Test Bank for Microbiology 1st Edition Wessner Dupont

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Package Title: Test Bank
Course Title: Wessner1e
Chapter Number: 4

Question Type: Multiple Choice

1) What is the name of the scientist who first proposed that Archaea are distinct from Bacteria
and should be classified in a separate domain?

a) Linus Pauling
b) Barbara McClintock
c) Carl Woese
d) Stanley Cohen
e) James Watson

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 4.1 Explain how archaeons are similar and distinct from bacteria.
Section Reference: Section 4.1 Distinctive properties of Archaea

2) In which of these are Archaea and Bacteriasignificantly different?

a) cell size
b) chromosome size and organization
c) lack of a membrane-enclosed nucleus
d) membrane lipid structure
e) possessesion of membrane enclosed organelles

Answer: d

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 4.1 Explain how archaeons are similar and distinct from bacteria.
Section Reference: Section 4.1 Distinctive properties of Archaea
3) What is the primary reason that Woese and Fox choose the rRNA molecule to study
phylogenetic relationships between organisms?

a) Ribosomal RNA is abundant in the cell.

b) Ribosomal RNA is a very stable molecule.
c) Ribosomal RNA is a molecule found in all living organisms.
d) Ribosomal RNA sequencing was very easy to perform at the time.
e) Ribosomal RNA is very easy to isolate and manipulate.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 4.1 Explain how archaeons are similar and distinct from bacteria.
Section Reference: Section 4.1 Distinctive properties of Archaea

4) Which of these is correct regarding subunit rRNA?

a) It serves the same biological function in all organisms.

b) Its sequence changes very slowly over time.
c) It is very stable and easy to work with.
d) It serves the same biological function in all organisms and its sequence changes very slowly
over time.
e) These choices are all true.

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 4.1 Explain how archaeons are similar and distinct from bacteria.
Section Reference: Section 4.1 Distinctive properties of Archaea

5) In which of these aspects do Archaea DIFFER from Eukarya?

a) Histones associated with DNA.

b) The transcription process.
c) The translation process.
d) The replication process.
e) Being diploid in chromosome number.

Answer: e

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 4.1 Explain how archaeons are similar and distinct from bacteria.
Section Reference: Section 4.1 Distinctive properties of Archaea
6) What is the size range of a typical Archaea cell?

a).1 – 5 nm
b) 20 – 50 nm
c) 1 – 5 µm
d) 20 – 50 µm
e) 1 – 5 mm

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 4.2 Describe the common cellular structural elements of the Archaea.
Section Reference: Section 4.2 Archaeal cell structure

7) Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the chromosome found in most aarchaeal
cells?

a) The chromosome is made of double stranded DNA.

b) Histones are associated with the chromosome.
c) The chromosome is found in a structure called the nucleoid.
d) The chromosome is found in a single copy.
e) The chromosome is linear.

Answer: e

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 4.2 Describe the common cellular structural elements of the Archaea.
Section Reference: Section 4.2 Archaeal cell structure

8) The archaeal chromosome is:

a) linear and contained within a nuclear membrane.

b) circular and contained within a nuclear membrane.
c) circular and contains histones.
d) linear and contains histones.
e) circular, contains histones, and contained within a nuclear membrane.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 4.2 Describe the common cellular structural elements of the Archaea.
Section Reference: Section 4.2 Archaeal cell structure
9) How does the Archaea cytoplasmic membrane differs from the Bacteria membrane?

a) The Archaeal membrane contains cholesterol.

b) The Archaeal membrane contains no proteins.
c) The Archaeal membrane is comprised of fatty acids attached to glycerol phosphate by an ester
linkage.
d) The Archaeal membrane is comprised of isoprenoids attached to glycerol phosphate by an
ether linkage.
e) The Archaeal membrane gives the cell its characteristic shape.

Answer: d

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 4.2 Describe the common cellular structural elements of the Archaea.
Section Reference: Section 4.2 Archaeal cell structure

10) Several Archaea have a lipid monolayer instead of a lipid bilayer comprising their
cytoplasmic membrane. Why could this be an advantage?

a) This type of chemical lipid structure is more stable at very high temperatures.
b) Proteins are able to integrate more easily into this type of structure.
c) This type of structure is permeable to protons.
d) Carbohydrates can easily diffuse across this structure to provide nutrients for the cell.
e) This type of structure offers considerable protection against osmotic pressure.

Answer: a

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 4.2 Describe the common cellular structural elements of the Archaea.
Section Reference: Section 4.2 Archaeal cell structure

11) Which of these is one of the main functions of the cytoplasmic membrane in Archaea?

a) It protects against effects of differing osmotic pressure

b) It gives the cell its characteristic shapes
c) It acts as a semi permeable barrier to the diffusion of molecules into and out of the cell.
d) It prevents the diffusion of gases into and out of the cell.
e) It allows attachment to specific receptor molecules on solid surfaces in the environment.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 4.2 Describe the common cellular structural elements of the Archaea.
Section Reference: Section 4.2 Archaeal cell structure

12) Some archaeal cells contain pseudopeptidoglycan as their major cell wall component. What
is this material composed of?

a) Lipids and proteins.

b) Sugar polymers cross-linked via a peptide bridge.
c) Sugar polymers that are linked to lipids via an ether bond.
d) Proteins liked together via a glycosidic bond.
e) Lipids cross-linked via a peptide bridge.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 4.2 Describe the common cellular structural elements of the Archaea.
Section Reference: Section 4.2 Archaeal cell structure

13) How do the Bacteria and Archaea differ in the way the flagellum proteins are handled?

a) Archaea proteins are assembled inside the cell for transport out of the cell.
b) Archaea proteins are excreted to the outside of the cell for self-assembly.
c) Archaea proteins are added to the growing flagellum shaft at the base.
d) Archaea proteins are transported through the hollow flagellum tube for assembly at the end of
the flagellum.
e) Archaea proteins are enclosed within a membrane and moved to the outside of the cell.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 4.2 Describe the common cellular structural elements of the Archaea.
Section Reference: Section 4.2 Archaeal cell structure

14) Why might the process of chemotaxis in the archaeon Halobacterium be similar to
chemotaxis in Bacteria?

a) Similar proteins in the chemotaxis signaling pathway are found in both Halobacterium and
Bacteria.
b) The flagellin protein is almost identical in sequence for both Halobacterium and Bacteria.
c) Genes that encode proteins for flagellum assembly are found in both Halobacterium and
Bacteria.
d) Both Halobacterium and Bacteria use ATP to turn the flagellum.
e) fFagellum assemble is identical in both Halobacterium and Bacteria.
Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 4.2 Describe the common cellular structural elements of the Archaea.
Section Reference: Section 4.2 Archaeal cell structure

15) What is most accepted number of phyla found in the Archaea domain?

a) two
b) eight
c) twelve
d) twenty
e) forty

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 4.3 Explain how the Archaea are categorized, giving several examples
of each group.
Section Reference: Section 4.3 Diversity of Archaea

16) Many cultured and characterized strains from the phylum Crenarchaeota were isolated from
_____ .

a) the ocean
b) freshwater lakes
c) thermal hot springs
d) dry soil
e) sea ice

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 4.3 Explain how the Archaea are categorized, giving several examples
of each group.
Section Reference: Section 4.3 Diversity of Archaea

17) Many of the hyperthermophilic crenarchaeotes that have been grown in culture are also
_____ .

a) mesophiles
b) acidophiles
c) barophiles
d) osmolphiles
e) alkalophiles

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 4.3 Explain how the Archaea are categorized, giving several examples
of each group.
Section Reference: Section 4.3 Diversity of Archaea

18) The secondary structure and amino acid composition of proteins from hyperthermophiles
differ somewhat from proteins in mesophiles. What would you expect to find in thermophiles?

a) More β-sheets and the amino acids tyrosine and arginine.

b) More α-helices and the amino acids tyrosine and arginine.
c) More β-sheets and the amino acids cysteine and serine.
d) More β-sheets and the amino acids glycine and glutamate.
e) More α-helices and the amino acids cysteine and serine.

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 4.3 Explain how the Archaea are categorized, giving several examples
of each group.
Section Reference: Section 4.3 Diversity of Archaea

19) What are chaperonins (“molecular chaperones”)?

a) Channels in the membrane for protein secretion.

b) Proteins used for the secretion of other proteins.
c) Proteins used for the correct folding of other proteins.
d) Proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression at the level of transcription.
e) Sensory proteins found in the cytoplasmic membrane to sense various environmental signals.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 4.3 Explain how the Archaea are categorized, giving several examples
of each group.
Section Reference: Section 4.3 Diversity of Archaea

20) All known hyperthermophiles possess this enzyme to increase the supercoiling of the DNA
and help stabilize it at high temperatures.
a) ligase
b) Taq polymerase
c) thermosome
d) reverse DNA gyrase
e) histone

Answer: d

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 4.3 Explain how the Archaea are categorized, giving several examples
of each group.
Section Reference: Section 4.3 Diversity of Archaea

21) Some researchers think the crenarchaeotes may comprise about ___ of all bacterial and
archaeal cells in moderate and cold environments marine environments.

a) one percent
b) five percent
c) twenty percent
d) fifty percent
e) eighty percent

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 4.3 Explain how the Archaea are categorized, giving several examples
of each group.
Section Reference: Section 4.3 Diversity of Archaea

22) Which of these is true about methanogens?

a) They are aerobic and grow on methane.

b) They are anaerobic and ferment methane.
c) They are anaerobic and produce methane from CO2 reduction.
d) They are aerobic and ferment methane.
e) They are aerobic and produce methane from CO2 reduction.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 4.3 Explain how the Archaea are categorized, giving several examples
of each group.
Section Reference: Section 4.3 Diversity of Archaea
23) What does Methanobrevibacter smithii use to reduce formate in order to make methane?

a) glucose
b) oxygen
c) nitrogen
d) carbon dioxide
e) hydrogen

Answer: e

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 4.3 Explain how the Archaea are categorized, giving several examples
of each group.
Section Reference: Section 4.3 Diversity of Archaea

24) You would be able to find methanogens in all of the following environments EXCEPT:

a) the rumen of bovines.

b) the bottom of a swamp.
c) a well aerated aquifer.
d) sediments from a freshwater lake.
e) the benthic region of the ocean.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 4.3 Explain how the Archaea are categorized, giving several examples
of each group.
Section Reference: Section 4.3 Diversity of Archaea

25) Which of these is characteristic of a halophile?

a) It grows in a circle on a petri dish.

b) It is extremely small in size.
c) It has an absolute requirement for salt.
d) It requires an acidic environment for growth.
e) It grows only under anaerobic conditions.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 4.3 Explain how the Archaea are categorized, giving several examples
of each group.
Section Reference: Section 4.3 Diversity of Archaea

26) What is the minimum salt requirement of a halophile?

a) 10 mM
b) 100 mM
c) 250 mM
d) 750 mM
e) 1.5 M

Answer: e

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 4.3 Explain how the Archaea are categorized, giving several examples
of each group.
Section Reference: Section 4.3 Diversity of Archaea

27) From which area would you be able to isolate the bacterium Halobacterium?

a) the Pacific ocean

b) the Indian ocean
c) Lake Michigan
d) the Great Salt Lake
e) the Mediterranean Sea

Answer: d

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 4.3 Explain how the Archaea are categorized, giving several examples
of each group.
Section Reference: Section 4.3 Diversity of Archaea

28) Where have halophiles been isolated from?

a) hydrothermal vents
b) temperate environments
c) very cold environments
d) both b and ce) a, b, and c are correct

Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 4.3 Explain how the Archaea are categorized, giving several examples
of each group.
Section Reference: Section 4.3 Diversity of Archaea

29) To avoid osmotic shock, the obligate halophile Halobacterium salinarum maintains a high
intracellular concentration of which chemical?

a) potassium
b) glucose
c) chloride
d) sodium
e) glycine

Answer: a

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 4.3 Explain how the Archaea are categorized, giving several examples
of each group.
Section Reference: Section 4.3 Diversity of Archaea

30) Some extreme halophiles maintain high internal concentrations of potassium to avoid
osmotic shock. What does halophilic bacterial DNA possess that prevents damage from
potassium?

a) A novel nucleotide..
b) Their DNA is single stranded instead of double stranded.
c) A high GC content.
d) The DNA is enclosed inside a protective membrane sac.
e) The DNA is protected by high concentrations of magnesium ions.

Answer: c

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 4.3 Explain how the Archaea are categorized, giving several examples
of each group.
Section Reference: Section 4.3 Diversity of Archaea

31) What does Halobacterium salinarum use the protein bacteriorhodopsin for?

a) energy production
b) protection from high salt concentrations
c) moving water into the cell
d) degradation of large polysaccharides
e) sensing nutrient in the environment

Answer: a

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 4.3 Explain how the Archaea are categorized, giving several examples
of each group.
Section Reference: Section 4.3 Diversity of Archaea

32) What is the specific action of bacteriorhodopsin?

a) Modification of vitamins for use in metabolism.

b) Assembles ADP and phosphate to make ATP.
c) Binds glucose and other sugars in the cell.
d) Facilitates the movement of glucose across the cell membrane.
e) Produces proton motive force using light energy.

Answer: e

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 4.3 Explain how the Archaea are categorized, giving several examples
of each group.
Section Reference: Section 4.3 Diversity of Archaea

33) Proteins of extreme halophiles contain high amounts of the amino acids _____ and ____ to
help stabilize them in high salt environments.

a) arginine, valine
b) aspartate, glutamate
c) glycine, serine
d) histidine, arginine
e) tyrosine, phenylalanine

Answer: b

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 4.3 Explain how the Archaea are categorized, giving several examples
of each group.
Section Reference: Section 4.3 Diversity of Archaea

34) Which member of the Archaea domain is a parasite of the archaeon Ignicoccus hospitalis and
has one of the smallest genomes of all living microbes?
a) Pyrolobus fumarii
b) Thermoplasma acidophilum
c) Nanoarchaeum equitans
d) Nitrosopumilus maritimus
e) Sulfolobus solfataricus

Answer: c

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 4.3 Explain how the Archaea are categorized, giving several examples
of each group.
Section Reference: Section 4.3 Diversity of Archaea

35) Besides the methanogens and the halophiles, the phylum Euryarchaeota contains many
thermophiles and hyperthermophiles. Most of these are also classified as _____ .

a) halophiles
b) psychrophiles
c) barophiles
d) mesophiles
e) acidophiles

Answer: e

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 4.3 Explain how the Archaea are categorized, giving several examples
of each group.
Section Reference: Section 4.3 Diversity of Archaea

Question Type: True/False

36) All members of the Archaea live in extreme environments.

Answer: False

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 4.1 Explain how archaeons are similar and distinct from bacteria.
Section Reference: Section 4.1 Distinctive properties of Archaea

37) Evidence clearly shows that Archaea are direct descendants of the earliest life forms.
Answer: False

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 4.1 Explain how archaeons are similar and distinct from bacteria.
Section Reference: Section 4.1 Distinctive properties of Archaea

38) One characterized halophilic archaeal species has an unusual cellular morphology in which
cells are flat and square.

Answer: True

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 4.2 Describe the common cellular structural elements of the Archaea.
Section Reference: Section 4.2 Archaeal cell structure

39) The Archaea contain a cytoskeleton.

Answer: True

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 4.2 Describe the common cellular structural elements of the Archaea.
Section Reference: Section 4.2 Archaeal cell structure

40) All members of the Archaea domain contain a cell wall.

Answer: False

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 4.2 Describe the common cellular structural elements of the Archaea.
Section Reference: Section 4.2 Archaeal cell structure

41) All members of the phylum Crenarchaeota are hyperthermophiles.

Answer: False

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 4.3 Explain how the Archaea are categorized, giving several examples
of each group.
Section Reference: Section 4.3 Diversity of Archaea
42) Members of the archaeal phylum Euryarchaeota are similar in their rRNA gene sequence but
differ greatly in their metabolic characteristics.

Answer: True

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 4.3 Explain how the Archaea are categorized, giving several examples
of each group.
Section Reference: Section 4.3 Diversity of Archaea

Question Type: Text Entry

43) Woese and Fox were able to show that the Archaea were not related to either Bacteria or
Archaea and should constitute a separate domain of life using _____ ______ sequences

Answer: ribosomal RNA

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 4.1 Explain how archaeons are similar and distinct from bacteria.
Section Reference: Section 4.1 Distinctive properties of Archaea

44) Archaeal cells get most of their protection against osmotic pressure differences from their
_____ .

Answer: wall or walls

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 4.2 Describe the common cellular structural elements of the Archaea.
Section Reference: Section 4.2 Archaeal cell structure

45) All known methanogens are found in the domain ___.

Answer: archaea

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 4.3 Explain how the Archaea are categorized, giving several examples
of each group.
Section Reference: Section 4.3 Diversity of Archaea

46) Halobacterium salinarum possess the red-colored protein ___ that absorbs light energy to
pump protons across the membrane to create a proton motive force.
Answer: bacteriorhodopsin

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 4.3 Explain how the Archaea are categorized, giving several examples
of each group.
Section Reference: Section 4.3 Diversity of Archaea

47) Most members of the phylum Crenarchaeota that have been isolated and characterized are
classified as ___, although environmental DNA samples have shown that these organisms are
also present in cold marine environments.

Answer: thermophiles or hyperthermophiles or thermophilic or hyperthermophilic

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 4.3 Explain how the Archaea are categorized, giving several examples
of each group.
Section Reference: Section 4.3 Diversity of Archaea

Question Type: Essay

48) Why did Woese and Fox use rRNA gene sequences to compare the phylogenetic relatedness
between microbes?

Answer:

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 4.1 Explain how archaeons are similar and distinct from bacteria.
Section Reference: Section 4.1 Distinctive properties of Archaea
Solution: They wanted to use a molecule that is found in all living organisms and changes very
slowly over time. Because rRNA plays such a critical function in protein translation, Woese and
Fox reasoned that even a single-base change in the sequence of the molecule may be lethal and
mutations would occur very slowly over time. As a result, rRNA would make an excellent
evolutionary clock for phylogenetic purposes. Organisms with very similar rRNA sequences
must be more closely related on an evolutionary scale.

49) How does the chemical structure of archaeal cytoplasmic membrane lipids help these
bacteria survive in very hot environments?

Answer:

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 4.2 Describe the common cellular structural elements of the Archaea.
Section Reference: Section 4.2 Archaeal cell structure
Solution: The lipids in the archaeal cytoplasmic membrane are composed of isoprenoids units
connected to a glycerol-1-phosphate molecule by an ether linkage. Whereas bacterial and
eukaryal lipids are comprised of fatty acids connected to a glycerol-3-phosphate by an ester
bond. An ether bond is more stable at high temperature and does not undergo alkaline hydrolysis.
Many of the hyperthermophiles have a lipid monolayer instead of a lipid bilayer. The lipid
monolayer is made of a very long (40C) isoprenoid with a glycerol molecule at both ends. This
type of structure has been shown to be more stable at very temperatures than a bilayer lipid
structure. Thus, the ether linkages and monolayer lipids both contribute to membrane stability at
high temperatures.

50) What is the function of the protein bacteriorhodopsin in Halobacterium salinarum?

Answer:

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 4.3 Explain how the Archaea are categorized, giving several examples
of each group.
Section Reference: Section 4.3 Diversity of Archaea
Solution: Bacteriorhodopsin is a protein found in the membrane of many extreme halophiles. The
protein acts as a proton pump and is driven by the absorption of light energy. As light energy is
absorbed by the bacteriorhodopsin, protons are moved from the inside of the cytoplasmic
membrane to the outside of the membrane, creating a proton motive force (PMF). The PMF can
be used to drive a membrane associated ATPase for the generation of ATP. Thus, the
bacteriorhodopsin functions in energy generation.