3.1 8.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4 unn 3 aod nisiaaaunveslan gma Sulod Gua wav uatond naaifosnasunvTan r-vengunos anton ase tah samosas nth Mimanslu-297 tf sa unas srmaifine ghia lua niu supa sn yuna sa ngnos Taher oFiun ra Home sua ser ions ngnasaasaném56 nrmaiaufinsTaniidowumdrmfnfomutautias (rotation) wasmn severvovied —rmvanrauiavasiitom mvasouumdsihu duane Tanita ae Tamnntnsiisinaiiiarfenitueseried iia 24 daluunen Vie fian alanine sooner fusaena shun 2 Aaeufidruanit aos Tanita Waser TAMA DE AEA ‘Wifengrasins 7 (ionarefoniliounuea er Tanai usm av wewainad Tan Lndoutirraskosfan tiie edoutiins ahd usihegin crondoTan aati pow Fria 113,000 Harueriol Tus uasingnbifaeiaineainia sty beeranmeddruninag leeaursiegomasTan — aeqmeyLllauaa ts uriiuiien VnnasTaniuias seven earn laniieense tied anirearm 150 SuitTacs vines mmaneosTonviupist (ellipse) tAntion dsiurenem sae. ifanulasaun an Tweed daeretuil 3 sosiaouinreailaneaiphesnense ind 147 SuiTauue dathecunistaglniigenodd otwmnistivaund widiéim (perihelion) Gnean mwnnin peri ulin’ helios wlararsa7ied) amitana 6 oudawtlwinh 4 nangran Tanaviienme 152 Sonfilainer vneaserind uavatunistivtuninid dua Caphelion) (ap wiledvtna) (qa 3.1) nvsultnulasstummast lation “Tondur thuvaerninanepi ina aniontanailaenunascingihudacngma «ra smn thust aria Tanaylndeaseriiadaonnga int 3 unsan fhu Blanca aeathungnin Fa Tani nqeauian vag Indien Vif thing ton Autumnal equinox “winter folstcy, tet orbital ath Vernal equinox ameats) pet ernie sae 3.1 MumivWiA aaron ina Fefemodeeunivin motsaadiy wae fino daadiid nian Tueermarey87 3.1 Aga (The Seasons) vom ungmnoanme tur uggion fa bitdsevm ani nah Tena ero dnt her ln egnengr av ta thidsiinn Wifomu ora ula sasiomourimrarasase a suseuL ene wilt Lonnie nauansreterinngTeuwaengmT wana iin 7 vlaesuuria saan siadiga (altitude) (aprogwionouth) savervavied lus aaniasiul tims iniaoknaany Haina Tunarangimmasiaantiusse tuoi’ Inerajgenarshosth — uaeiitong Fousirnitue so edi ng amit siufea as ufo stwaxavan Sunn revs alaenunia sor aamase age (altitude) yasensetiad lunasih san its stuacngraadvason rw nus en’ lanwnlrer at shemmuaniio sarin avon i ena sgauaer ive a 90 asda waning undiopma ser sofia lus aarniiasdasins udsihauingermnanthwase rn ima sefiouasitaaniivialan (gnvietinn'luihite 3.8) vendo sisi wat iepioun if Joeranmaserso-iied Wut Tan sfiussend wera Rion TaN ABSENT EAN, dew (gg 3.2) Gloasariindararsrtiuendssemea mean 1 usteamautiin usitwaerryal 90 a9 HuvTsenwaton iu luansiyD Cgert7s 3.1) ssliutita aeuemeiinnny Tor afusowgnge gndefouiaegnene Su Toeurarneisiann & iy aeann nu fama wuasiinuitias taewinimuatiion sadn done agst te mab lene wniediatuananerdcedne hia mramiied lui renifevesowne sat Tonnss bi ius unaerie varied ara Rod ads see awn enna satan sera wg eno s 2a ee aL Iara ssn Hi fiaer Me UNE Jutuansinsiius a nariTlung foun siuaeerrmaenen teeth us lungruiaeiiess fufunarvivawthuamanstuaany —— uniitasraaammanrsyuduge lua ae bl wintuudiaengnia sang 3.8 dathmetuna serenade ukastiacdign 85 awhivila "isso 21 Sania sranriad uc auintaecottede vaeNe Theda (ene 03.00 U.uaLAntita 20.00 w.) uh arene SA eae seta Win 21 duran osovied ura nie iuaoTluhosthuaunarsuaeduida (998 tt 4 aihaliiuize 09.00 u. uavaniierie 18.00 wu.)58 Atmosphere. Sun's rays a fa, massif ina ¥ FU 3.2 uaveifermdasmes Lue asd amu NAN ua Shida suse san emer ideeetiret Goma show uutasiiarn ations Alude 90 80° 70°60" 60° 40" 30" 25" 1S" 10" a Thickness 1.0 1.02 1.08 1.15 1.90 1.55 200 236 3a2 560 1244 S98 9.1 rumen sraMetisiaS 9Shadows ong in winter, sot in summer nw ‘sunrie 5 =f as 4 3.30 MaGusavAraTAM laude 9 nasil Tasige 55 ayRivila 3.2 Twliiiina uaviudine’ (Sidereal Day and Solar Dey) fran ravanunas Tanto ta wuacmnnitaue sa rind aera Bane oan ustod Tanimioash! waemannuns 2 um severe ivan lui sttaeIuaan as waurnnnas Taro insta limiuese mee ia 24 talus BaenFon “inden (solar day) —saesitoTanTaetiounaenvhinderiniisrounadae Wi a9 365.242 vas udinea La fiutial mmo an mutoudiotasenund ion Tawar aa au ti Seu savers itowrinvitolaman hi wosentin iuestoomn’hnnnitsrow amon ose Wages iui miu seinen’ was ven Tanmguerriniierou ua Tae itl ‘twa iv ah Anton hues futher anita mre aveTaNe vei sTaIMaR Hrotonronpy lien pi 3.4 pilihpyiimseniioamaastTanavhl to Tarvan ueuras Tae uivimraiudassauaneain —dusuet deni adestanzdiinas Tanto uals 4 wwarphany (facing) Tuddaudvemnsuhunesy — uavoriiuse tue so finds HloTarmoglutumist 2 Waser duisotdeneanoglss ai iuesetied Fae WnrinTanlaramtiin 360 ase “Wantion Tear ieufd aus vone ausunrzer ni Shiga fail) spmudnstangntsifn 7 Raynw!lufmad masons hi lyn-vseapuine sto Siwvnstiol Hoftae Wino Fano] duos sfiua so inte ito Taman toro Wl awe7 tnnaaaamnimmty 180 a9 Heaton sean lanwagersiuli itu winsyee [ \ Oo: \ Dy # ee er ec 3.4 filediTua damrudsindina dont sTan A vod uactdemurnvionitdl anise etautndaluieorumnisian A Koi win iita Tarny tude sudan laneannu fi hl 1/365.242 mesn runt Uday noMuRausauiatnssTeu turin lade (sidereal day) TOW s sdhudlimetno se nnd ls wil uaeTuin Langues tabibeson iy 9 erieastnee' lain 1 = S* seam 8 = 2 1 Vs se? 23.99847 talus 23 thus 96 wil 4.09 Tui ¥ ones eee anes asst acummuAmaNANsTY 9 EDN aMAeMis AIBA a . 4a = Ss tandott ; . Lrowniermmminaeuimacamaivitam Tanistifaas anarin muna, Tanzania61 tasiimataan Toners uaeisyee'ed an caida lia ina lune Mmanaunas Tamauia asia aa enyion 7 Veena tna an TARTAR eS » x a? «os aucun sown aera hae fies uaaunaisAy wa na ilaenmasmasi se au ih 8.3 mmuiesmawnlan (Inclination of the Earth Axis) av lating Wanmose so vive lufo thuasr meron sus uaenuas aM : os “tek canny : : usiaedl et rouffournans Tan litem onniirssarim si duna arr Tras zoe wo ih nr we dB fe aa ey usaernvma 23 $ ashtiuiiannnestniiasnw frumtanbiriees ae tsa a a a Mn ast “ miulamudasmasngnia ummavlaninaters hiseeniwia (North star} ae ear ‘ fas tes emetieseeaeie Awasrhamtumesauarsa tind (gq 8.5 way 3.6) 2ihuvilsnawusaviltin Tans 4 ae % » ee ed Sts Uilarsiies 23 asia uineaseietuacdimin Gautas ita Tan Adan luiisil ears © , 9 \T4 ©- FN as Ancrct: SS, — oe ee : fe ie 4 7 de Ne es 3 os Norinern Nemisohere, June 2 Nother Hemisphere, Dec. 22 . fe aie Bis ca a 13.8 wumisiuno toads utezdossenniaetye 23 2 'N Winans Pe a eae) 2 Ee iilail aaanarsius ton naw uaceuMiSTuLROT dandhAMAS * eatinsoen’ val es scaomnnarel aedpsiennniiaddiga 232°s 1h liin Tan s‘aiivaaana wine ana astaos trata 3.1 ‘Win 21 Tiqurmnutastiga 60 aenivilo wiudsdine lunes initia Faya sang 3.9. reread nda duastiger nana lus sa-snosnany Fu uae udavariigersnaarespntiroumadaas liar 24 dTuvdivu 374 mas 26 falas aetthuaannasin Fon: nou mawastishwannay i = x 24 ian 218 thi B13.9 WunsTuemasudsorindtacagad 7 daiiiosulvih 21 Figura roi barn auvilowgiaedt funisnaasthunene stu sthu diary ewrivnastiga 60 a9A awn lds sitiuasdtt aw nas MN 18 tials pves og cle rs 3.5 mMaWeNA TAM MMA ML ahs AeuMisIiMET aoadM (Altitude of Noon Sun at Winter Solstice) 4 eee ce cde tee . satluianitestinsa ie ima Fant altitude rye iamasyy 3.10 Aa,66 Jo, 165 gtuasmosmenfniedasngelanitugs 90° favdiga 20 ereimanered aca ~ octostiusfa ceni * (ielunreeriedenjlenmneianctasthnta zenith) hnwerden ieee ana sonal ihapmersevieimiuidy celestrial equator — ¢ auguiida7) VGuniveneaiuiumasnaseviiad (sun's declination) dessin viintn 29 5° shu diuatin piece seiflutiaeth # 2. Thauuliias wpmewmrveniintufasth fa 66 2° 10 tdatien oo 22 2) Thiu avinin (arctic cirele) Farthasdye 66 2°N eraariedaifaanibwad Hrerugemer canted lusaaniiiny (sun's noon altitude) = 0 (iin 90 - (23 5+ 66 2° > = faa srsoried tu avi artaaiunonth tha 47° 1 og} 90 - (66 $- 232) = ee eg aaltyt, anon iariangy 3.10: wi limaihingl& damasaeseied inst Sanit eam: Sauni ara Vaanitinsido nila 9 Teenie 90° auiaueria (are) ansuuetaewieriny ae ak sdeuiMia sn yBMAEE MA TAD STN srnngiind nuiavra urine nan tuaedigenosdanuteins 9 Tanta - a x ccptemiturte sinh wang éupmnse so Fe uot uae etuml saedigoiin or fndita soa zest tatinst 3.2 siete’, sgitleithete’ inte of awtnnarueiimoda setenyfiadgauiits loys sun's noon : stu 25 1° altitude inqu 25, 2 1K x hu tiasigetfowmran67 Sen'sraye Pp A a flit te wg FU 9.10 maa mini smasersovinmad lua wihmaagacns 9 Tetuynisiuiad weadnt sheet ef en Tangy Merumniy winter solstice @rvetintdaweAINh AAG . : ; eed Ben te 23 3° W way are nas meridion ari wuasa-tiod tin shesaniineniiwmatede 23 as) x 2 ee 2 vrnvastin Garuda tn (23 Pv ws etos 3.6. thasidine (The Solar Constant.) x etrhehnstidius’tetretiinn ari tne nunosud so foitona sin vd inosine ow wnterfabun io ann erase mataiyarnave-tiat unermnnvin iinet 2.00 prantdon ssid 0 soviawiton Wiewiaiy 1967 watt /m™ qyu 3.11 pee eon ett 4 BU S11 donstigiuetinoumasurtern ad lust uni smaveriionda uasaes ata sun eiarwarsead Tune aunirsiaetiqods ai das ‘ xt prwF lu Fasenashdinsihiae Tan une maesunon (Flux) 2 = fae Tarannarsarion ls avitonias ae ns Bole 9 crviunnninduosnvuditsd. (radiation flux) uasiiniatthy foulessec. aan F tholéefhusinanaanintirann ee sartothi-nuistin snail ‘Viton aseomnasnanit 4x steradian Satanddrnitamuniyhuiminiypahesanaa he seme 9 firummmaini Wirt d (enittler ) adi¥n Fz anr"E ‘turniwdissquutaishutiaan (radiant enerey) 4 eb a P « (io F vfuwissuiawe ihniquith joule/sec win watt 4 a Bienen yr Mhaememsiaay (mean distance ) ain Taniaasationieutiy60 1.5 x 10" ken attain 1.5 x 10" on hutansifiseciniin 2 cat ca min”! umurras tutor 2 nin! M18 x 1013 on? = A x 8.1416 x (2 cal co = 6.65 x 10°” cat ain”? = 8.94 x 10% watt (1 cal = 4.186 joule) = 3.94 x 10”? ‘YH (megawatt ) sonerradi arnt oramma ee so adh sare Hie wMTFAS Fvcanicraiid thataat 3.3 rtomue'liatunniintramn (total flux) wa luminosity mas eruorfadiiniy 3.94 x 10% mW swetncmindonstidinmneeranaiid area retain sainaiiseromtiinty 7.773 x 10° km via 7.773 x 10! on anger oF = ame e F versa & on wmuriaay Tuan 77 5.86 x 10°” cal min’ (7.773 x 10° en? = @,074 cal/en’ ai 3.7. ngieilitwrirrm dame ar rnstied (The General Law for the Intensity of Radiation) snitatote mari linrarhew fammn ua eo ehh rma onnges avindhag luting aaninurncitvandasiniis utosita Taunt awrnihietinas uacdowr hitiwdivias vrrentranmtiisiin 9 datuinir lien thos das hy Twiia riaeitucthiguBanld (ellipse) talmne lanuiee ran Suma muavei wacanas ei sfdo st nnen voor We loa Rural das Ivar we Tue il fi sin zones ustusdreee Tettun ret usruastia a doa dusiiae lig aan lemmas ations vhudenin Uap) 3.121 ernariahudaenitn tuamastonetenmsemewiistios Suita70 Direct treet Oblique i =e ‘ is Bante de aa BM 3.12 phdasiienghalinssrr idan rua udese Barna toad Ine ie Soe ha pr Saag amet 7 wits unvae fsnian Hagurtaiioud sagnrve ine wis (te as Z atte ok 8 “ usadinruninanastitaiuniss maanmmiin way Teeminn7s% — resnaniinng . 2 tgs Mo aw - vat ct ated Ps erunitimasuds Tan Wy lai lash Ronnies SuavianeetsimAsA wasn a ‘ te ge do hus wit z wnt (1) eo wciimmsnvuetagaioe (A) Feuthintinudsusinsewaon waet Fem “haan tiin R= (1KAL) = WAL) ae ay MMs wafers! fa TF 1G) tate fo 3 2 ahi ain unniieMA a uae c iusma 3.8 ngmadted deiveran tame maser ied (The Sine Law of Sunlight Intensity) rns va ie swine wor ser iaaieg ufiosth Sati eg 3.13 cre iusaiadae ufos ust bu i eacdgeags 9 umt Ton octal wdeortalssuinteradgitiulan ch an sadn fion Tounduin'ind 9 fuvisuquidertuavarindac fovotersiawe don inasitle Ju ihuguosnawihsAnacuasiia ra damn} a ea e : x » PI 3.13 udsarienidodlunastgads 7 aeucinssmnnmubAERT MN BmBNMA TS aranvas soluarae Hinge rant Taetahuag! 3.14 errie fina us Irfimamomdsernsts sonpl 8.14 Sd ab uae © hyiqunevad wi vamaaa nity dom c wihusrniingessiiutugaean so a agar sind wiimnemn se seria (a) Hsiuir sin saw a’ aeiigerin sin a’ = wetiue = truessiunian ©72 win sina’ = A/a, brine tighe pi 3.14 phdeonguns temlreqnd Viriue ran Hiro ues eon-rrumun unger ati lees ae lénguos ida 1. = [(sin ea") le 7 He fatinwt 3.4 eae fe ae eee tripe ee sauFoiTine Ton imawas tu an iesuMiaete lwIuA 2 diquien Fumrmtelutun 21 Sure A Ei Maerori eens eee 4 fom: uamuianostad 21 Reurum wumianetn at = 70° uaelurwniny mast 21 fur a’ = 26° A dye 2 prmciama wasn fiaindagisen = 2 cal em” min”) (sahearm) anaint J, = i,(sin a") Fim ae whl 21 Sqm7 ° 7 ay sin e ) 1 = (2 cal ca’ *min™! 10.956) = 1.912 cal em “min? arti 21 Sua ° Ls (1g Xen 2 (2 col en “nin * 0.498) 0.876 cal cn™nin™! fp eerets Fy ee ted oo : awtineuava Tied ua iemauATinetRin rN i hh 21 Tgunens ann Wwiull 21 Swnndsdoain 3.9 ngnhaedawniu (The Inverse’ Square law) annum ite ldaraininsean's) — aenaumudsiaese wine uasdinv on fdionas cu deafimaseaiaditnds Inanan lev fama qua siazanas iia Weni uifatatly trae rhiitouasTnaaan hier mn tumosuasliavanasvdoiiin Hs hunger sansanininvas sang) 3.16 seauedirwHiusslatangmiedownin cau vag mor} Diewnce 1 Ares Arnensty 2 Distance 2 Area \ va ley tneeosity $ Dietce 3 Areas pES.15 pludangesBeda sani eene Wiflue aan Homo uas74 ae . . a tee Beal Todt Vlorenemaviomutii: 2 uo aderuinterantastuiih 9 uiomagmut Taare luni od 2 vein dit S a Lrnyethnutima was anlar ars aN aes Fs enluglemae aay tee, AIA, = (asd aie = (dg/4, Wlavrumedunrsties unger miu Tanial (general intesicy law) wala x ngirisansentuit 1, (aay? fa 'Fa4e thats 9.5 saner mt fama sudsavieduor omni faye rm (1) eroniinasudsaiindtinormnde Tania 1, = 2a) om ?nin”? ume (2) eermnidaitine meer tnanth Tan 5.2 Wn wy umasdun vs iin 1. I, = 2eal cw nin? 2 did, = 1.0/5.2 wia (d,/d_ = 1.0/27.0 peat eieeec UmuA iy as hungn "i sae sania 2 1, (aya, 1 ¢ (2.0 cal om 0.074 cal on™” way e a ws sanntmaninT ace ar ATL ama sual so Hansa INTRANET ve Ka By ews thane 55 unin Tan Sativa raise ue hun Tannin