
2

 n 1
(2) Number of digits in its square root is   , when n is odd.
 2 

CUBES AND CUBE ROOTS

1. The cube of a number is that number raised to the power 3.

2. If a is a number, then the cube of a is a 3 .

That is, a 3  a  a  a

3. A number n is a perfect cube if there exists a number m whose cube in n i.e.,

n  m3
4. Cubes of all even numbers are even.
5. Cubes of all odd numbers are odd.
6. Cubes of the numbers ending in digits 1, 4, 5, 6 and 9 are the numbers
ending in the same digit.
7. Cubes of numbers ending in digit 2 ends in digit 8 and the cube of numbers ending
in digit 8 ends in digit 2.
8. The cubes of the numbers ending in digits 3 and 7 ends in digit 7 and 3 respectively.
9. If a number ends in 0, then its cube will end in three zeros.

p
10. Let a  q be a rational number (p,q are non-zero integers such that q  1 ) other

than an integer, then the cube of ‘a’ is defined as a 3  a  a  a

3
p p p p p3
or, a = 
3     3
q  q q q q

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