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110, AvwjRv UvIqvi, dwKivcyj, XvKv-1000
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ISBN: 978-984-8015-48-3
SOMOY NAHI RE
Orthonoitik Totter Biborton O Manob Jatir Songkot.
By DR. MAHMUD HASAN
1st Edition
Publication: January, 2020
Price: Tk. 250
Price: $12
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mgqgZ bv †c‡j ev A‡bK KvR mgqgZ bv Ki‡Z cvi‡j ÿwZ n‡Z cv‡i| †KD hw` ïaygvÎ Aemi
mg‡qB Ab¨ KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvn‡j mgqgZ me KvR n‡e bv| GKRb hw` GKUv KvRB K‡i Ges Zvi
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A¨vWvg w¯§_ Zuvi Wealth of Nations G e‡j‡Qb, R‡b¥i mgq GKRb Kzwj Avi GKRb `vk©wb‡Ki
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cÖK…wZMZ cv_©‡Kï K_v| GB cÖK…wZMZ cv_©‡Kï †`vnvB w`‡q A‡bK A‰bwZK D‡Ïk¨ mvab Kiv nq|
ZeyI †cø‡Uv (eB‡Z m‡µwU‡mi fv‡l¨) e‡j‡Qb, ˆbwZKfv‡e gvby‡li DwPr †h †h Kv‡Ri Rb¨
cÖK…wZMZfv‡e Dchy³ †mB KvRB Kiv| †cø‡Uvi ÒAv`k© iv‡óªiÓ cwiPvjbv Ki‡eb AwffveKMY, huv‡ì
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m‡½ GKgZ wQ‡jb bv| A¨vwi‡÷vU‡ji wb‡Ri †jLv cvIqv hvqwb| hv cvIqv †M‡Q Zv nj Zuvi QvÎ‡ì
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ch©šÍ wPšÍvwe`‡ì cÖfvweZ K‡i| BD‡iv‡ci cybR©vMi‡Yi Av‡M †cø‡Uv †gv‡UB mycwiwPZ wQ‡jb bv| wKš‘
A¨vwi‡÷vUj ga¨hy‡Mi Ávbx‡ì g‡aÏ `vk©wbK wnmv‡e AwZ cwiwPZ wQ‡jb| A¨vwi‡÷vU‡ji we‡køl‡Yi
m~Î eZ©gvb hy‡Mi `vk©wbK‡ì wPšÍvavivi g‡aÏ cvIqv hvq|
A¨vwi‡÷vUj wQ‡jb e¨w³MZ m¤úwËi c‡ÿ| wKš‘ †cø‡Uv wQ‡jb m¤úwËi †hŠ_ gvwjKvbvi c‡ÿ|
A¨vwi‡÷vUj Zuvi Politics bvgK eB‡q e‡jb, m¤úwËi †`Lv‡kvbv h_vh_ n‡e hw` Zv e¨w³gvwjKvbvq
_v‡K| Zuvi g‡Z e¨w³gvwjKvbvq _vKv m¤úwË m¤^‡Ü SMov weev` †hŠ_ gvwjKvbvaxb m¤úwËi SMov
weev‡ì PvB‡Z A‡bK Kg|7 hwÌ A¨vwi‡÷vUj wb‡R Zuvi GBme gšÍe¨‡K A_©‰bwZK we‡kølY e‡j
g‡b K‡ib wb| wKš‘ M„n eë¯’vcbv Ges Zvi m‡½ mgv‡Ri m¤úK© Av‡jvPbv cÖm‡½ A_©bxwZi wKQz
¸iæZ¡c~Y© K_v wZwb e‡j‡Qb| GBme K_v wQj e¯‘i g~j¨ Ges UvKv (money) m¤ú‡K©| hwÌ
Avw`gmgv‡R gvbyl GKwU e¯‘i e`‡j Avi GKwU e¯‘ wewbgq K‡i UvKv cqmv QvovI KvR Pvjv‡Z
cviZ| wKš‘ hLbB mgvR wKQzUv DbœZ nq ZLb ïay wewbgq Øviv me KvR Kiv hvq bv, ZLb c‡ivÿ
wewbg‡qi ìKvi nq, hv nq UvKvi gva¨‡g| †Kvb wRwb‡mi wewbg‡q UvKv †bIqv nq Avi UvKvi
wewbg‡q Ab¨ GKwU wRwbm cvIqv hvq, hv †mB e¨w³ cÖ_g †h wRwbm UvKvi wewbg‡q w`j Zvi PvB‡Z
Zvi †ewk ìKvi| GBfv‡e cÖ‡qvRbxq wRwbmcÎ cvIqv hvq| wKš‘ UvKvi eënvi eëmv evwY‡Rï
m~ÎcvZ NUvq hv Zuvi g‡Z MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq| `ªe¨ wewbg‡qi Rb¨ UvKvi eënvi Zuvi g‡Z ¯^vfvweK| wZwb
AviI g‡b Ki‡Zb gvby‡li m¤ú` Ges m¤úwËi cÖ‡qvRb mxgvnxb nIqv DwPr bq| eëmv‡qi gva¨‡g
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A_© DcvR©b I AwaK m¤úwËi AwaKvix nIqv Zuvi g‡Z A¯^vfvweK|8 ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡bvi
Rb¨ UvKvi eënvi h‡_vchy³| wKš‘ jvf Kivi Rb¨ eëmv Kiv A‰bwZK| ÒwKQz gvbyl g‡b K‡i Zv‡ì
Rxe‡bi GKgvÎ D‡Ïk¨ nj mxgvnxbfv‡e Zv‡ì m¤ú` evovb--- †h‡nZz GB me gvby‡li Pvwn`v Amxg,
GB Pvwn`v c~iY Kivi Rb¨ †KŠkj Aej¤^b KiviI mxgv _v‡K bv--- eëmvi gva¨‡g A_© m¤ú` AR©b
Kiv, hvi Øviv GKRb gvbyl Av‡iKR‡bi m¤ú` wb‡q †bIqv ˆbwZKZv weiæ×| me PvB‡Z N„Y¨ KvR
n‡”Q my` †bIqv---UvKv eënvi K‡i gybvdv Kiv---UvKvi eënvi nIqv DwPr wewbgq K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq
wRwbm msMÖn Kivi, my‡ì gva¨‡g UvKv †bIqv bq|Ó A¨vwi‡÷vUj Zuvi Ethics bvgK eB‡Z UvKvi
f~wgKv m¤^‡Ü AviI wKQz K_v e‡jb| GKwU wRwb‡mi e`‡j Avi GKwU wRwb‡mi wewbgq n‡Z n‡e b¨vh¨-
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h_v_©Zv| UvKvi Av‡iKwU eënvi nj †Kvb wRwbm hw` Avgv‡ì GLb ìKvi bv nq, fwel¨‡Z Zv
ìKvi n‡j UvKvi wewbg‡q Avgiv wKb‡Z ev wb‡Z cvwi| Kv‡RB UvKv wewbgq m¤¢e K‡i Ges
wewbgq‡K mgg~‡jï Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| Avi wewbgq nq e‡jB mgv‡Ri Kvh©µg Pj‡Z cv‡i| GBme
we‡køl‡Yi cÖfve `xN©¯’vqx nq| A¨vwi‡÷vU‡ji ci Aóv`k kZvãxi †klfvM ch©šÍ UvKvi f~wgKv m¤^‡Ü
Gi PvB‡Z Zvrch©c~Y© we‡kølY Avi †KD †`b wb| wRwb‡mi wewbgqg~j¨ I eënvwiK g~‡jï cv_©K¨,
eëmvq jvf Kiv I my` MÖnY Kivi wb›`v A‡bK kZvãx a‡i cwðgv we‡k¦i wPšÍvi RMr‡K cÖfvweZ
K‡i‡Q|
wMÖK mvgªv‡Rï cZ‡bi ci †ivgvb mvgªvR¨ M‡o I‡V| GB mvgªvR¨ wQj wMÖK mvgªv‡Rï PvB‡Z eo|
A‡bK HwZnvwm‡Ki g‡Z †ivgvb‡ì AvwacZ¨ wLª÷c~e© Z…Zxq kZK †_‡K cÂg wLª÷vã ch©šÍ ¯’vqx nq|
wKš‘ ZviciI cÖvq GK nvRvi eQi a‡i †ivgvb mvgªvR¨ KÝUvw›U‡bvcj‡K †K›`ª K‡i P‡jwQj| GB
mvg&ªv‡Rï g‡a¨ A‡bK RvwZ, eû fvlvfvlx gvbyl AšÍf©y³ wQj| mvgªv‡Rï cÖ‡qvR‡b †mB mg‡qi gv‡b
A‡bK eo eo †mZz I moK wbg©vY Kiv n‡qwQj Ges A_© I F‡Yi eënvi n‡qwQj| †ivgvb Áv‡bi
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wLª÷vbiv wek¦vm KiZ c„w_exi aŸsm Avmbœ| Kv‡RB mgv‡Ri Avw_©K ev êlwqK DbœwZi Av‡jvPbv
wbi_©K| cieZ©x K‡qK kZvãx‡Z `~i-cvjøvi evwYR¨ cÖvq eÜ n‡q hvq| †ivg mvg&ªvR¨ evB‡i †_‡K
AvµvšÍ n‡q µ‡gB †f‡½ c‡o| gymwjg Avµg‡Yi Kvi‡Y f~ga¨mvM‡iI RvnvR PjvPj evavMÖ¯Í nq|
`kg kZvãxi ci †_‡K evwYR¨ Avevi evo‡Z _v‡K| wKš‘ †mB mgq wLª÷vb `vk©wbK‡ì `„wófw½ wMÖK
`vk©wbK‡ì PvB‡Z Avjv`v wQj| wMÖK `vk©wbKiv †hLv‡b Av`k© iv‡óªi iƒc‡iLv LuyRwQ‡jb, wLª÷vb
`vk©wbKiv †mLv‡b GKRb wLª÷v‡bi e¨w³MZ KZ©e¨ wK nIqv DwPr Zv wbY©q Ki‡Z e¨vc„Z wQ‡jb|
`kg kZvãxi ci wLª÷vb wPšÍvwe`‡ì `k©‡bi wfwË wQj `yBwU| GKwU wQj cÖvPxb wMÖK `k©‡bi wewfbœ
m~Î¸‡jv-G¸‡jv †ivgvb mv¤ªv‡Rï cZ‡bi ci nvwi‡q wM‡qwQj| Gi g‡a¨ we‡kl K‡i A¨vwi‡÷vU‡ji
`k©b ga¨hy‡M Avevi Luy‡R †ei Kiv nq| wØZxq avivwU wQj wLª÷a‡g©i wkÿv| GB `yB‡qi mgš^‡q †m›U
_gvm A¨vKzBbv‡mi (1225-1274 Lªxóvã) cuvP L‡Û wjwLZ Summa Theologica bvgK iPbv n‡”Q
†mB mg‡qi `k©‡bi mePvB‡Z eo wb`k©b| ga¨hy‡Mi `vk©wbK‡ì Av‡jvPbvi †K›`ªwe›`y wQj wewbgq I
Zvi b¨vh¨g~j¨ (just price)| Zv‡ì g‡Z †Kvb wRwb‡mi b¨vh¨g~j¨ Zvi Drcv`b g~j¨ I Drcv`‡bi
mvgvwRK Ae¯’vb, GB `yB‡qi mgš^‡q wba©viY Kiv DwPr| †Kvb wRwbm ˆZwi Ki‡Z †h kÖg w`‡Z nq Zv
we‡ePbvq wb‡q Ges Drcv`‡Ki mgv‡R wb‡Ri Ae¯’vb wVK ivL‡Z †h e¨q nq-GB `yB‡qi mgš^‡q nq
b¨vh¨g~j¨| Avi Drcv`K‡ì ev KvwiMi‡ì mwgwZ ev wM‡ìi (&guild) KvR nj GB b¨vh¨g~j¨ hv‡Z
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Drcv`‡Kiv cvq Zv wbwðZ Kiv| Z‡e Drcv`K‡ìI GB b¨vh¨g~‡jï †ewk Av`vq Kiv DwPr bq|
A_©vr ‡ewk jvf Kiv wVK bq| †m›U A¨vKzBbvm G e¨vcv‡i cwi®‹vi fv‡e e‡j‡Qb †h, b¨vh¨g~‡jï AwaK
Av`vq Kiv I M„nKv‡Ri cÖ‡qvRbxq wRwbm Qvov Ab¨vb¨ wRwb‡mi eëmv Kiv DwPZ bq|
Aóv`k kZ‡Ki BZvwji `vk©wbK mvb evb©vw`‡bv eëmv evwY‡Rï e¨vcv‡i †m›U A¨vKzBbv‡mi PvB‡Z D`vi
g‡bvfve †`Lvb| wZwb Drcv`b I evwYR¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq e‡j g‡b Ki‡Zb Ges mr eëmvqx‡ì cÖksmv
K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e wZwb Ab¨vb¨ ev cÿcvZ`yó evwY‡Rï Kov mgv‡jvPbv K‡ib| evRv‡ii Dci GK‡PwUqv
wbqš¿Y ¯’vcb Kivi Zxeª wb›`v K‡ib Ges e‡jb-hviv GUv K‡i c„w_ex †_‡K Zv‡ì wbe©vmb †Ìqv DwPr,
Avi ciKv‡j Zv‡ì ¯’vqxfv‡e bi‡K ¯’vb nIqv DwPr| `ªe¨g~j¨ wba©viY m¤^‡Ü Zuvi g‡Z mvaviYfv‡e
GUv mgmvgwqK evRv‡ii cwiw¯’wZ wVK Ki‡e| ga¨hy‡Mi wPšÍvwe`‡ì cÖvq mevB A¨vwi‡÷vU‡ji gZ
avi †Ìqv UvKvq my` †bIqvi K‡Vvi wb›`v K‡ib| Z‡e Zviv mevB UvKv wewb‡qvM K‡i jvf n‡j
jv‡fi Ask †bIqvi we‡ivax wQ‡jb bv| †m›U A¨vKzBbvm Zuvi †jLvq †Kvb †Kvb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z my` †bIqv
hvq Zv e‡j‡Qb|9 †m›U A¨v‡›UvwbI (1195-1231 wLª÷vã) hLb e³e¨ w`‡Zb ZLb †d¬v‡i‡Ý e¨v¼
eëmv wQj ew×©òy Ges F‡Yi Av`vb-cÖ`vb wQj ch©vß| †m›U A¨v‡›UvwbI GUv †g‡b wb‡qwQ‡jb| Z‡e
wLª÷a‡g©i ms¯‹v†ii (reformation) hy‡M gvwU©b jy_vi my` †bIqvi †Nvi we‡ivwaZv K‡ib|
A¨vwi‡÷vU‡ji †jLvq `ª‡eï g~j¨ wba©vi‡Yi welqwU Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq hv eZ©gvb hy‡MI ¸iæZ¡ cvq|
†cø‡Uv wfbœgZ †cvlY Ki‡jI A¨vwi‡÷vUj m¤úwËi e¨w³MZ gvwjKvbv mg_©b K‡ib| wLª÷hy‡Mi ag©xq
wPšÍvwe‡ìv Kv‡Ri ˆbwZKZvi Dci †Rvi w`‡q‡Qb| `wi`ª‡K mvnvh¨ Kiv e¨w³MZ ˆbwZKZvi w`K w`‡q
fvj, wKš‘ ZLb `vwi`ª `~i Kivi Rb¨ mgv‡Ri A_©bxwZi MVb Av‡jvwPZ nqwb| m¤ú` e„w× Kivi cÖ‡Póv
Zuviv ˆbwZK w`K w`‡q mg_©b K‡ibwb| wKš‘ m¤ú` evov‡bvi Kg©KvÛ mgMÖ mgvR eë¯’vq wK cÖfve
†dj‡Z cv‡i, Zv we‡ePbv Kiv nqwb| cÖvPxbKvj †_‡K ga¨hyM ch©šÍ A_©bxwZi cÖkœ¸‡jv GLbKvi PvB‡Z
Avjv`v `„wófw½‡Z ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv nZ| eëmv evwY‡Rï Øviv m¤ú` e„w× mg_©b Kiv nqwb| hwÌ hy‡×i
Øviv m¤ú` AR©‡bi mgv‡jvPbv bvB| `ªe¨g~j¨ b¨vh¨ wKbv Zv we‡ePbv Kiv n‡q‡Q, wKš‘ A_©bxwZi DbœwZi
Rb¨ `ªe¨g~‡jï f~wgKvi Av‡jvPbv bvB| ga¨hy‡Mi ci GB `„wófw½ e`‡j hvq-¯’vb cvq evRvi A_©bxwZ
I Zvi Kvh©Kvi‡Yi Av‡jvPbv|10
Z_¨m~Ît
1. https://www.truthdig.com. 28 August 2019. Brown G. The Key to a Sustainable Economy is 5000 years
Old. Accessed 28 November 2019.
2. https://www.armstrongeconomics.com/research/a-brief-history-of-world-credit-interest-rates/3000-b-c-500-
a-d-the-credit-economy/ Accessed 05 April 2018.
3.https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/search=Leviticus+25% 3A8-13 & version=WEB. Accessed 28
November 2019.
4. Sealy R. A History of the Greek City States. 1976, University of California Press. p.10-11
5. Schiedel W. Ancient Society, vol-35, 2005.
6. Robbins L. A History of Economic Thought. 1998. Princeton University Press, p.11-15.
7. Robbins L. p.18.
8. Robbins L. p.19-21.
9. Aquinas. St.Thomas. Summa Theologica. In Early Economic Thought. Selections from Economic Literature
Prior to Adam Smith. Edited by Aurther E Monroe. 51-57. Cambridge Mass, Harvard University Press, 1948.
10. Heilbroner R. Teachings from the Worldly Philosophy. Norman and Company, New York.1996, p.1-14.
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ga¨hy‡M A_©bxwZ
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†_‡K| GB ¯’vbwU wQj cY¨`ªe¨ cwienY I evwY‡Rï †K›`ª| K…wl Drcv`b QvovI evwYR¨ †_‡K Av‡qi
d‡j GKwU ew×©òy GjvKvq cwiYZ nq| µ‡gB Ab¨vb¨ GjvKv Rq K‡i PviÕk eQ‡i mgMÖ BZvwj, wMÖm,
BD‡iv‡ci Ab¨vb¨ eo GjvKv, DËi Avwd«Kv, Gwkqv gvBbi, wmwiqv, wgmi-‡ivg mvg&ªv‡Rï AšÍf©y³ nq|
GB mvgªv‡Rï cwðgvsk cÖvq QqÕk eQi ¯’vqx nq Avi c~e©vsk ¯’vqx nq cÖvq †lvjÕk eQi| †ivg mvgªvR¨
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iv¯Ív-NvU BZ¨vw` ˆZwi Kiv nq| †ivgvb‡ì AviI AR©b nj wekvj mvgªvRë¨vcx Kvh©Ki cÖkvmwbK
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fviZ I Pxb mvgªv‡Rï Zzjbvq wQj LyeB Kg| G‡Z Av‡Mi wgmi, wMÖK I †g‡mvc‡Ugxq mf¨Zvi wewfbœ
AR©b †ivgvb mvgªv‡Rï gva¨‡g cwðg I ga¨BD‡iv‡c Qwo‡q c‡o|1
cwðg BD‡iv‡c †ivg mvgªv‡Rï cZ‡bi ci †mB AÂ‡j †K›`ªxq kvmb I wbivcËv eë¯’v wQj bv| GB
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bxwZ, HwZn¨ Gm‡ei Dci wbf©i K‡iB mgvR wU‡K wQj| KwZcq ixwZ-bxwZ K…lK ev cïcvjK‡K
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Zviv wQj Pigfv‡e †kvwlZ|
ga¨hy‡M K¨v_wjK PvP© wQj †ewkifvM Rwgi gvwjK| Pv‡P©i wekc I G¨veUiv mvgšÍcÖfy‡ì gZB DuPz ¯’vb
AwaKvi K‡i _vK‡Zb| mivmwi K¨v_wjK Pv‡P©i m‡½ †h me mvgšÍcÖf~ hy³ wQ‡jb bv Zviv cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a
Zv‡ì AvbyMZ¨ GK ivRb¨ †_‡K Av‡iKRb‡K w`‡Z cvi‡Zb| wKš‘ K¨v_wjK Pv‡P©i m‡½ hviv hy³ wQ‡jb
Zv‡ì AvbyMZ¨ wQj memgq K¨v_wjK Pv‡P©i cÖavb †cv‡ci (Pope) Kv‡Q| GB hy‡M wLª÷a‡g©i cÖfve
mgv‡Ri Dci wQj cÖej| †K›`ªxq wbqš¿Y ej‡Z wKQz _vK‡j Pv‡P©i wbqš¿YB wQj g~L¨| Z‡e g¨vbi gvwjK
I Zv‡ì DaŸ©Zb ivRbïv K¨v_wjK Pv‡P©i nb ev evB‡ii nb Zuviv GKBfv‡e g¨vb‡ii f~wg`vm‡ì
†kvlY Ki‡Zb| ga¨hy‡Mi BD‡iv‡c g¨vbi Qvov A‡bK kni wQj| GB mg¯Í kn‡i wkí`ªe¨ Drcvw`Z
nZ| Drcvw`Z cY¨ g¨vbi¸‡jv‡Z wewµ Kiv nZ Ges wKQz cY¨ `~i-cvjøvi evwY‡R¨ eënvi Kiv nZ|
Drcv`b wbqš¿Y KiZ KvwiMi‡ì mwgwZ ev guild| †KD †Kvb wKQz Drcv`b Ki‡Z PvB‡j Zv‡K
mwgwZ‡Z †hvM w`‡Z nZ| KvwiMi‡ì me mwgwZ m`m¨‡ì A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÛ QvovI Zv‡ì mvgvwRK
mgq bvwn †i
23
I ag©xq RxebI wbqš¿Y KiZ| cY¨`ªe¨ Drcv`b I weµq Aek¨B m~²fv‡e wbqš¿Y Kiv nZ| wKš‘
AwaKvsk mwgwZB eëmv‡q jv‡fi PvB‡Z m`m¨‡ì AvZ¥vi gyw³i Dci †ewk †Rvi w`Z| Kv‡RB Zviv
m`m¨‡ì e¨w³MZ Rxeb hvc‡bi w`‡K bRi ivLZ Ges ag©xq Abykvmb cvjb Kivi Dci †Rvi w`Z|
ga¨hy‡Mi mgvR wQj g~jZt K…wlwfwËK| K…wl Drcv`b e„w× mgv‡R cwieZ©‡bi m~Pbv K‡i Ges Zv K‡qK
kZK a‡i Pj‡Z _v‡K| Gi d‡jB mvgšÍcÖ_v †f‡½ hvq I cuywRev‡ì DrcwË nq| Drcv`b evovi cÖavb
KviY wQj km¨ Drcv`‡b `yB cvjvµg †_‡K wZb cvjvµ‡g e`‡j hvIqv| `yB cvjvµg c×wZ‡Z GK
eQi Rwg Avev` Kiv n‡j c‡ii eQi Rwg †d‡j ivLv nZ, hv‡Z De©iZv eRvq _v‡K| cÖwZeQi Pvl
Ki‡j Rwg †kl ch©šÍ Abye©i I Pv‡li A‡hvM¨ n‡q hvq| eZ©gvb d«vÝ †h f~L‡Û Aew¯’Z †mLv‡b Aóg
kZvãx‡Z wZb cvjvµg Avev` ïiæ nq| Z‡e GKv`k kZvãx‡Z Zv AviI we¯Ívi jvf K‡i| wZb
cvjvµ‡g Rwg‡K wZbfvM Kiv nZ| cÖ_gfv‡M †ngšÍKv‡j Mg A_ev ivB (rye) Pvl Kiv nZ| wØZxqfv‡M
em‡šÍ mxg, gUiïwU A_ev IU (oat) Pvl nZ| Z…Zxq fv‡M Pvl Kiv nZ bv| cÖwZ eQi GBme fvM
cvjvµ‡g e`j Kiv nZ| GB cÖwµqvq dm‡ji Drcv`b h‡_ó †e‡o wM‡qwQj| GKB cwigvY Rwg‡Z `yB
cvjvµ‡gi e`‡j wZb cvjvµg Pvl Kivq Drcv`b cÖvq 50 kZvsk †e‡o hvq|2 emšÍKv‡j IU ev
Ab¨vb¨ dm‡ji Drcv`b ïiæ nIqvq †ewk msL¨vq †Nvov cvjb m¤¢e nq| KviY G¸‡jv †Nvovi Lvevi
wnmv‡e eënvi Kiv †hZ| K…wlKv‡R ej‡ì e`‡j †Nvovi eënv‡i Pv‡li Rwg evov‡bv m¤¢e nj, KviY
†Nvov ej‡ì PvB‡Z `ªæZ I †ewk KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| GQvov †Nvovi eënv‡i Kg gvby‡li ìKvi nq|
Gme Kvi‡Y Drcv`b AviI evoj|3 Zv Qvov †Nvovi eënv‡i gvbyl I cY¨`ªe¨ GK RvqMv ‡_‡K
Av‡iK RvqMvq wb‡q hvIqv AviI mnR nj| Î‡qv`k kZ‡K `yB PvKvi Mvwoi e`‡j Pvi PvKvi Mvwo
(hvi mvg‡bi PvKv w`K cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv) eënv‡ii Kvi‡Y cwienY LiP AviI Kgj| d‡j
RbmsL¨vI evo‡Z _vKj| 1000 mv‡ji Av‡M BD‡iv‡c f~ga¨mvMixq AÂ‡j K‡qKwU kni Qvov evwK
meB wQj g¨vbi| 1300 mvj bvMv` A‡bK kni I bMi M‡o I‡V, Gme RvqMvi kni I bM‡ii
RbmsL¨vI A‡bK ev‡o| A‡b‡KB ¯’vqxfv‡e knievmx n‡jb Ges wkícY¨ Drcv`‡b wb‡qvwRZ n‡jb|
Gfv‡e wkíRvZ c‡Yï Drcv`b A‡bK ev‡o| K…wl I wkíRvZ c‡Yï Drcv`b evovq GjvKvi Pvwn`v
wgwU‡qI DØ„Ë _vKZ| ZvB GjvKvi evB‡i wewµ Kivi ìKvi n‡q coj| cwienY g~j¨ K‡g hvIqvq
Ges `ªæZZi nIqvq `~i-cvjøvi evwY‡Rï cÖmvi NUj| Zv‡Z wkí Drcv`b AviI evoj|
ga¨hy‡Mi cÖ_g w`‡KI wKQz `~i-cvjøvi evwYR¨ nZ| GUv wQj g~jZt f~ga¨mvMixq GjvKvi `wÿYvÂ‡ji
e›ì Ges DËi BD‡iv‡c G¨vwWªqvwUK mvM‡ii e›ì¸‡jvi g‡a¨| wKš‘ BD‡iv‡ci g~j-f~L‡Ûi GKUv
wekvj GjvKvq GB mg¯Í g¨vb‡i `~i-cvjøvi eëmv evwY‡Rï cÖfve wQj bv| 1096 mvj †_‡K 1291
mvj ch©šÍ AvUwU eo µz‡mW ev ag©hy× msNwUZ nq| BD‡iv‡ci wLª÷vb ivRvMY Ges †cv‡ci AvnŸv‡b
c~e©fg~ a¨mvM‡i ag©xq cweÎ ¯’vbmg~n gymwjg kvmb †_‡K gy³ Kivi Rb¨ BD‡ivc †_‡K ˆmb¨ msMÖn K‡i
evi evi Awfhvb Pvjv‡bv nq| GB `xN© mgqKv‡j BD‡iv‡c eëmv evwY‡Rï cÖmvi N‡U| A‡bK
we‡kl‡Ái g‡Z GB me µz‡mW ïay ag©xq Kvi‡Y msNwUZ nqwb|4 ‡hme Zx_©hvÎx BD‡ivc †_‡K
†RiæRv‡jg †hZ Zv‡ì Dci gymjgvb‡ì AvµgY Gi g~j KviY wQj bv| GBme AÂj ZzwK© gymwjg
mvgªv‡Rï wbqš¿‡Y wQj, Zviv AZ¨šÍ mnbkxj wQj| µz‡m‡Wi g~j KviY wQj mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK|
d«vÝ GB mgq A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× AR©b K‡i c~e©vÂ‡j evwYR¨ evov‡bvi †Póv KiwQj| ZLb d«v‡Ý
Af¨šÍixY Am‡šÍvlI wQj| GUv Ab¨Lv‡Z cÖevwnZ KivI GKUv D‡Ïk¨ wQj| †fwb‡mi kvmbKZ©vivI
c~e©-f~ga¨mvMixq GjvKvq evwYR¨ I AvwacZ¨ we¯Ívi Ki‡Z Pvw”Qj|5 GB mg¯Í Kvi‡Y ZzwK© myjZvb‡ì
m‡½ evB‡Rw›Uqvb mv¤ªv‡Rï Ø‡›Ø Zviv evB‡Rw›Uqvb‡ì mg_©‡b µz‡m‡W GwM‡q Av‡m|
mgq bvwn †i
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Øv`k †_‡K PZz`©k kZvãx ch©šÍ BD‡iv‡c ißvwb‡hvM¨ cY¨ evo‡Z _v‡K| g~j f~L‡Ûi ewY‡Kiv DËi
BD‡iv‡c fvBwKs‡ì (Viking) m‡½ Ges c~e© AÂ‡j Avie‡ì m‡½ evwYR¨ evovq| BD‡iv‡ci eo
eo kn‡i c‡Yï eo eo ‡gjvi Av‡qvRb ïiæ nj| GBme †gjv cÖ_gw`‡K eo kn‡i eQ‡i GKevi
Av‡qvRb Kiv nZ K‡qK mßvne¨vcx| DËi BD‡iv‡ci ewY‡Kiv km¨, ïKv‡bv gvQ, ckg, KvV, jeY,
†jvnv wewbgq KiZ `wÿY BD‡iv‡ci ewYK‡ì gkjv, gy³v, †mvbv I iƒcvi m‡½| cÂ`k kZK bvMv`
GBme †gjv ¯’vqx evRv‡i cwiYZ nq| mvgšÍ hy‡Mi AvBb Kvbyb GB me ‡gjvq eëmv evwY‡Rï c‡_
evav n‡q ùvovq| µ‡gB GBme kni mvgšÍ cÖfz I K¨v_wjK Pv‡P©i cÖfvegy³ ‡_‡K A‡bKUv ¯^vaxbfv‡e
Pj‡Z _v‡K| GB mg¯Í kni I eëmv‡K‡›`ª wewfbœ ¯’v‡bi gy`ªv wewbg‡qi eë¯’v, FY †Ìqv I cwi‡kva
Kivi eë¯’vi RwUj wbqg Kvbyb ˆZwi nq| G¸‡jv mwVKfv‡e cwiPvjbv Kivi Rb¨ wbw`©ó evwYwR¨K
AvBbI ˆZwi Kiv nq| G¸‡jvB cuywRev`x eë¯’vi AvBb Kvby‡bi wfwË wnmv‡e KvR K‡i|
A‡bK ermi hver †h cÖ_v P‡j AvmwQj Zv‡Z KvwiM‡iivB wQj cY¨`ªe¨ ˆZwii miÄvg, ˆZwii ¯’vb Ges
KuvPvgv‡ji gvwjK| Zviv cY¨`ªe¨ ˆZwi n‡q †M‡j Zv ewYK‡ì Kv‡Q wewµ KiZ| ewY‡Kiv Gme cY¨
cwienY K‡i Ab¨Î †ewk `v‡g wewµ K‡i jvf KiZ| GB eë¯’vq KvwiM‡iiv wb‡RivB †QvU ‡QvU gvwjK
wQj| `~i-cvjøvi evwYR¨ hZB evo‡Z _vKj, wkíRvZ cY¨ AviI †ewk cwigv‡Y ˆZwi Kiv Ges myôyfv‡e
mieivn Kivi cÖ‡qvRbI evo‡Z _vKj| Gi d‡j µ‡gB cY¨ Drcv`b eë¯’v e`‡j †h‡Z _vKj| GB
cwieZ©‡bi cÖ_gw`‡K ewY‡Kiv ¯^vaxb KvwiMi‡ì cÖ‡qvRbxq KuvPvgvj wK‡b cY¨`ªe¨ ˆZwi Kivi digv‡qm
w`Z| wewbg‡q Zviv KvwiMi‡ì cvwikÖwgK w`Z| G‡Z ewY‡Kiv Drcv`‡bi me ch©v‡qB c‡Yï gvwjK
_vKZ| cieZ©x ch©v‡q ewY‡Kiv Drcv`‡bi hš¿cvwZ, GgbwK Drcv`‡bi ¯’v‡biI gvwjK nj| cY¨`ªe¨
ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ Zviv KvwiMi wb‡qvM w`Z| KvwiM‡iiv ZLb Avi ˆZwi Kiv cY¨ ewY‡Ki Kv‡Q wewµ
KiZ bv| †m ïay Zvi kÖgkw³ wewµ KiZ| e¯¿wk‡í cÖ_g GB cwieZ©b Kvh©Ki nj| e¯¿wk‡í wb‡qvwRZ
ZuvwZ Ges Ab¨vbïv Zv‡ì RxweKvi Rb¨ ewYK‡ì Dci wbf©ikxj n‡q coj| ewY‡Kiv cwiYZ nj
ewYK-cuywRcwZ‡Z| Zv‡ì Ggb `v‡g cY¨ wewµ Ki‡Z nZ hv‡Z Drcv`‡bi LiP -kÖwgK‡ì gRywimn
D‡V Avmvi c‡iI jvf _v‡K| Drcv`b eë¯’vq cuywRi wbqš¿Y Pvjy nj| Gi mv‡_ Ggb GK †kÖYxi gvbyl
ˆZwi nj hv‡ì wbR¯^ cuywR wQj bv Ges kÖg wewµ Kiv Qvov Zv‡ì Avi †Kvb Dcvq wQj bv|6 lô`k
kZvãx bvMv` BD‡iv‡ci A‡bK ¯’v‡b GB eë¯’v Pvjy nq| cuywRi gvwjK I kÖwgK‡ì g‡a¨ GB m¤úK©hy³
ißvwbgyLx wkí¸‡jvi msL¨v †e‡o hvq Ges Ab¨vb¨ wk‡íI GB m¤úK© ¯’vwcZ nq, ZLbB cuywRev`x eë¯’v
cÖavb n‡q I‡V| g¨vb‡ii HwZn¨, wbqg Kvbyb I ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv G e¨vcv‡i evav n‡q ùvovq Ges G¸‡jv
†f‡½ †Ìqvi ìKvi n‡q c‡o|
kni I bM‡ii RbmsL¨v GB mgq µgkt evowQj| Zv‡ì Rb¨ Lv`¨ I wk‡íi KuvPvgvj AvmZ MÖvgvÂj
†_‡K| d‡j MÖvg I kn‡ii g‡a¨ Av`vb-cÖ`vb evo‡Z _vKj| K…l‡Kiv Zv‡ì DØ„Ë km¨ ¯’vbxq evRv‡i
wewµ Ki‡Z jvMj| wKQz wKQz K…lK GB A_© w`‡q g¨vbi gvwjK‡ì Zviv †h webvg~‡j¨ kÖg w`‡Z eva¨
wQj Zvi †_‡K Ae¨vnwZ †cj| wKQz K…lK GB A_© w`‡q †QvU eëmv ïiæ Kij| g¨vbi gvwj‡KivI µ‡g
kn‡i evm Kivq kn‡i evo‡Z _vKv wewfbœ ai‡bi wejvm `ª‡eï cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ K…lK‡ì Kv‡Q
A‡_©i wewbg‡q Rwg BRviv w`‡Z _vKj| A‡bK g¨vbi gvwjK me Rwg BRviv w`‡q kn‡i evm Ki‡Z
jvMj| Gi d‡j µ‡gB g¨vb‡ii HwZn¨MZ m¤úK© †f‡½ co‡Z _vKj| Gi cwie‡Z© evRv‡i cY¨ wewµ
K‡i jvf KivB Drcv`‡bi jÿ¨ n‡q ùvovj| g¨vbiwfwËK mgvReë¯’v †f‡½ hvIqvi †cQ‡b AviI
A‡bK KviY wQj| 1337 mvj †_‡K 1453 mvj ch©šÍ Bsj¨vÛ I d«v‡Ýi ivRv‡ì g‡a¨ A‡bKevi hy×
nq| GB hy× d«v‡Ýi DËi cwðgvÂ‡ji GKwU As‡ki `Lj‡K †K›`ª K‡i ïiæ nq| cieZ©x‡Z d«v‡Ýi
wmsnvm‡bi DËivwaKvi wb‡qI GB hy× P‡j| K‡qK `dvq GKÕk eQ‡ii †ewk GB hy× ¯’vqx n‡jI
Dbwesk kZvãxi HwZnvwm‡Kiv Gi bvg †`b ÒGKÕk eQ‡ii hy×Ó| K‡qK `dvq GB `xN©¯’vqx hy‡×
mgq bvwn †i
25
d«v‡Ýi MÖvgvÂ‡j e¨vcK ÿq-ÿwZ nq| Bsj¨v‡Ûi gvwU‡Z hy× bv n‡jI hy‡×i LiP enb Kivi Rb¨
Bsj¨vÛevmx‡K AwaK Ki w`‡Z n‡Zv|
1346 mv‡j Kvw¯úqvb mvM‡ii DËivÂj †_‡K †cøM †ivM Bu`y‡ii gva¨‡g evwYR¨c_ a‡i Kb÷vw›U‡bvcj
n‡q BD‡iv‡c P‡j Av‡m| Bu`yi GB †iv‡Mi RxevYy enb K‡i| GK ai‡bi i³cvbKvix ÿz`ª Kx‡Ui
(Flea) Kvg‡o Bu`yi †_‡K gvby‡li GB †iv‡Mi msµgY nq I we¯Ívi nq| ga¨hy‡M BD‡iv‡c †cø‡M KZ
gvbyl gviv wM‡qwQj Zv mwVKfv‡e ejv hvq bv| Z‡e mv‡o mvZ †KvwU n‡Z 20 †KvwU gvbyl gviv hvq e‡j
Abygvb Kiv nq, hv mviv BD‡iv‡ci RbmsL¨vi 25 †_‡K 60 kZvsk e‡j g‡b Kiv nq|7 GB gnvgvix
1348 †_‡K 1351 mvj ch©šÍ ¯’vqx nq| wKš‘ AviI K‡qK eQi a‡i ci ci †cø‡Mi gnvgvix n‡Z _v‡K
Ges cÂ`k kZ‡Ki †kl ch©šÍ Zv P‡j| ZLbKvi wPwKrm‡Kiv GB †iv‡Mi KviY eyS‡Z cv‡ibwb|
A‡b‡KB G‡K gvby‡li cvc Kv‡Ri Aciv‡ai Rb¨ me©kw³gv‡bi Awfkvc e‡j g‡b KiZ| †cøM
gnvgvixi Av‡M Bsj¨v‡Ûi RbmsL¨v wQj 40 jÿ| †cøM I hy‡×i ci cÂ`k kZ‡Ki cÖ_g w`‡K RbmsL¨v
K‡g 25 jÿ n‡q hvq| BD‡iv‡ci Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki RbmsL¨vI GKB iKgfv‡e K‡g hvq| Gi d‡j
kÖwgK msKU †`Lv ‡`q I kÖwgK‡ì gRywi †e‡o hvq| K…lK‡ì msL¨vI K‡g hvq| d‡j Rwg BRvivi
`vg K‡g hvq| g¨vbi gvwjK I Ab¨vb¨ mvgšÍcÖfziv K…lK‡ì Dci Zv‡ì wbqš¿Y AviI ‡Rvi`vi Kivi
†Póv Kij| wKš‘ mg‡qi PvKv D‡ëvw`‡K Nyiv‡bv m¤¢e nj bv| kn‡ii ms¯‹…wZi m‡½ m‡½ evRv‡ii
m¤úK© MÖvgvÂj ch©šÍ we¯Ívijvf K‡i| K…l‡Kiv Av‡Mi gZ g¨vbi gvwjK‡ì †kvlY †g‡b wb‡Z ivwR wQj
bv| Gi d‡j PZz`©k kZ‡Ki †klfvM †_‡K lô`k kZ‡Ki cÖ_gfvM ch©šÍ mviv BD‡ivc Ry‡o K…lK
we‡`ªvn ‡`Lv †`q|
1348 †_‡K 1351 mvj ch©šÍ †cø‡Mi gnvgvix‡Z Bsj¨v‡Ûi RbmsL¨vi cÖvq GK Z…Zxqvsk gviv hvq|
K…lK‡ì msL¨v K‡g hvq| Lv`¨ Drcv`b K‡g hvq Ges Lv‡`ï `vg evo‡Z _v‡K| K…l‡Kiv gRywi
evov‡bvi `vex Ki‡Z _v‡K| 1351 mv‡j AvBb cvk K‡i K…lK‡ì gRywii mxgv †eu‡a †Ìqv nq Ges
webvcvwikÖwg‡K g¨vbi gvwjK‡ì KvR K‡i w`‡Z K…lK‡ì eva¨ Kiv nq| gRywi bv evovq K…l‡Kiv Lv`¨
msK‡U c‡o| Gi Dci Avevi bZzb Ki Av‡ivc Kiv nq| KviY d«v‡Ýi m‡½ kZ eQ‡ii hy‡× ivRvi
†KvlvMvi cÖvq k~b¨ n‡q wM‡qwQj| GUv c~iY Kivi Rb¨ K…lK‡ì Dci gv_vwcQz (cÖwZwU gvby‡li Dci)
poll-tax bv‡g Ki Av‡ivc Kiv nq| g¨vbi gvwj‡Kiv GB Ki Av`vq Kivi `vwqZ¡ cvq| wba©vwiZ K‡ii
†P‡qI †ewk UvKv Zzj‡Z _v‡K Zviv GKUv Ask wb‡R‡ì fv‡M ivLvi Rb¨| GB Ki K‡qK `dv evovb
nq|8 1380 mvj bvMv` A‡bK K…lKB Ki †Ìqvi f‡q cvwj‡q †eov‡Z _v‡K| GB eQ‡iB Ki Av`vq
m‡šÍvlRbK bv nIqvq ivRvi Kg©Pvix‡ì cvVv‡bv nq wewfbœ GjvKvq| wKQz wKQz GjvKvq K…l‡Kiv Zv‡ì
Zvwo‡q †`q| evi evi Ki Av`v‡qi †Póv Kivq we‡`ªvn `vbv †eu‡a I‡V| G‡m‡·i (Essex) K…l‡Kiv
g¨vbi gvwjK‡ì evox cywo‡q †`q| Zviv Ki Av`vq msµvšÍ KvMRcÎ cywo‡q †d‡j| mv‡_ mv‡_ Zv‡ì
†`bvi bw_I cywo‡q †d‡j| Aíw`‡bi g‡a¨ †K‡›Ui (Kent) K…l‡KivI we‡`ªvn K‡i| we‡`ªvnx K…l‡Kiv
jÛ‡bi w`‡K iIbv nq| Zv‡ì wek^vm wQj ivRv‡K Zv‡ì mgm¨vi K_v eySv‡Z cvi‡jB GB mgm¨vi
mgvavb n‡e| aviYv Kiv nq cÖvq 50 nvRvi we‡`ªvnx jÛ‡b Av‡m| jÛ‡b ZLb ivRvi gvÎ K‡qKÕk
ˆmb¨ wQj| K…l‡Kiv kn‡i jyUcvU I nZ¨v ïiæ K‡i| ivRv Zv‡ì m‡½ †`Lv K‡i `vwe c~i‡Yi Avk^vm
†`b| wKš‘ GUv wQj ïay gvÎ mgq‡ÿc‡Yi Rb¨| `vex bv gvbvq K…l‡Kiv Avevi ivRvi m‡½ †`Lv Kivi
`vex Rvbvq| Gevi ivRv cÖ¯‘Z n‡q hvb Ges H †`Lv Kivi ¯’v‡bB K…lK‡ì †bZv Wat Tyler †K nZ¨v
Kiv nq| wKš‘ K…lK‡ì GK_v e‡j kvšÍ Kiv nq †h, Zv‡ì `vwe †g‡b †bIqv n‡e| Zviv †hb wbR wbR
GjvKvq wd‡i hvq| Zviv wd‡i †M‡j ivRv we‡`ªvnx GjvKvq ˆmb¨ cvwV‡q kZ kZ K…lK‡K nZ¨v Kivi
eë¯’v K‡ib| K…lK we‡`ªvn `gb nj| wKš‘ GB NUbvi ci mvgšÍcÖ_v A‡bK `ye©j n‡q †Mj| g¨vbi
gvwj‡Kiv K…lK‡ì A‡bKUv ¯^vaxbZv w`‡Z eva¨ nj, AwZwi³ Ki Av`vqI eÜ nj|
mgq bvwn †i
26
PZy`©k I cÂ`k kZ‡K Rvg©vwb‡Z wkí Drcv`b ev‡o| e¯¿ ˆZwi, avZe wRwbm ˆZwi, Kv‡Vi AvmevecÎ
ˆZwi BZ¨vwì wkí KviLvbv evo‡Z _v‡K| MÖvgvÂ‡ji A‡bK gvbyl Gme KviLvbvq KvR cvq| G‡ì
gva¨‡g kn‡ii A‡bK a¨vb aviYv MÖv‡gI Qwo‡q c‡o| MÖv‡gi g¨vbi gvwjK RvZxq gvbyl‡ì wkí
`ªe¨vwì Pvwn`v evo‡Z _vKvq Zviv K…lK‡ì KvQ †_‡K †ewk nv‡i Ki Av`vq Ki‡Z _v‡K| Mevw` cï,
gyMx© cvjb †_‡K ïiæ K‡i †h KvRB K…l‡Kiv KiZ Zvi Dci Ki emvb nq| Gi Av‡M g¨vbi gvwjK‡ì
wKQz Rwg mvaviY K…l‡Kiv webvg~‡j¨ eënvi KiZ| GB RvqMv K…l‡Kiv cïcvj‡bi Rb¨ eënvi KiZ,
GLv‡b KvV msMÖn KiZ, wKQz eb¨cÖvYx wkKvi KiZ Ges GLvbKvi Rjvf~wg‡Z gvQ aiZ| G¸‡jv
eënv‡ii DciI Ki emv‡bv nj| GQvov cÂ`k kZ‡K K‡qK ermi dmj Drcv`b Kg nq, d‡j
K…lK‡ì Dci Pvc AviI ev‡o| 1527 mv‡j gvwU©b jy_vi bv‡g GKRb ag©hvRK K¨v_wjK a‡g©i ixwZ-
bxwZi mgv‡jvPbv ïiæ K‡ib| g~jZt G‡Z K¨v_wjK Pv‡P©i ga¨¯’Zv QvovB mivmwi Ck^‡ii Kv‡Q cÖv_©bv
Kivi AwaKvi Av‡Q ejv nq|
1524 mv‡j we‡`ªvn ïiæ nq| K…l‡Kiv we‡`ªvn Ki‡jI Zv‡Z wkí KvwiMi, †ckvRxwe (†hgb AvBbRxwe,
wPwKrmK BZ¨vw`) Ges wKQz wKQz wbgœ¯Í‡ii ag©hvR‡KivI †hvM †`b| †K›`ªxq I `wÿY Rvg©vwb, Aw÷ªqv,
myBRvij¨v‡Ûi DËivÂj-eZ©gvb Kv‡ji Gme f~LÛ Ry‡o K‡qK jÿ gvbyl we‡`ªv‡n Ask †bq| 1525
mvj ch©šÍ wewfbœ ¯’v‡b D”PeM©xq †jv‡K‡ì mvgwiK evwnbxi (hv Swabin League bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj)
m‡½ we‡`ªvnx‡ì hy× nq| †mB mgq Rvg©vwb ÿz`ª ÿz`ª iv‡R¨ wef³ wQj| `wÿY Rvg©vwbi D”PeM©xq I
abvX¨ gvby‡liv Swabin League MVb K‡i| †kl ch©šÍ K…l‡Kiv civwRZ nq| Zv‡ì Am¿km¿ wQj
AcÖZzj, Ak^v‡ivnx evwnbx wQj bv, mvgwiK cÖwkÿY wQj bv| m‡e©vcwi GK RvqMvi we‡`ªvnx‡ì m‡½ Ab¨
RvqMvi we‡`ªvnx‡ì †hvMv‡hvM I mgš^q wQj bv|9,10 cÖvq GKjÿ gvbyl GB we‡`ªv‡n gviv hvq| civwRZ
K…lK‡ì I Zv‡ì mg_©K‡ì Dci e¨vcK wbh©vZb Pvjv‡bv nq Ges A‡bK‡K nZ¨v Kiv nq| Zv‡ì
KvQ †_‡K ÿwZc~iY¯îƒc A_© Av`vqI Kiv nq| 1789 mv‡ji divmx wecø‡ei Av‡M ch©šÍ Rvg©vwbi K…lK
we‡`ªvnB wQj BD‡iv‡ci mePvB‡Z eo MY-we‡`ªvn| GB we‡`ªvn D‡jøL Kivi KviY njt Gme †_‡K
cwi¯‹vifv‡e eySv hvq †h, ‡Kvb mgv‡Ri ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK MV‡bi cwieZ©b Av‡m †Kej Zxeª
mvgvwRK msN‡l©i ga¨ w`‡q| †h †Kvb mgv‡RB myweav‡fvMx GK ev GKvwaK †kÖYx M‡o I‡V| Zviv
¯^fveZB Zv‡ì ¯^v_© Aÿzbœ ivLvi Rb¨ †h †Kvb c`‡ÿc wb‡Z cv‡i| ga¨hy‡Mi mvgšÍcÖfz I ivRviv
Zv‡ì KZ©„Z¡ eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ Pig wbôzifv‡e wewfbœ †`‡k K…lK we‡`ªvn `gb K‡i, hwÌ Av_© mvgvwRK
cwieZ©b G‡bwQj cÖavbZt ewYK †kªYx, KvwiMi I †ckvRxweiv| wKš‘ K…lK‡ì ev¯Íe Ae¯’&vi AebwZ
nIqvq Zviv we‡`ªvn K‡i| K…lK‡ì wbôzifv‡e `gb Kiv nq, d‡j mvgšÍcÖ_v `ye©j n‡q c‡o| Avi
cwieZ©b †kl ch©šÍ †VKv‡bv hvqwb|
Z_¨m~Ît
1. Harman C. A People’s History of the World, Verso, London,1999, p.71-72.
2. White L. Jr. Mediaeval Technology and Social Change, Oxford,1962, p.71-72.
3. Duby G. ‘Mediaeval Agriculture’ in Cipoll C. ed. The Fontana Economic History of Europe: The Emergence
of Industrial Societies, Part One, New York,1971, p.196-197.
4. Hunt E.K. History of Economic Thought, M.E. Sharpe, New York, 2002, p. 3-178.
5. Dillard D. Economic Development of the North Atlantic Community, Engelwood Cliffs,1967, p. 3-178.
6. Hunt E.K. p.14.
7. http://www.factretriever.com/black-death-facts. Accessed 30 August 2017.
8. http://www.marxists.org/history/england/peasants-revolts/story. Accessed 31 August 2017.
9. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/german-peasants-revolt. Accessed 01Sept. 2017.
10. http://www.peterkray.wordpress.com. The Great Peasants War in Germany of 1525: a little known story.
Accessed 01 Sept. 2017.
mgq bvwn †i
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ga¨hy‡Mi A_©bxwZi ZË¡
gv‡K©bwUwjRg (Mercantilism) ev evwYwR¨K gZev` lô`k †_‡K Aóv`k kZvãxi †jLK‡ì g‡a¨
cvIqv hvq| GB gZev‡ì cÖe³viv wKš‘ GB bvg †`bwb| ¯‹wUk wPšÍvwe` G¨vWvg w¯§_ 1776 mv‡j Zuvi
weL¨vZ eB “Wealth of Nations” G GB bvg eënvi K‡i cÖPwjZ K‡ib| lô`k `k‡Ki †klfvM
I mß`k `k‡Ki cÖ_gfv‡M Bsj¨vÛ d«vÝ, ‡¯úb, nj¨vÛ I †ejwRqvg eZ©gv‡b †h f~L‡Û Aew¯’Z Gi
eo eo kn‡i eëmvwqK ev ewYK cuywRi A_©bxwZ ev‡o| GB A_©bxwZ‡Z ewYK cuywRcwZivB wQj cÖavb|
Giv ïay eëmv evwYR¨B wbqš¿Y KiZ bv, Zviv wkí Drcv`bI wbqš¿Y KiZ| Zviv ivRb¨‡ì mvnv‡h¨
A‡bK †`‡kB mvgšÍcÖfz‡ì nvZ †_‡K A_©bxwZi, we‡klZt wkí Drcv`b I eëmv evwY‡Rï wbqš¿Y
wb‡q †bq| cuywRev‡ì ïiæi mg‡qi A_©bxwZi MwZwewaB gv‡K©bwUwjRg bv‡g cwiwPZ|1
GB mgq BD‡iv‡c †mvbv I iæcvi Afve †`Lv †`q| m¤ú` wewb‡qv‡Mi gva¨gB wQj †mvbv I iæcv|
gy`vª ‡ZI †mvbv I iæcvi eënvi nZ| gy`vª msK‡Ui Kvi‡Y µgea©gvb evwY‡R¨ GB mgq A_© msK‡Ui
m„wó nq| †mvbv I iæcvi ¯^íZvi Rb¨ Gm‡ei ißvwb wbwl× Kiv nq Ges ga¨hy‡Mi †klfvM †_‡K mß`k
kZK ch©šÍ Zv ¯’vqx nq| ga¨ I `wÿY Av‡gwiKvi Lwb †_‡K †mvbv I iæcv AwaK cwigv‡Y †¯ú‡b wb‡q
Avmv ïiæ nq| GBme AÂ‡j wQj †¯ú‡bi ivRZ¡| †¯úbB ‡mvbv I iæcvi ißvwbi Dci mePvB‡Z
†ewk KovKwo Av‡ivc Kij-GB Aciv‡ai Rb¨ g„Zz¨`Û avh© wQj| wKš‘ †mvbv I iæcvi Pvwn`v BD‡iv‡ci
Ab¨vb¨ †`‡k GZ †ewk wQj †h `yb©xwZcivqY Kg©KZ©v‡ì gva¨‡g †mvbv-iæcvi †PvivPvjvb e¨vcK AvKv‡i
n‡Z jvMj| mviv BD‡iv‡c †mvbv-iæcvi mieivn evoj| BD‡iv‡c `xN©mgq a‡i gy`vª ùxwZi GUv wQj
eo KviY| lô`k kZ‡K Bsj¨v‡Û I nj¨v‡Û †mvbv iæcvi ißvwb D‡V hvIqviI eû eQi ci †¯úb
wb‡lavÁv cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i| Gici ewY‡Kiv †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i †mvbv I iæcvi msMÖn evov‡bvi Rb¨ miKv‡ii
gva¨‡g cY¨`ªe¨ Avg`vwb Kwg‡q I ißvwb evwo‡q evwYR¨ DØ„Ë ˆZwi Kivi †Póv K‡i| G Qvov RvnvR
cwienb I exgv wbR †`‡ki †Kv¤úvwbi gva¨‡g Kivi eë¯’v Kiv nq| Avi GKUv Kvh©Ki eë¯’v wQj
GK‡PwUqv evwYR¨ ev eëmv Kivi my‡hvM †Ìqv| Bsj¨v‡Ûi ewYK Ab¨ †`‡k †Kvb cY¨ myj‡f wKb‡Z
PvB‡j †mLv‡b hw` Bsj¨v‡Ûi GKvwaK ewYK wKb‡Z †Póv K‡i, Zv n‡j Zv‡ì g‡a¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq `vg
†e‡o hv‡e| d‡j jv‡fi cwigvY Kg nIqvi AvksKv _v‡K| GKBfv‡e Bsj¨v‡Ûi GKvwaK ewYK hw`
we‡`‡k †Kvb cY¨ wewµ Ki‡Z Pvq, Zv n‡j cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq `vg Kg n‡e| ewY‡Ki jvfI Kg n‡e|
Bsj¨vÛ Zvi †`‡ki ewYK‡ì wewfbœ c‡Y¨ GK‡PwUqv evwYR¨ Kivi my‡hvM K‡i w`j, wKš‘ Zv‡ì Ab¨vb¨
‡`‡ki we‡klZt d«vÝ, nj¨vÛ I †¯ú‡bi ewYK‡ì m‡½ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Ki‡Z nZ| ZvB me †`k Dcwb‡ek
¯’vcb ïiæ Kij| GBme Jcwb‡ewkK †`k¸‡jv‡Z Zviv †KejgvÎ Zv‡ì wb‡Ri †`‡ki ewYK‡ì
¯^íg~‡j¨ KuvPvgvj †Kbv I D”Pg~‡j¨ wewµi eë¯’v Kij|
GK‡PwUqv eëmv Kivi my‡hvM †Ìqv QvovI ewYK‡ì AviI myweav †Ìqvi eë¯’v Kiv nq| ivóª Avg`vwb
ißvwb‡Z A‡bK iKg wbqš¿Y Pvjy K‡i| Bsj¨v‡ÛB GBme wbqg Kvbyb AZ¨šÍ KovKwofv‡e cÖ‡qvM Kiv
nq| †h mg¯Í ißvwbKviK we‡`‡k ißvwb K‡i fvj `vg †cZ bv, Zv‡ì †Ìqv Ki †dir †Ìqv nZ|
GUv h‡_ó g‡b bv n‡j fZ©ywK †Ìqv nZ| A‡bK KuvPvgv‡ji Dci D”P Ki avh© Kiv nq, hv‡Z †m mg¯Í
KuvPvgvj ißvwb Kg nq| G‡Z KuvPvgv‡ji `vg Kg _vKZ Ges wkí gvwjK‡ì myweav nZ| em¿wkí wQj
mgq bvwn †i
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GB mgq me‡P‡q eo wkí| GB e¯¿wkíB-wkí wecø‡ei cÖavb Avavi wQj| Aóv`k kZ‡K Bsj¨v‡Û
e¯¿wkí wQj ißvwbi A‡a©‡Ki Drm| Bsj¨v‡Ûi em¿wkí wQj ZLb †fovi ckgwfwËK (wool)| ewYK‡ì
myweavi Rb¨ †fov ev Zvi ckg ißvwb †eAvBwb Kiv nq| A‡bK c‡Yï Avg`vwb mxwgZ Kiv nq| A‡bK
cY¨`ªe¨ Avg`vwb wbwl× Kiv nq| A‡bK c‡Yï Dci D”P ïé emvb nq| d‡j †`‡ki evRv‡i Bsj¨v‡Ûi
wkígvwjK I ewY‡Kiv A‡bKUv GK‡PwUqv eëmv Kivi my‡hvM †cj| wKš‘ me wkícwZ ev ewYK Gi
mydj cvbwb| †`‡ki wfZi †h mg¯Í cY¨wfwËK †Mvôx‡K GK‡PwUqv eëmv Kivi AbygwZ †Ìqv nj
Zviv jvfevb nj, Avi hviv †mB AbygwZ †cj bv Zviv ÿwZMÖ¯Í nj| myweav‡fvMxiv Zv‡ì my‡hvM myweav
iÿvi Rb¨ Zrci _vKj Ges AviI Ab¨vb¨ GjvKvq GB myweav evov‡bvi †Póv Ki‡Z _vKj| 1651
mv‡j Bsj¨v‡Û †bwf‡Mkb A¨v± (Navigation Act) bv‡g AvBb Kiv nq| Kvh©Zt GB AvB‡bi g~j
welq wQj Bsj¨v‡Ûi hZ Avg`vwb meB Bsj¨v‡Ûi Rvnv‡R K‡i Avb‡Z n‡e| Gi Av‡M cÖvq me Avg`vwb
ißvwb‡Z wb‡qvwRZ me RvnvRB wQj nj¨v‡Ûi, KviY Zv‡ì RvnvR¸‡jv wQj DbœZ| GB me eë¯’v
†bIqvi D‡Ïk¨ wQj hv‡Z †`k †_‡K †h A_© †`‡ki evB‡i hv‡”Q cY¨ Avg`vwb ev cY¨ cwien‡Y, Zvi
PvB‡Z †ewk A_© †hb ißvwbi gva¨‡g †`‡k wd‡i Av‡m| ejvevûj¨ cuywRcwZ ewYK‡Mvôxi hviv
myweav‡fvMx wQj Zviv GB ai‡bi AvBb Kivi wcQ‡b KvR KiZ ‡`‡ki g‡aÏ Drcv`‡bi cÖwµqv I
Drcvw`Z c‡Yï gvb wbqš¿Y Kivi Rb¨ eë¯’v †bIqv nZ hv‡Z ißvwb ev‡o| d«v‡Ýi ivRv PZz`©k jyB‡qi
(Louis XIV) Avg‡j KvwiMi‡ì GBme msMVb¸‡jv‡K †K›`ªxqfv‡e wbqš¿Y Kivi AvBb cÖYqb Kiv
nq| Bsj¨v‡ÛI 1563 mv‡j GKwU AvB‡bi gva¨‡g kÖwgK‡ì †eZb, cÖwkÿY BZ¨vw` wbqš¿‡Yi eë¯’v
Kiv nq|2 Gme wQj ewYK cuywRcwZ‡ì myweav †Ìqvi Rb¨| ewYK cuywRcwZ‡ì ¯^v_© iÿvi Rb¨ ivóª
Zrci _vKZ|
gv‡K©bwUj hy‡Mi cÖ_gw`‡K †ewkifvM Drcv`bB KiZ kÖwg‡Kiv| Zviv wb‡R‡ì Drcv`b mvgMÖxi
gvwjK wQj Ges wb‡Riv KuvPvgvj msMÖn K‡i Drcv`b KiZ| cuywRcwZiv ZLb wQj g~jZt ewYK| Zv‡ì
wQj A_© Avi wewµ Kivi Rb¨ cY¨`ª‡eï fvÛvi| GB cY¨`ªe¨ Zviv KvwiMi‡ì KvQ †_‡K wKbZ|
Kv‡RB GUv ¯^vfvweK †h, gv‡K©bwUj gZev‡ì cÖe³viv µq cÖwµqv‡K jv‡fi Drm e‡j g‡b KiZ|
GB ch©v‡q ewYK cuywRcwZiv Drcv`b mvgMÖxi gvwjK wQj bv| Gi wecix‡Z †h me cuywRcwZ wb‡R Drcv`b
mvgMÖxi gvwjK nj Zv‡K wkí cuywRcwZ ejv hvq| GB mg‡q wkí cuywRcwZi msL¨v wQj Kg, ewYK
cuywRcwZ‡ì msL¨v wQj A‡bK †ewk| Kv‡RB †mB mgqKvi A_©‰bwZK ev¯ÍeZvi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z, GB
gZev‡ì cÖe³viv cY¨ Drcv`b bq eis ‡Kbv †ePv‡KB jv‡fi Drm wnmv‡e ai‡e Zv‡Z Avðh© nIqvi
†Kvb KviY bvB| Gi Av‡Mi hyM-ga¨hy‡Mi cÖe³v‡ì gZ wQj †Kvb cY¨`ª‡eï g~j¨ Ggb n‡Z n‡e hv‡Z
Drcv`b LiP Ges KvwiMi‡ì h_vh_ Rxeb hvc‡bi Rb¨ hZUzKz ìKvi, GB `yB‡qi †hvMdj ev Zvi
mgvb nq| wKš‘ cÖ_g ch©v‡qi gv‡K©bwUj gZev‡ì Ab¨Zg cÖe³v wb‡Kvjvm evieb wZbwU wel‡q
e‡j‡Qb| cÖ_gZt †Kvb c‡Yï ¯^vfvweK (natural) g~j¨ n‡”Q †h `v‡g Zv evRv‡i wewµ Kiv hvq|
wØZxqZt mieivn I Pvwn`vi Ae¯’vB c‡Yï `vg wba©viY K‡i| Z…ZxqZt †Kvb c‡Yï eënvwiK g~j¨
(use value) Zvi Pvwn`v wba©vi‡Yi cÖavb Dcv`vb|3
1705 mv‡j evb©vW g¨vb‡Wwfj bv‡g Bsj¨v‡Ûi GKRb wPwKrmK GKwU KweZv wj‡Lb-ÔThe
Grumbling Hive’| GB KweZv RbwcÖqZv †c‡jI KweZv wb‡q GKUv †K‡j¼vwi ˆZwi nq| MÖvÛ
Ryixi wePv‡i GB KweZv‡K GKUv Dc`ªe e‡j AvL¨v †Ìqv nq| KweZvq cÖPwjZ ag©wek^v‡mi Dci
AvNvZ Kiv n‡qwQj| g~j e³e¨ wQj-cÖZviYv Kiv, AcPq Kiv, wejvwmZv Kiv Gme cvc n‡jI GBme
evwYwR¨K mgv‡R mg„w× Avb‡Z cv‡i| KweZvq †`Lv hvq GKwU mrmgvR A_©‰bwZKfv‡e wech©¯Í nq|
g¨vb‡Wwf‡ji gZ mf¨Zvi D‡Ïk¨ I AvPiY A¨vwi‡÷vUj I GKzBbv‡mi g‡Zi D‡ëv wQj| GiKg mgvR
êlwqK w`K †_‡K DbœwZ Ki‡jI ewY©Z AvPiYmg~n KggvÎvq AbymiY K‡i A_©‰bwZK AMÖMwZ eRvq
mgq bvwn †i
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ivLv hv‡e wKbv, G cÖkœ eZ©gvb mg‡qI cÖvmw½K| wKš‘ AwaKvsk A_©bxwZ we‡klÁ G wel‡q bRi †`bwb|
mvgvwRK wek^vm cwieZ©‡bi m~Pbv nq †cÖv‡U÷v›U Av‡›`vj‡bi ga¨ w`‡q| K¨v_wjK wek^v‡mi g~jgš¿B wQj
Ck^‡ii m‡½ ms‡hv‡Mi GKgvÎ gva¨g nj PvP© ev ag©hvR‡KivB| ag©hvR‡KivB †Kvb e¨w³‡K Zvi
K…ZK‡g©i dj †_‡K gyw³ w`‡Z cv‡i| GB wek^vm K¨v_wjK ag©hvRK‡ì wekvj ÿgZvi AwaKvix
K‡i| †cÖv‡U÷v›U‡ì gZ wQj cÖwZwU gvby‡li we‡eKB Zv‡K PvwjZ Ki‡e| ag©hvR‡Ki ga¨¯’Zvi ìKvi
bvB| cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³i BnKv‡j fvj KvR Kivi †Póv Kiv DwPr| my` †bIqvi Dci wb‡lavÁv K¨v_wjK I
†cÖv‡U÷v›U `yB g‡ZB wQj| †cÖv‡U÷v›U g‡ZI AcPq cwinvi Kivi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ †cÖv‡U÷v›U
gZev‡ì D‡`¨v³viv Gi c‡ÿ wKQz bv ej‡jI mg‡qi mv‡_ mv‡_ cuywRev`xiv eëmvq jvf Kiv a‡g©i
m‡½ m½wZc~Y© GB wek^vm cuywRev`x mgv‡R cÖwZwôZ K‡i|4Õ5
gv‡K©bwUj hy‡M cuywRcwZiv Zv‡ì eëmv-evwYR¨ I jvf Kivi c‡_i mg¯Í mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK evav I
K‡Vvi wbqg `~i Kivi ‡Póv K‡i‡Q| ga¨hy‡M GB wewawb‡la M‡o D‡VwQj Aí msL¨K cÖwZwôZ I
GK‡PwUqv cuywRcwZ‡ì ¯^v‡_©| A_©bxwZ hZB e`jv‡Z _vKj, GB mg¯Í wewawb‡la DbœwZi c‡_ evav
n‡q ùvovj| e¨w³i we‡eKB Zv‡K Pvjv‡e-G‡Z †cÖv‡U÷v›U gZev‡ì m¤§wZ cvIqvi ci ejv ïiæ nj
iv‡óªi wewawb‡la GB wek^v‡mi weiæ‡×, ZvB †m¸‡jv `~i Ki‡Z n‡e| A‡bK cÖe³v GB gZev` cÖPv‡i
D‡`¨vMx n‡qwQ‡jb| m¨vi WvWjx b_© (1641-1691) wQ‡jb cÖ_g fv‡Mi cÖe³v| Zuvi e³e¨ wQj cÖwZwU
gvbyl Zvi wb‡Ri ¯^v_© Øviv cwiPvwjZ| gvbyl‡K webvevavq gy³ evwYR¨ Ki‡Z w`‡jB mgv‡Ri DcKvi
n‡e|6 wZwb e‡jb mgv‡Ri DcKv‡ii K_v e‡j wKQz wKQz ewYK wkícwZ eëmv I wkí Drcv`‡b Zv‡ì
myweav‡_© AvBb cÖYqb Kivi eë¯’v K‡ib| b‡_©i g‡Z ZvB evwYR¨ I Drcv`b msµvšÍ AvBb Zz‡j †Ìqv
DwPr| mgv‡R e¨w³MZ m¤úwËi wbivcËv I ˆbe¨©w³K eëmvqx Pzw³ †g‡b Pjvi evaëvaKZv bv _vK‡j
eëmvqxi gybvdvi A‡š^lY m¤¢e nq bv| GB ai‡bi cÖvwZôvwbK KvVv‡gv M‡o †Zvjvi cÖ‡PóvB mß`k I
Aóv`k kZvãx a‡i P‡j| GB mg‡q A_©bxwZi wPšÍvwe`‡ì g‡a¨ c‡Yï g~j¨ wKfv‡e wba©vwiZ nq, jv‡fi
Drm I cÖK…wZ m¤^‡Ü a¨vb aviYvi cwieZ©b n‡Z _v‡K| ga¨hy‡Mi wPšÍvwe`‡ì gZ wQj †Kvb c‡Yï g~j¨
n‡e Drcv`b Ki‡Z hv LiP nq Zvi m‡½ KvwiMi‡ì h_vh_ Rxebgvb eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ hv cÖ‡qvRb-
GB `yB‡qi †hvMdj| gv‡K©bwUj hy‡Mi cÖ_g w`‡K ewYK cuywRcwZiv †`‡ki †h AÂ‡j ev Ab¨ †`‡k †Kvb
cY¨ Kg `v‡g cvIqv †M‡j Zv wK‡b †h AÂ‡j ev †h †`‡k †mB c‡Yï `vg †ewk †mLv‡b wewµ K‡i jvf
KiZ| ¯^vfvweKfv‡e Zviv g‡b KiZ †Kvb c‡Yï g~j¨ wba©vwiZ nq Zvi wewbgq g~‡jï Øviv| wKš‘ c‡Yï
g~j¨ wba©vi‡Y Drcv`b LiPB cÖavb, GB cyi‡bv gZ mß`k kZ‡Ki ‡k‡l Avevi bZzb K‡i Rxeb †cj|7
gv‡K©bwUj hy‡M A‡bK wPšÍvwe` kÖwgK‡ì Zv‡ì fiY-‡cvl‡Yi LiP I KuvPvgv‡ji `vg †Ìqvi ci †h
DØ„Ë (surplus) _v‡K Zv‡K jvf e‡j wPwýZ K‡ib|8 Z‡e Ghy‡Mi †jL‡Kiv kÖ‡gi m‡½ DØ„Ë I jvf
wKfv‡e hy³ Zv Abyaveb K‡ibwb| cieZ©x‡Z 1776 mv‡j G¨vWvg w¯§_ Zuvi “The Wealth of
Nations” eB‡Z cuywR I jvf m¤ú‡K© AviI cwi®‹vi aviYv †`b|
wdwRIµ¨vUiv (Physiocrat) wQ‡jb d«v‡Ýi mgvR ms¯‹viK| Physiocracy k‡ãi A_© nj order
of nature ev cÖK…wZi web¨vm| wdwRIµ¨vmx m¤^‡Ü G¨vWvg w¯§_ e‡jb-A‡bK ÎæwU m‡Z¡I ivR‰bwZK
A_©bxwZ wel‡q G hver hZ wKQz †jLv n‡q‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ GUvB m‡Zï KvQvKvwQ|9 G‡ì cy‡ivav wQ‡jb
duªv‡mvqv †Kv‡qR‡b (Francois Quesnay)| †Kv‡qR‡b wQ‡jb d«v‡Ýi GKRb weL¨vZ wPwKrmK,
d«v‡Ýi ivRìev‡i Zuvi h‡_ó cÖfve wQj| GB †Mvôx‡Z huviv wQ‡jb Zv‡ì wPšÍvaviv †Kv‡qR‡bi eB
“Tableau Economique” G cvIqv hvq| wdwRIµ¨vU‡ì gZ njt (1) m¤ú‡ì m„wó nq Drcv`b
†_‡K, †mvbv-iæcv AvniY †_‡K bq| (2) †KejgvÎ K…wl Drcv`bB n‡”Q cÖK…Z Drcv`b| K…wlKv‡R
GKUv wbw`©ó cwigvY exR †ivcY Ki‡j K‡qK¸Y †ewk km¨ cvIqv hvq| wKš‘ wk‡í ïaygvÎ KuvPvgv‡ji
iƒcvšÍi nq, K‡qK¸Y ev‡o bv| †h †`k Drcv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i †m †`k †h †`k †mvbv iæcv mÂq K‡i
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Zvi PvB‡Z abx| wdwRIµ¨vUiv ZvB K…wl Drcv`b evovbi Rb¨ c`‡ÿc †bIqvi mycvwik K‡i| wKš‘
Zviv mvgšÍ cÖfz‡ì Dci Ki evovbi mycvwik K‡i| GUv Zv‡ì kvw¯Í †Ìqvi Rb¨ bq| †h‡nZz ZvivB
cÖK…Z Drcv`‡bi AwaKvix, Zv‡ì †ewk Ki †Ìqv DwPr| Zv‡ì gZev‡ì g‡a¨ AviI wQj ivRvi
cÖwZ AbyMZ gvbyl‡ì GK‡PwUqv wkí-evwYR¨ Kivi my‡hvM, Ki Ae¨vnwZ BZ¨vw` †Ìqv DwPr| Zviv
Dcwb‡ek `Lj Kiv ìKvi g‡b KiZ| Dcwb‡ek †_‡K KuvPvgvj I LwbR`ªe¨ cvIqv hvq, hvi wewbg‡q
hy‡×i e¨q msKzjvb Kiv hv‡e| Zviv evwY‡R¨ Avg`vwb Kwg‡q DØ„Ë evov‡bvi c‡ÿ wQj| Zv‡ì wewfbœ
aviYv Aóv`k kZvãxi gvSvgvwS cÖvq `yB `kK a‡i d«v‡Ýi ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK Rxeb‡K cÖfvweZ
K‡i|
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Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb| GB Aw¯’iZvi KviY wQj mvgšÍcÖ_v I ewYK-cuywRev‡ì Kzd‡ji ewntcÖKvk| Ki
Av`vq wQj Ab¨vh¨, wek„•Lj I AKvh©Ki| K…wl‡Z LÛ LÛ Rwgi Dci cyi‡bv hy‡Mi DcKiY eënvi
Kiv nZ| GB eë¯’vB wQj mvgšÍ cÖfz‡ì kw³i Drm| wKš‘ GB eë¯’v ewYK cuywRi AMÖMwZ e¨vnZ
K‡iwQj| wkí Drcv`b I evwY‡R¨ miKvi we¯ÍvwiZ I RwUj ïé-wewa Av‡ivc K‡iwQj| Gi d‡j †h
Aw¯’iZv ˆZwi n‡qwQj ZvB †kl ch©šÍ divmx wecø‡e (1789-1799) iæc †bq| wdwRIµ¨vUiv wek^vm
KiZ mvgvwRK Kg©KvÛ cÖvK…wZK wbqg Kvbyb (natural law) Øviv wbqwš¿Z nq| d«v‡Ýi kvm‡Kiv GBme
wbqg Kvbyb bv Rvbvq Ges †mB Abyhvqx Drcv`b I eëmv bv Pvjv‡bvi Rb¨B wek„•Ljvi m„wó n‡q‡Q|
cÖvK…wZK wbqg Kvbyb Abyhvqx A_©bxwZ I ivRbxwZ cwiPvjbv Ki‡j myôyfv‡e Drcv`b I eëmv evwYR¨
Pj‡e| †Kv‡qR‡bi g‡Z Zuvi mycvwikmg~n GB wbqg Kvbyb †g‡b Kiv n‡q‡Q| wZwb I Zvi Abymvixiv
me ai‡bi ïé I fZ©ywK Zz‡j w`‡Z e‡jb Ges †h mg¯Í AvBb Kvbyb eëmv I Drcv`‡b evav m„wó
K‡iwQj †m¸‡jv i` Ki‡Z e‡jb| Gi cwie‡Z© Zuviv RvZxq wfwË‡Z K…wl Drcv`‡bi Dci Ki avh©
Ki‡Z e‡jb| †QvU †QvU Lvgv‡ii e`‡j eo Lvgvi ¯’vcb Kivi K_vI Zuviv e‡jb| GB mg¯Í ms¯‹vi
ev¯Íevqb Kiv Am¤¢e wQj| mvgšÍcÖfziv wVKB eyS‡Z †c‡iwQj †h Gi d‡j wbqš¿Y Zv‡ì nvZ †_‡K
ewYK-cuywRcwZ‡ì nv‡Z P‡j hv‡e| wdwRIKª¨vUiv ZvB ivRbxwZ‡Z cwieZ©b Avb‡Z cv‡iwb| Zv‡ì
cÖfve wQj †eŠw×K| †Kv‡qR‡bi eB‡Z †jLv KwZcq aviYv cieZ©x hy‡MI ¸iæZ¡ †c‡q‡Q| Gi g‡a¨
wQjt (1) Drcv`bkxj kÖg I Abyrcv`bkxj kÖg Ges DØ„Z¡, (2) Drcv`b c×wZi GKwUi Av‡iKwUi Dci
wbf©ikxjZv, (3) cY¨`ªe¨ I A‡_©i PµvKvi mÂvjb Ges A_© mÂ‡q msKU m„wó nIqvi AvksKv| Gme
aviYvi mgš^‡q GUv wZwb A_©bxwZi GKUv g‡Wj eënvi K‡i †`Lvb|
Z_¨m~Ît
1. Hunt E.K. History of Economic Thought. M. E. Sharpe, New York, 2002, p. 20.
2. Hunt E.K. p. 22.
3. Meek R.L. Studies in the Labour Theory of Value. Monthly Review Press. New York,1975, p. 15.
4. Hill C. ‘Protestantism and the Rise of Capitalism’. In Landes DS, ed. The Rise of Capitalism, New York,1966,
p. 43.
5. Fullerton K. ‘Calvinism and Capitalism: An Explanation of the Weber Thesis’ In Protestantism and
Capitalism. The Weber Thesis and its Critics. ed. Green RW, Heath,1959, p. 18.
6. Quoted in Lekachman R. ed. The Varieties of Economics. 2 vols, New York,1962, vol-1, p. 185.
7. Meek R. L. p. 18.
8. Quoted in Furniss ES. The Position of the Labourer in a System of Nationalism. New York, 1965, p.16.
9. Quoted in Heilbroner R. Teachings from the Worldly Philosophy. Norman and Company, New York,1996,
p. 41.
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aªæc`x A_©bxwZwe` t G¨vWvg w¯§_
Aóv`k kZvãxi †kl w`‡K A‡bK bZzb cÖhyw³i D™¢veb nq| 1771 mv‡j wiPvW© AvK©ivBU bv‡g GKRb
mv‡eK bvwcZ Wvwe©kvqv‡ii µg‡dv‡W© c„w_exi cÖ_g cvwbkw³ PvwjZ myZv KvUvi hš¿ ¯’vcb K‡ib| Zvi
¯’vcbvq 600 Rb kÖwgK wQj-hvi †ewki fvMB wQj wkï| Zviv nv‡Z Pvjv‡bv myZv KvUvi h‡š¿i PvB‡Z
cÖvq `k¸Y †ewk myZv ˆZwi KiZ GB bZzb hš¿ w`‡q| 1775 mv‡j †Rgm IqvU bv‡g ¯‹Uj¨v‡Ûi GKRb
A¼Klvi hš¿cvwZi KvwiMi Avi g¨vw_D †evëb bv‡g evwg©snv‡gi GKRb cÖ‡KŠkjx wg‡j ev¯úPvwjZ
BwÄb ˆZwi Kij, †hUv w`‡q cÖ_gw`‡K Ab¨vb¨ hš¿cvwZ Pvjv‡bv Ges fvwi †evSv Uvbv m¤¢e nj|
cieZ©x‡Z GB BwÄb w`‡q ¯’‡ji hvbevnb Ges Rjc‡_i RvnvR Ggb MwZ‡Z Pvjv‡bv m¤¢e nj hv Av‡M
KíbvI Kiv hvq wb| 1783 mv‡j ‡nbix †KvU© †jvnv ˆZwii GK bZzb cÖhyw³ Avwe®‹vi Ki‡jb hv w`‡q
A‡bK †ewk cwigv‡Y DbœZ gv‡bi †jvnv ˆZwi Kiv hvq| GB me c×wZi cÖ‡qv‡M wkí Drcv`b eë¯’vi
cÖf~Z cwieZ©b nj| ev¯úBwÄb PvwjZ KviLvbvq kZ kZ GgbwK nvRvi nvRvi kÖwgK‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q
Drcv`b A‡bK evovb nj| GB mg¯Í c×wZ Kg mg‡qi g‡a¨ BD‡iv‡ci Ab¨vb¨ RvqMvq GgbwK DËi
Av‡gwiKv‡ZI Qwo‡q coj| AZx‡Zi c×wZ wQj kn‡i KvwiM‡iiv cY¨`ªe¨ ˆZwi KiZ ev ewY‡Kiv
MÖv‡g MÖv‡g wM‡q KvwiMi‡ì w`‡q cY¨`ªe¨ ˆZwi KivZ| GUv e`‡j wM‡q wkí bMix M‡o D‡VwQj|
GBme cwieZ©b hLb NUwQj ZLb ¯‹Uj¨v‡Ûi GKRb Aa¨vcK bZzb A_©‰bwZK c×wZi g~j m~Îmg~n
wPwýZ Kivi †Póv Ki‡jb| Aa¨vcK G¨vWvg w¯§‡_i †jLv ÒThe Wealth of Nations” bv‡gi eB‡K
iÿYkxjZvi g~jgš¿ wnmv‡e eZ©gvb hy‡M MY¨ Kiv nq| wKš‘ hLb GB eB 1776 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ nq,
ZLb Zv wQj e„‡Ubmn BD‡iv‡ci cÖPwjZ mgvReë¯’vi weiæ‡× cÖwZev`| ga¨hyM †_‡K cÂ`k kZ‡Ki
ïiæ ch©šÍ BD‡iv‡ci wPšÍvRMZ wQj wLª÷vb hvRK‡ì wbqš¿‡Y| cÖvK…wZK NUbvejx‡K ag©xq ZË¡ Abyhvqx
e¨vL¨v Ki‡Zb ag©hvR‡Kiv| w¯§‡_i R‡b¥i GKkZ eQi Av‡M †_‡K cÖvK…wZK NUbvejxi †hŠw³K we‡kølY
wbY©q K‡i Zv cÖPvi Kivi †Póv n‡Z _v‡K| d«vwÝm †eKb, wb‡Kvjvm †KvcviwbKvm cÖgL~ weÁvbxiv
êÁvwbK we‡kølY‡KB cÖvK…wZK NUbvejx eySvi Dcvq e‡j wba©viY Ki‡jb| µ‡gB AwaK msL¨K gvbyl
ag©xq Z‡Ë¡i evB‡i êÁvwbK cÖwµqv‡KB cÖvK…wZK Kg©Kv‡Ûi wbqg wbY©q Kivi Dcvq wnmv‡e MÖnY Ki‡Z
_vK‡jb| M¨vwjwjI M¨v‡jjx (1564-1642) êÁvwbK cixÿvi gva¨‡g cÖgvY Ki‡jb cÖvK…wZK wbqg-
Kvbyb AbymÜv‡bi gva¨‡g wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e| †i‡b †`KvZ© Zuvi Discourse on Method (1607) eB‡q
hyw³ w`‡jb weÁv‡bi gva¨‡gB gvbyl cÖK…wZ‡K wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cv‡i| AvBRvK wbDUb (1640-1727)
êÁvwbK cixÿv wbixÿv I A¼kv‡¯¿i cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g MwZi wbqš¿‡Yi wbqg I gva¨vKl©‡Yi c×wZ
Avwe®‹vi K‡i †`Lv‡jb weÁvbB cÖK…wZ I wek^RMZ‡K Rvbv I cÖfvweZ Kivi Dcvq|1 BD‡ivcxq
wPšÍvRM‡Zi cwieZ©‡bi GB †cÖÿvc‡U G¨vWvg w¯§_ GKwU RvwZi m¤ú` wKfv‡e evo‡e Zvi we‡kølY
Zz‡j a‡ib| Zuvi wKQz e³e¨ mg‡qi cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ eZ©gv‡b Kg cÖvmw½K g‡b n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ Zv
w¯§‡_i mg‡qi ev¯ÍeZv‡K we‡ePbvq wb‡q eySv ìKvi|
G¨vWvg w¯§_ (1723-1790)t
G¨vWvg w¯§_ Rb¥ MÖnY K‡ib ¯‹Uj¨v‡Ûi GwWbeivi Kv‡Q GKUv †QvU kni wKK©Wx‡Z (Kirkaldy) GK
mvaviY cwiev‡i| Zuvi evev Zuvi R‡b¥i K‡qK gvm Av‡M gviv hvb| wZwb †gavex QvÎ wQ‡jb Ges 14
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eQi eq‡m Møvm‡Mv wek^we`¨vj‡q fwZ© nb| Zuvi wkÿK Aa¨vcK nvwPmb Gi ag©xq I ivR‰bwZK `„wófw½
wQj D`vi Ges cÖPwjZ ag©xq iÿYkxjZvi wec‡ÿ| nvwPmb cÖPwjZ wbq‡g j¨vwUb fvlvq e³…Zv w`‡Z
AcviMZv cÖKvk K‡ib| w¯§‡_i wPšÍvavivi MV‡b nvwPm‡bi h‡_ó cÖfve wQj|2 1740 mv‡j w¯§_
A·‡dvW© wek^we`¨vj‡q †jLvcovi Rb¨ e„wË jvf K‡ib| †mLvbKvi cwi‡ek eyw×e„wËi weKv‡ki Rb¨
AbyK~j wQj bv Ges GLv‡b Zuvi Qq eQi fv‡jv Kv‡Uwb e‡j wZwb eB‡q D‡jøL K‡ib|3 Z‡e GLv‡b
Aa¨q‡bi mgq wZwb Zuvi jÿ¨ e`jvb| Zuvi D‡Ïk¨ cÖ_‡g wQj ag©hvRK nIqvi| wZwb Aa¨vcbv Kivi
wm×všÍ †bb| Møvm‡Mv‡Z †divi cuvP eQi ci wZwb Møvm‡Mv wek^we`¨vj‡qi hyw³we`¨vi Aa¨vcK c‡` wb‡qvM
cvb| GK eQi ciB wZwb Zuvi Aa¨vcK nvwPmb †h c‡` wQ‡jb-‡mB bxwZ kv‡¯¿i Aa¨vc‡Ki c` cvb|
GLv‡b KvR Kivi mg‡qB 1759 mv‡j Zuvi eB ÒThe Theory of Moral Sentiments” cÖKvwkZ
nq| GB eB‡Z wZwb mgv‡Ri ÔcÖvK…wZK web¨vmÕ (natural order) wbY©q Kivi †Póv K‡ib| gvby‡li
AvPi‡Yi wZbwU PvwjKv kw³ wZwb D‡jøL K‡ib; cÖ_gZ-¯^v_©ciZv, wØZxq-gy³ _vKvi AvKv•Lv, Z…Zxq-
KvR Kivi Af¨vm I wewbgq Kivi cÖeYZv| w¯§‡_i g‡Z GB PvwjKvkw³ G‡K Aci‡K mshZ Kivi
Ges fvimvg¨ Avbvi KvR K‡i mgv‡Ri cÖvK…wZK m½wZ eRvq iv‡L| gvbyl hw` Zvi wbR ¯^v_© Abyhvqx
KvR Kivi my‡hvM cvq, Zvn‡j †mUv m‡PZbfv‡e Kiv bv n‡jI mgMÖ mgv‡Ri Kv‡R jv‡M|
1762 mv‡j wZwb evKjyÕi (Buccleuch) wWD‡Ki cy‡Îi M„nwkÿK nevi my‡hvM cvb Ges Aa¨vc‡Ki
c‡` B¯Ídv †`b| GLv‡b Zuvi †eZb wQj Aa¨vcK wnmv‡e †eZ‡bi wØ¸Y| †mB mgq Bsj¨v‡Û mgv‡Ri
D”P‡kÖYxi gvby‡li cyÎmšÍvb‡ì Rb¨ M„nwkÿK ivLv nZ| Zuviv QvÎ‡K wb‡q BD‡iv‡ci wewfbœ ¯’v‡b mgq
KvUv‡Zb hv‡Z Zviv Ab¨vb¨ ms¯‹…wZi mv‡_ cwiwPZ n‡Z cv‡i| `wÿY d«v‡Ý cÖvq †ò eQi KvUv‡bvi ci
w¯§_ I Zuvi QvÎ hvb †R‡bfvq| GLv‡b w¯§_ cwiwPZ nb fj‡Zqv‡ii m‡½| Zvici Zvuiv hvb c¨vwi‡m|
c¨vwim wQj †mB mgq wkí mvwnZ¨ I e„w×e„wË PP©vi †K›`ª| GLv‡b w¯§‡_i m‡½ wdwRIµ¨vU‡ì †hvMv‡hvM
nq Ges wZwb Zuv‡ì wPšÍvavivi m‡½ cwiwPZ nb| Zuv‡ì m¤^‡Ü wZwb e‡jb, G ch©šÍ G wel‡q hv wKQz
cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q ÎæwU _vKv m‡Z¡I wdwRIµ¨vU‡ì gZvgZB m‡Zï KvQvKvwQ| Z‡e wZwb Zv‡ì
we‡køl‡Yi m‡½ GKgZ n‡Z cv‡ib wb| 1766 mv‡j Zuvi Qv‡Îi GK wbKU AvZ¥x‡qi g„Zy¨‡Z Zuv‡ì
BD‡iv‡c Ae¯’vb †kl K‡i ¯‹Uj¨v‡Û wd‡i Avm‡Z nq| cieZ©x `k eQ‡i w¯§_ Zuvi eB ÒThe Wealth
of Nations” wj‡Lb| eBwU 1776 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ nq| Gici cÖvq †Zi eQi wZwb KvUvb ¯‹Uj¨v‡Û
ïé Kwgkbvi c‡`| GUv Avð‡h©i welq †h, G¨vWvg w¯§_ Zuvi wPšÍvkw³i A‡bKUvB e¨q Ki‡jb gy³
evwYR¨ I miKv‡ii f~wgKv Kgv‡bvi c‡ÿ hyw³ ˆZwi K‡i, A_P wZwbB miKvwi wbqš¿‡Ki c‡` ‡ek eo
mgq KvUv‡jb| w¯§_ wb‡R cÖvwZôvwbKfv‡e A_©bxwZ Aa¨qb K‡ib wb| wZwb QvÎ‡ìI KL‡bv A_©bxwZ
covb wb| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ †mB mgq A_©bxwZkv¯¿ Avjv`v welq wQj bv, GUv `k©bkv‡¯¿i A½ wnmv‡e MY¨ Kiv
nZ|
w` I‡qj_ Ae ‡bkbmt (The Wealth of Nations)
w¯§‡_i eBwU cuvPwU As‡k fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖ_g As‡k i‡q‡Q g~j¨ m¤^‡Ü we‡kølY, kÖ‡gi wefvRb I
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mg_©‡b hyw³ †`Lv‡bvi Rb¨ K‡qKwU †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK BwZnvm eY©bv; PZz_© As‡k A_©bxwZ m¤^‡Ü
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nIqv DwPr Zvi weeiY|4
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Av‡Q| Av‡iKwU welq n‡jv kÖ‡gi wefvRb| †Kvb cY¨ Drcv`b fvM K‡i Kiv n‡j Drcv`b ev‡o|
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Drcv`b kw³ evo‡j wewb‡qvM Kivi gZ cuywRI ev‡o| GKwU †`‡ki Kvw•LZ Avq wbf©i K‡i KZUv cuywR
evo‡Q Zvi Dci| cuywR hZ DbœZZi Drcv`b eë¯’vq wewb‡qvM Kiv hv‡e ZZ Drcv`b evo‡e| †h mg¯Í
†`k cuywR evov‡Z cv‡i, Zv mwVKfv‡e eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i I Zvi wbivcËv w`‡Z cv‡i †mB †`‡ki DbœwZ
nq| Dbœq‡bi cÖwµqv mvgvwRK MV‡b AšÍwb©wnZ| hLb †Kvb c‡Yï mieivn Pvwn`vi PvB‡Z Kg _v‡K
ZLb Zvi g~j¨ ev‡o Ges Drcv`‡Kiv †mB cY¨ ˆZwi‡Z wewb‡qvM evovq| mieivn evo‡j g~j¨ K‡g, †mB
c‡Y¨ wewb‡qvM bv K‡i Drcv`‡Kiv jvfRbK c‡Y¨ wewb‡qvM K‡i| GBfv‡e mgv‡Ri Pvwn`v Abyhvqx
c‡Yï Drcv`b wbqwš¿Z nq| wKš‘ GB eë¯’v ZLbB myôyfv‡e Pj‡Z cv‡i hLb gy³ evwYR¨ I cÖwZ‡hvwMZv
_v‡K| miKvi †Kvb c‡Y¨ fZ©ywK w`‡j, ïé Av‡ivc Ki‡j ev GK‡PwUqv eëmvi my‡hvM w`‡j Drcv`‡Kiv
g~j¨ evovq| ÿwZMÖ¯Í nq mvaviY gvbyl| GBme Kvi‡Y miKv‡ii KvR nIqv DwPr evRvi A_©bxwZ‡K gy³
ivLv| miKv‡ii f~wgKv †`kiÿv, wePvi, AeKvVv‡gv ˆZwi, wkí BZ¨vw`‡Z mxwgZ ivLv cÖ‡qvRb|5
c‡Yï g~j¨ we‡kølYt
wKfv‡e c‡Yï g~j¨ wba©viY nq Zv w¯§_ we‡kølY Kivi †Póv K‡i‡Qb| wZwb eënvwiK g~j¨ (value in
use) Ges wewbgq g~j¨ (value in exchange) G `y‡Uv m¤^‡Ü Avjv`v aviYv w`‡q‡Qb| wZwb wewbgq
g~j¨‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q‡Qb| A‡bK wRwb‡mi eënvwiK g~j¨ Lye †ewk †hgb-evZvm hv gvby‡li Rxe‡bi Rb¨
Acwinvh©| wKš‘ Zvi wewbgq g~j¨ bvB| Avevi wKQz wKQz wRwbm Av‡Q hvi eënvwiK g~j¨ bvB †hgb-
nxiv wKš‘ wewbgq g~j¨ A‡bK| wZwb Av‡iKUv aviYv †`b, ‡mUv n‡”Q cÖK…Z g~j¨ (natural value) I
evRvi g~‡jï (market price) cv_©K¨| cÖK…Z g~j¨ wbf©i K‡i KZUv kÖg GKUv cY¨ ˆZwi‡Z w`‡Z
n‡q‡Q Zvi Dci| cY¨ ˆZwi Ki‡Z wKQz hš¿cvwZ I Drcv`b mvgMÖxi ìKvi nq| wKš‘ GB¸‡jvI
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n‡e| evRvi g~j¨ n‡”Q †Kvb e¯‘i GKUv we‡kl mg‡q GKUv we‡kl evRv‡i wewbgq g~j¨| evRvi g~j¨
IVvbvgv Ki‡Z cv‡i hv wbf©i K‡i c‡Yï mieivn I Pvwn`vi Dci| wKš‘ cÖK…Z g~‡jï m‡½ evRvi
g~‡jï GKUv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© m¤cK© Av‡Q| cÖK…Z g~j¨‡K ‡K›`ª K‡iB evRvi g~j¨ IVvbvgv K‡i mieivn hw`
Pvwn`vi PvB‡Z Kg nq Zvn‡j evRvi g~j¨ †ewk nq, Drcv`‡Ki jvfI ev‡o| Ab¨vb¨ cuywRcwZiv †ewk
jv‡fi Avkvq GB cY¨ ˆZwi Kiv ïiæ Ki‡e| d‡j mieivn evo‡e I c‡Yï g~j¨ K‡g cÖK…Z g~‡jï
Kv‡Q P‡j Avm‡e| Avevi mieivn hw` Pvwn`vi PvB‡Z †ewk nq Zvn‡j jvf Kg n‡e| cuywRcwZiv Ab¨
cY¨ ˆZwi Ki‡e| mieivn K‡g Avm‡e Ges evRvig~j¨ cÖK…Z g~‡jï Kv‡Q P‡j Avm‡e| GBfv‡e cÖK…Z
g~j¨ fvimvg¨ iv‡L Avi †Kvb cY¨ ˆZwi‡Z KZUv cuywR wewb‡qvM n‡e Zv wba©viY K‡i| cieZ©x hy‡Mi
†jL‡Kiv cÖK…Z g~j¨ I evRvi g~‡jï cv_©K¨ wb‡q GB we‡kølY AcÖ‡qvRbxq g‡b K‡i‡Qb|6
w¯§_ cÖK…Z g~j¨ wba©viY Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb Zvi GKUv KviY wQj-Ggb GKwU w¯’wZkxj gvcKvwV ˆZwi
Kiv hv w`‡q mgv‡Ri †gvU Drcv`‡bi g~j¨ wVK Kiv hv‡e Ges mg‡qi eëav‡b Drcv`‡bi IVvbvgvi
Zzjbv Kiv hv‡e| evRvi g~j¨ GZB cwieZ©bkxj †h †mUv GB gvcKvwV n‡Z cv‡i bv| w¯’wZkxj gvcKvwVi
cÖ‡qvR‡b wZwb ÔkÖg GK‡KiÕ AeZviYv K‡i‡Qb| G‡Z †Kvb GKUv cY¨ Drcv`b Ki‡Z KZUv kÖ‡gi
cÖ‡qvRb nq GUv‡K ÔkÖg GKKÕ aiv nq| Rwgi gvwjK I cuywRi gvwjK‡ì GB c‡Yï g~‡j¨ †h Ask
Av‡Q †mUv‡KI kÖ‡gi GK‡Ki wnmv‡e cÖKvk Kiv nq| †gvU Drcv`b‡K hw` kÖ‡gi GK‡K iæcvšÍi Kiv
hvq Zvn‡j †Kvb GK mg‡q †mB Drcv`‡bi GK‡Ki m‡½ cieZ©x †Kvb mg‡qi †gvU Drcv`‡bi m‡½
Zzjbv Kivi GKUv Dcvq cvIqv hvq| wKš‘ G‡ZI mgm¨v †_‡K hvq| mg‡qi m‡½ m‡½ hw` kÖwg‡Ki
gRywi e`‡j hvq A_ev kÖwg‡Ki Drcv`b ÿgZv ev‡o Zvn‡j m~P‡Ki w¯’wZkxjZv _v‡K bv|7 GKUv
w¯’wZkxj m~PK Zzjbvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Ges w¯§‡_i cÖ‡Póv eZ©gvb hy‡MI cÖvmw½K| wewfbœ †`‡ki
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A_©bxwZi mÿgZvi Zzjbv Ki‡Z wM‡q GKwU †`‡k KZUv kÖ‡gi wewbg‡q KZUv wbw`©ó cY¨ †Kbv hvq-
GB m~PK GL‡bv eënvi Kiv nq|
kÖ‡gi wefvRbt
kÖ‡gi aviYv ‡h mg‡q w¯§_ eY©bv K‡ib, ZLb c„w_ex‡Z eo KviLvbv wQj Lye Kg| ‡ewkifvM Drcv`b
Aí K‡qKRb gvbyl wg‡j KiZ| wZwb ÔwcbÕ ˆZwii KviLvbvi D`vniY w`‡q kÖ‡gi wefvR‡bi myweav Zz‡j
a‡ib| wcb ˆZwii me ch©vq hw` GKRb kÖwgK K‡i Zvn‡j †h cwigvY wcb Drcv`b n‡e, wcb ˆZwii
mg¯Í ch©vq (cÖvq 18wU ch©v‡q wcb ˆZwi fvM Kiv n‡qwQj) Avjv`v Avjv`v kÖwgK wg‡j Ki‡j Drcv`b
A‡bK¸Y ev‡o| ïay GKUv Ask Ki‡j kÖwgK GKB KvR evi evi Ki‡Z Ki‡Z `ÿZv ev‡o| GKUv Ask
†_‡K Av‡iKUv Ask cwieZ©‡b †h mgq jvMZ ZvI euv‡P| GQvov kÖwg‡Kiv GKUv As‡k wb‡qvwRZ _vK‡j
GB KvRUv Kivi Rb¨ bZzb cÖhyw³I Zviv D™¢veb Ki‡Z cv‡i|8 ‡hme wk‡í GBfv‡e KvR wefvRb Kiv
Av‡Q †mme KviLvbvq hš¿cvwZi †ewkifvM D™¢veb kÖwg‡KivB K‡iwQj|9
kÖ‡gi wefvRb ïay GKwU wRwb‡mi Drcv`‡b mxgve× _vK‡j Pj‡e bv| GK kni I Av‡iK kn‡ii g‡a¨
kÖ‡gi wefvRb n‡Z cv‡i| GKUv kni GKUv we‡kl cY¨ ˆZwi‡Z wb‡qvwRZ _vK‡j Zviv AviI fv‡jvfv‡e
KvRwU Ki‡Z cvi‡e| GB ai‡bi we‡klvwqZ Drcv`b eë¯’v evRvi‡K AviI cÖmvwiZ K‡i| Avevi
wewfbœ †`‡ki g‡a¨ kÖ‡gi wefvRbI n‡Z cv‡i| †h †`k †h cY¨ fvjfv‡e I Kgg~‡j¨ ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i
†mB †`‡ki †mUvB Kiv DwPr| †mB c‡Yï wewbg‡q Ab¨ †`k †_‡K Ab¨ we‡klvwqZ cY¨ †Kbv hv‡e|
w¯§_ e‡j‡Qb, Bsj¨v‡Ûi PvB‡Z Kg g~‡j¨ Ab¨ †Kvb †`k hw` ‡Kvb GKUv cY¨ ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvn‡j
Bsj¨v‡Ûi DwPr n‡e wb‡R Zv ˆZwi bv K‡i †mB †`k †_‡K †mB cY¨ †Kbv, G‡Z Bsj¨vÛ jvfevb n‡e|10
GLv‡bI gy³ evRvi A_©bxwZ mg„w× NUv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| evRvi g~j¨B Drcv`b mÿgZv Abyhvqx GK
GKUv †`k‡K cY¨ ˆZwi Kivi my‡hvM K‡i †`q| GUv memgq cwiKíbvgvwdK Kivi ìKvi nq bv|
we‡`kx c‡Yï Avg`vwbi Dci ïé Av‡ivc ev cwigvY mxwgZ Kiv †mB Kvi‡Y A_©bxwZi cÖe„w×i Rb¨
evav| †h mgv‡R Aev‡a cY¨ wewbgq Kiv hvq †mB mgvRB kÖ‡gi wefvR‡bi c~Y© myweav †c‡Z cv‡i|
evRv‡ii cÖmvi cY¨ wewbgq evovq- Kv‡RB evRv‡ii cwiwa evov‡bvi c‡_ me evav `~i Kiv mg„w× e„w×i
Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb|
Aw÷ªqvi A_©bxwZwe` Ludwig Von Mises wesk kZvãxi we‡ki `k‡K mgvRZ‡š¿i wec‡ÿ hyw³
†`b| Zuvi g‡Z, †Kvb miKv‡ii c‡ÿ GKUv mdj A_©bxwZ cwiPvjbv Kivi Rb¨ hZ wnmve wbKvk Kiv
ìKvi, Zv m¤¢e bq| Zuvi g‡Z evRvi A_©bxwZ †hLv‡b Pvwn`v evov-Kgv I g~‡jï IVvbvgvi Øviv Drcv`b
wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv A‡bK †ewk Kvh©Ki| Zuvi QvÎ †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi weRqx A_©bxwZwe` †d«WvwiK
nv‡qK (Friedrich Hayek) GKB gZ †`b|
BwZnvm I mgvR m¤^‡Ü e³e¨t
w¯§_ e‡jb-gvbe mgvR †h cÖwµqvq Drcv`b K‡i Ges Rxebavi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxq wRwbm mgv‡Ri wewfbœ
As‡ki g‡a¨ weZiY K‡i ZvB mgv‡Ri GKR‡bi m‡½ Ab¨R‡bi Ges GK †kÖYxi m‡½ Aci †kÖYxi
m¤úK© wba©viY K‡i| GB m¤úK©¸‡jv mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi MV‡biI cÖavb wba©©viK| ‡Kvb mgv‡R
m¤úwËi gvwjKvbvi Dci †m mgv‡Ri ev †`‡ki miKv‡ii cÖK…wZ wba©vwiZ nq|11 w¯§_ g‡b Ki‡Zb
mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK weKv‡ki PviwU m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v ¯Íi Av‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡jvt wkKvi, cïcvjb, K…wl
I eëmv evwYR¨| cÖwZ ¯Í‡iB mgv‡R wKfv‡e Drcv`b nq Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq wRwbmcÎ wKfv‡e mgv‡R
weZiY Kiv nq Zv mgv‡Ri wewfbœ cÖwZôvb Ges miKv‡ii MVb I wµqvKjvc eySvi Rb¨ cÖavb kZ©| me
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mgv‡RB GB me ¯Í†ii †Kvb bv †KvbUv‡Z wQj ev Av‡Q| Z‡e me mgv‡RB †h GB me ¯Í‡i ch©vqµ‡g
DËiY NU‡e Zv bq| h_vh_ †fŠMwjK, A_©‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZ cwi‡ek _vK‡j †Kvb GKwU mgvR GK ¯Íi
†_‡K Av‡iK ¯Í‡i DËiY NU‡Z cv‡i| wkKviwfwËK mgvR‡K w¯§_ mePvB‡Z wb¤œ¯Í‡ii e‡j MY¨ K‡ib|
DËi Av‡gwiKvi Avwèvmx †MvÎ¸‡jv‡K wZwb D`vniY wn‡m‡e Zz‡j a‡ib| GBme mgv‡R `vwi`ª I
Rxebavi‡Yi msK‡Ui Rb¨ GKai‡bi mgZv weivR K‡i| myweav‡fvMx †Mvôx GB mgv‡R †`Lv hvq bv|
KviY GB ai‡bi myweav †Ìqvi gZ A_©‰bwZK wfwË GB mgv‡R _v‡K bv|12 cïcvjb‡K wZwb cieZ©x
DbœZ ¯Íi e‡j‡Qb| cïcvjb cÖavb KvR nIqvq GB mgvR mvaviYZ hvhvei nq| Avie I ZvZvi
Rb‡Mvôxi D`vniY wZwb w`‡q‡Qb| cïi gvwjKvbv GB mgv‡R m¤ú‡ì m~PK| m¤ú` AR©b Ki‡j Zvi
wbivcËvi cÖ‡qvRb nq| GB eë¯’vq wKQz e¨w³ m¤ú`kvjx I AwaK kw³i AwaKvix nq Ges evwK‡ì
kw³ _v‡K Kg| GB iKg mgv‡Ri MVb weËkvjx‡ì myweav iÿvq KvR K‡i|13 K…wlwfwËK mgv‡Ri
D`vniY nj ga¨hy‡Mi mvgšÍcÖ_vwfwËK BD‡ivc| GB mgv‡R gvbyl ¯’vqxfv‡e GK RvqMvq emevm K‡i
K…wl Drcv`‡b wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K| GiKg mgv‡R Rwgi gvwjKvbv wQj mgv‡R cÖwZcwË I ÿgZvi Drm|
we‡klZt eo Rwg`v‡iiv wQj kvmK‡kÖYx| DËivwaKvim~‡Î wcZvi Rwgi gvwjK nZ ïay †R¨ôcyÎ| Gi
d‡j eskci¯úivq Rwg LÛ weLÛ nZ bv| eo Rwg`v‡iiv wQj GK GKRb †QvU ivRv Avi Pvwliv wQj
Zvi cÖRv, hv‡ì AwaKvi I ¯^vaxbZv wQj LyeB mxwgZ| eëmv evwYR¨ cÖavb mgv‡R AwaKvsk gvby‡li
AwaKvi I ¯^vaxbZv ev‡o| GUv wQj GKUv eo AMÖMwZ|
w¯§‡_i g‡Z BD‡iv‡c kni I bM‡ii cÖe„w× wQj eëmv evwY‡Rï cÖmv‡ii dj| kni I bMi wQj g~jZt
we‡`‡ki evwY‡Rï Dci wbf©ikxj| ‡mB AÂ‡ji K…wlwfwËK A_©bxwZi Dci wbf©iZv wQj Kg| ga¨hy‡Mi
ivRbïv kni I bM‡ii cÖmv‡ii AbygwZ w`‡qwQj KviY Zviv GLvb †_‡K Ki I Ab¨vb¨ myweav Av`vq
Ki‡Z cviZ| GQvov Rwg`vi‡ì m¤ú` e¨q Kivi my‡hvMI wQj Kg| Zv‡ì m¤ú` †ewkifvM e¨q nZ
AbyPi‡ì wcQ‡b| kni I bM†i wkí`ªe¨ I wejvm`ªe¨ ˆZwi nIqvq Zviv †fv‡Mi myweav †cj| kn‡i
emevmKvix wewfbœ †kÖYxi gvbyl m¤úwË ivLvi AwaKvi †cj-hv Zv‡ì e¨w³MZ m¤ú` evov‡Z DrmvwnZ
Kij| wb‡Ri m¤ú` evov‡bvi AvMÖn gvby‡li GKwU mnRvZ cÖe„wË e‡j w¯§_ g‡b Ki‡Zb| Zuvi g‡Z
e¨w³MZ m¤ú` evov‡bvi cÖ‡Póvi gva¨‡g gvbyl mgv‡Ri g½j mvab K‡i| kni I bM‡ii cÖmvi evRvi
m„wó K‡iwQj| †¯ú‡b ivRb¨ I Rwg`v‡iiv Zv‡ì DØ„Ë¡ K…wlcY¨ wewµ K‡i wkí`ªe¨ wKb‡Z cviZ|
ga¨hy‡Mi K…wl wQj Kg Drcv`bkxj| †ewk cY¨`ªe¨ †Kbvi cÖ‡qvR‡b Rwg`vi‡ì K…wl Drcv`b evov‡bvi
ìKvi nj| Zv‡ì gvwjKvbvaxb †h me Rwg Av‡M mevB wg‡j †fvM KiZ Zv‡Z Zviv K…wlKvR ïiæ
Kij| K…lK‡ì KvQ †_‡K dm‡ji Ask †bIqvi e`‡j Zviv Rwg BRviv w`‡q A_© Av`vq Kiv ïiæ
Kij| K…wl Drcv`b evoj| d‡j wkí`ª‡eï wewµI evoj| bMi I kn‡ii AviI mg„w× NUj| gvbyl
Zvi e¨w³MZ m¤ú` e„w×i cÖ‡Póvq GBfv‡e evwYR¨ wbf©i mgv‡Ri DbœwZ NUvj| GUv w¯§‡_i ÔA`„k¨ nvZÕ
Gi D`vniY, †hLv‡b e¨w³MZ DbœwZi cÖ‡Póv cÖvK…wZK wbq‡g mvgwMÖK m¤ú` evovq| m¤úwËi gvwjKvbvq
cv_©‡Kï d‡j mgv‡R gvby‡li Avq Kg-‡ewk nq, Avi Gi †_‡KB DrcwË nq wewfbœ †kÖYxi, GUv w¯§_
g‡b Ki‡Zb| cÖ‡Z¨K †`‡ki †gvU evwl©K Avq wZbfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq-Rwgi LvRbv (rent), kÖwg‡Ki
†eZb Avi wewb‡qv‡Mi Dci jvf| Gmg¯ÍB wZb †kÖYxi gvbyl cvq-Rwgi gvwjK, kÖwgK I ewYK| GB
wZbwU †kÖYxB nj †Kvb mf¨ mgv‡Ri g~j †kÖYx|14 GKUv wel‡q w¯§_ wbwðZ wQ‡jb †h, mgv‡Ri GB wZb
†kÖYxi g‡a¨ GKgvÎ kÖwg‡KivB m¤ú` m„wó K‡i| Ô†Kvb RvwZi Rwg ev kÖ‡gi Drcv`‡bi g~j¨ evo‡Z
cv‡i GKgvÎ kÖwg‡Ki msL¨v evov‡bv ev kÖwg‡Ki Drcv`b ÿgZv evov‡bvi gva¨‡gÕ| Ôc„w_exi me m¤ú`
cÖ_‡g ˆZwi n‡qwQj kÖg w`‡q, †mvbv ev iæcv w`‡q bqÕ|15 Drcv`‡bi Dcv`vbmg~‡ni Dci hLb GKwU
ÿz`ª As‡ki gvbyl KZ©„Z¡ ¯’vcb Kij, ZLb Zviv kÖwgK‡ì eva¨ Kij Drcv`‡bi GKUv Ask Zv‡ì
w`‡Z| Drcv`‡bi As‡ki wK cwigvY kÖwgK cv‡e Avi wK cwigvY gvwjK cv‡e, GUv wb‡q Ø›Ø ïiæ nj|
gvwjK‡ì †Póv nj kÖwgK‡ì Ask Kgv‡Z Avi kÖwgK‡ì †Póv nj Zv‡ì Ask evov‡Z| GB Ø‡›Ø
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gvwjK‡ì nv‡ZB wQj ÿgZv| w¯§_ gvwjK‡ì ÿgZvi wZbwU Drm †`wL‡q‡Qb|16 Zviv miKvi‡K I
RbgZ‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cv‡i, Avi †h †Kvb Ø‡›Ø gvwj‡Kiv Zv‡ì m¤ú‡ì Kvi‡Y †ewk mgq wU‡K
_vK‡Z cv‡i| w¯§_ ¯úófv‡eB gvwjK I kÖwgK‡ì †kÖYxMZ Ø‡›Øi ¸iæZ¡ wPwýZ K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb
†`wL‡q‡Qb †kÖYxMZ cv_©‡Kï KviY Rwg I Drcv`b mvgMÖxi gvwjKvbv| wZwb Drcv`b mvgMÖxi ev cuywRi
gvwjK‡ì ÿgZvi wewfbœ Dr‡mi eY©bv K‡i‡Qb|
Av‡qi weZiY I cuywR e„w×t
mgv‡Ri wZb cÖavb As‡ki g‡a¨ †gvU Avq weZiY Kiv nq| kÖwg‡Kiv cvq gRywi, Rwgi gvwjK cvq fvov,
Avi cuywRi gvwjK cvq jvf| Rwgi gvwjK‡ì w¯§_ ÔAjmÕ e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb| Zuviv Drcv`b
evov‡bvi PvB‡Z †fvM wejv‡m †ewk g‡bv‡hvM †`b| mÂq K‡i Zv wewb‡qv‡M m‡Pó bb| kÖwgK‡ì gRywi
Zv‡ì fiY-‡cvl‡YB hvq, †Zgb DØ„Ë _v‡K bv| cuywRcwZ‡ì jvfB ZvB wewb‡qv‡Mi g~j Dcv`vb|
A_©bxwZi cÖmvi NU‡Z _vK‡j kÖwgK‡ì Pvwn`v ev‡o Ges Zv‡ì †eZbI ev‡o| G‡Z †gvU Av‡qi g‡a¨
cuywRcwZ‡ì jv‡fi Ask K‡g hvq| cuywRcwZ‡ì wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi Kvi‡YI jv‡fi Ask
Kg _v‡K| d‡j m¤ú` evovi mv‡_ mv‡_ †`‡k jvfRbKfv‡e wewb‡qvM Kivi my‡hvM Kg‡Z _v‡K|17
Drcv`b evovi m‡½ m‡½ Rwgi Pvwn`vI ev‡o-Gi `yÕ‡Uv KviYt cÖ_g-m¤ú` evo‡j RbmsL¨v ev‡o,
Lv‡`ï cÖ‡qvRbI ev‡o| wØZxq- wkí Drcv`b evovi Rb¨ K…wlRvZ KuvPvgv‡ji Pvwn`v (†hgb-KvV, Zzjv)
ev‡o| K…wlc‡Yï Pvwn`v evo‡j Zvi `vgI ev‡o| Zv‡Z jvfevb nq Rwgi gvwj‡Kiv| †gvU Drcv`b
g~‡jï ewa©Z Ask Zviv †c‡Z _v‡K| cuywRcwZ‡ì jvf Kg‡Z _vKvq †kl ch©šÍ Drcv`b e„w× ¯’wei n‡q
†h‡Z cv‡i| m¤ú` evovi GBme mxgve×Zv m¤ú‡K© w¯§_ D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb, wKšÍ wZwb Gi we¯ÍvwiZ
we‡kølY K‡ib wb| G¨vWvg w¯§_ Zuvi †jLvi ga¨ w`‡q A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ûi mvgwMÖK we‡kølY Kivi †Póv
K‡i‡Qb| hv Zuvi Av‡M Avi †KD K‡ib wb| hwÌ Zuvi we‡køl‡Yi AwaKvsk m~ÎB Zuvi Av‡M †Kvb bv
†Kvbfv‡e cÖPwjZ wQj| Zuvi K…wZZ¡ nj Gmg¯Í wewfbœ m~Îmg~n‡K mgš^q K‡i A_©bxwZi MwZ cÖK…wZi
GKUv c~Y© weeiY ˆZwi Kiv Ges †mUv e„nËi Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ cÖPvi Kiv| G Kv‡R wZwb wecyjfv‡e mdj
n‡qwQ‡jb| Zuvi eB cÖ_g cÖKv‡ki Qq gv‡mi g‡a¨ †kl n‡q hvq Ges Zuvi mg‡q wZwb wPšÍvwe` wnmv‡e
D”P mgvìI cvb| cieZ©x kZvãxi wPšÍvwe‡ìv Zuvi Øviv GZB cÖfvweZ wQ‡jb †h, Zv‡ì †jLvi
†ewkifvMB wQj w¯§‡_i eY©bvi Am¤ú~Y©Zv wb‡q ev Zuvi mgv‡jvPbv| mgv‡Ri m¤ú` evov‡bvi Rb¨ cuywRi
gvwjK‡ì gy³ evRv‡ii cÖ‡qvR‡bi c‡ÿ w¯§_ e³e¨ †i‡L‡Qb| wKš‘ wZwb Gi Ab¨ w`K m¤^‡ÜI Bw½Z
w`‡q‡Qb| ÔGKB eëmvq wb‡qvwRZ cuywRcwZiv hLbB GK RvqMvq e‡m, †mUv hw` we‡bv`‡bi RbÏ nq,
Zv‡ì Av‡jvPbv †kl ch©šÍ Rbmvavi‡Yi weiæ‡× lohš¿ I c‡Yï `vg evov‡bvi Pµv‡šÍ G‡m ‡kl nq
Õ|18
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Z_¨m~Ît
1. Buchholz T. G. New Ideas from Dead Economists. Plume Books, New York, 2007, p. 11-12.
2. Barber W. J. A History of Economic Thought. Penguin Books, London, 1967, p. 24-25.
3. Smith A. The Wealth of Nations. London, 1961, vol, p. 144.
4.https://www.economictheories.org/2008/07/adam-smith-wealth-of-nations-summary.html. Accessed 13
oct.2017.
5. https://www.adamsmith.org/the -wealth-of-nations. Accessed 12 Oct, 2017.
6. Barber W. J. p. 30-31.
7. Barber W. J. p. 34.
8. Buchholz T. G. p. 26.
9. Smith A. An Enquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. R H. Campbell, A S. Skinner
and W B. Todd. ed. 2 Vols. Oxford, 1976 (1776), vol. 1. p. 20.
11. Hunt E. K. History of Economic Thought. New York, 2002, p. 45.
12. Smith A. An Enquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. New York, 1937, p. 653.
13. Smith A. (1937), p. 674.
14. Smith A. (1937), p. 248.
15. Smith A. (1937), p. 326.
16. Smith A. (1937), p. 66-67.
17. Barber W. J. p. 43.
18. Smith A. (1976), vol. 1, p. 144.
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Ab¨vb¨ aªæc`x A_©bxwZwe`
_gvm ievU© g¨vj_ym (1766-1834)
_gvm ievU© g¨vj_ym L¨vwZ AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb| Bs‡iwR KweZvi †ivgvw›UK Av‡›`vj‡bi cy‡ivav Kwe jW©
evqib Zuv‡K wb‡q KweZv †j‡Lb| wkïivI Zuv‡K wb‡q e¨½vZ¥K Qov ejZ| Kwe †KvjwiR wjL‡jb, Ô‡`L
mevB, GB kw³kvjx RvwZ, Zvi †bZviv, Zvi Ávbx e¨w³iv g¨vj_y‡mi K_vq Kvb w`‡”Qb| wK †kvKven
cwiw¯’wZÕ| g¨vj_ym wK Ggb K‡iwQ‡jb †h mvaviY gvbyl Zuvi Dci weiƒc nj? Dbwesk kZvãx‡K hviv
Kíbv K‡iwQ‡jb GKUv mg„× hy‡Mi m~Pbv wnmv‡e, Zuv‡ì Avkvf½ Kivi Rb¨ Zuv‡K `vqx Kiv nj| 1798
mv‡j g¨vj_ym fwel¨r RbmsL¨vi AvwaK¨ I †m Kvi‡Y mvgvwRK wek„•Ljv I AebwZi †h AvksKv Zz‡j
a‡iwQ‡jb cÎ cwÎKvq Zv e¨vcKfv‡e mgv‡jvwPZ nj|
1766 mv‡ji 13 †deªæqvwi g¨vj_y‡mi Rb¥| †QvU‡ejv‡ZB Zuvi eyw×gËvi cwiPq cvIqv hvq| 1784
mv‡j wZwb †KgweªR wek^we`¨vj‡q †jLvcov ïiæ K‡ib| G¨vWvg w¯§‡_i gZB wZwb wbDU‡bi ÔwcÖwÝwcqv
g¨v_‡gwUKvÕ eBwU hZœ mnKv‡i c‡owQ‡jb| Zuvi AmvaviY Ávb¯ú„nv wQj, Avi wZwb wQ‡jb RbwcÖq|
`xN©Kvq I my`k©b GB e¨w³ nvmï‡m c~Y© wQ‡jb| 1788 mv‡j wZwb ¯œvZ‡KvËxY© nb| Zuvi K_v ejvi
mvgvb¨ ÎæwUi Kvi‡Y Zuvi GKRb wkÿK Dc‡`k w`‡qwQ‡jb wZwb †hb ag©hvRK bv nb, hwÌ g¨vj_ym
wewfbœ fvlvq e³…Zv †Ìqvi cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq cyi®‹vi †c‡Zb| wkÿ‡Ki Dc‡`k bv †g‡b wZwb ag©hvRKB
nb| Z‡e Aí wKQzw`b c‡iB wkÿK wnmv‡e ‡Kw¤^‡ª R wd‡i Av‡mb| Gici wZwb B÷ BwÛqv K‡j‡R
AvaywbK BwZnvm I ivR‰bwZK A_©bxwZi Aa¨vcK wnmv‡e wb‡qvM cvb| GB c`vqb Zuv‡K c„w_exi cÖ_g
†ckvMZ A_©bxwZwe` K‡i| KviY Zuvi Av‡M Ggb c‡` †Kv_vI †KD wb‡qvM cvqwb| B÷ BwÛqv K‡jR
¯’vcb K‡iwQj B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb| fvi‡Z Jcwb‡ewkK cÖkvmb cwiPvjbv Kivi Rb¨ Kg©KZ©v ˆZwi
Ki‡Z GB K‡jR ¯’vcb Kiv n‡qwQj|
g¨vj_ym cÖ_g L¨vwZ AR©b K‡ib 1798 mv‡j ÒEssay on the Principles of Population” bv‡g
eB cÖKvk K‡i| eBvU wZwb cÖ_g cÖKvk K‡ib QÙbv‡g| RbmsL¨vi gZ ¯úk©KvZi wel‡q †jLvi
mgv‡jvPbv Gov‡bvi Rb¨B wZwb QÙbvg eënvi K‡ib| mgv‡jvwPZ n‡jI eBwU A‡b‡K c‡ob| g¨vj_ym
AviI Qqevi eBwU cÖKvk K‡ib| cÖ_g cÖKvkbvi wKQzw`b Av‡M e„wUk cÖavbgš¿x DBwjqvg wcU GKUv
AvBb Kivi cÖ¯Íve †`b, hv‡Z `wi`ª cwievi¸‡jv‡K RbmsL¨v evov‡bvi D‡Ï‡k¨ miKvwi cÖ‡Yv`bv †Ìqv
hv‡e| †mB mgq A‡b‡KB wek^vm Ki‡Zb Bsj¨v‡Ûi RbmsL¨v axiMwZ‡Z evo‡Q| wKš‘ 1801 mv‡ji
Av`gïgvwi‡Z †`Lv hvq RbmsL¨v Aóv`k kZvãxi †klfv‡M h‡_ó †e‡o‡Q| RbmsL¨vi cÖkœ QvovI
Ab¨vb¨ A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK mgm¨vi we‡kølY K‡ib wZwb Ges †ek wKQz iPbv I cyw¯ÍKv cÖKvk K‡ib|
Zuvi wPšÍvi welq¸‡jv Zuvi cÖavb eB ÒThe Principles of Political Economy Considered
with a View to their Practical Application” G AšÍf©~³ nq| wZwb mgvR weÁv‡bi Av‡jvPbvq
Z_¨-DcvËwfwËK hyw³i Dci †Rvi †`b| hwÌ wZwb wb‡R memgq Zuvi we‡køl‡Y Z‡_ï Dci wbf©i
K‡ibwb|
mgq bvwn †i
39
K…wl Drcv`‡bi aviv m¤^‡Ü g¨vj_y‡mi we‡kølY cieZ©x Kv‡ji Law of Diminishing Returns Gi
gZ| cÖvq GKB ai‡bi wPšÍv H mg‡q AviI wZbRb †jLK (wiKv‡W©v, I‡qó I †U‡iÝ) K‡ib| GUv
Gfv‡e ejv hvq, hw` K…wl Drcv`‡b GKUv Qvov Ab¨me Dcv`vb AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K Z‡e †h Dcv`vbwU
cwieZ©bkxj, Zv evov‡Z _vK‡j GKUv ch©vq ch©šÍ Drcv`b evo‡e| Zvici GB Dcv`vb evov‡Z _vK‡jI
Drcv`b Kg‡Z _vK‡e| E`vniY¯îƒc ejv hvq wbw`©ó cwigvY Rwg‡Z GKB hš¿cvwZ, exR I mvi eënvi
K‡i Kv‡Ri †jvK evov‡Z _vK‡j cÖ_gw`‡K Drcv`b evo‡e| wKš‘ Kv‡Ri †jv‡Ki msL¨v hLb AviI
evo‡e ZLb Drcv`b Kg‡Z _vK‡e| g¨vj_ym Zuvi we‡køl‡Y GKvwaK cwieZ©bkxj Dcv`vb _vK‡j Zvi
cwiYwZ m¤^‡Ü Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| we‡klZt RbmsL¨v evo‡Z _vK‡j I K…wl hš¿cvwZ evov‡j Drcv`‡bi
Dci wK cÖfve co‡e Zv ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i †`Lv nq|1 hwÌ Drcv`b ev‡o wKš‘ GB evovi nvi Kg‡Z
_v‡K| RbmsL¨v evo‡Z _vK‡j gv_vcÖwZ Lv`¨ mieivn eRvq ivLv KwVb n‡e| hš¿cvwZ I Ab¨vb¨
mieivn evov‡j Drcv`b wKQzUv evo‡e| wKš‘ RbmsL¨v e„w×i mv‡_ Zvj ivL‡Z cvi‡e bv|2 g¨vj_ym
Zuvi GB ZË¡ K…wl‡ZB cÖ‡hvR¨ e‡j g‡b K‡iwQ‡jb| wkí Drcv`‡b me ai‡bi ‡RvMvb evov‡Z _vK‡j
Drcv`b µgvMZB evovi K_v| Z‡e GK ch©v‡q GUv K‡g Avm‡e Ab¨ Kvi‡Y, GUv Lv`¨k‡mï `vg evov
I Rwgi LvRbv (rent) evovi Kvi‡Y|
g¨vj_y‡mi Av‡iKwU gZ nj RbmsL¨v m¤^‡Ü| wZwb Zuvi evev W¨vwb‡qj g¨vj_y‡mi m‡½ weZ‡K© i Kvi‡Y
GB gZ ˆZwi K‡ib| Zuvi evev wQ‡jb DBwjqvg MWDB‡bi GKRb f³| Aóv`k kZvãxi †klw`‡K
kÖwgK †kÖYx Pig `vwi`ª I `y`©kvq Rxeb KvUvZ| cÖvqB kÖwgK Am‡šÍvl I Av‡›`vjb †`Lv w`Z| kÖwgK
†kÖYxi c‡ÿ GB mgq A‡bK wPšÍvwe` gZ cÖKvk K‡ib| Gi g‡a¨ wQ‡jb d«v‡Ýi gvK©yB `¨ K‡›`vi‡m
(Marquis de Condorcet-1740-1794) I Bsj¨v‡Ûi DBwjqvg MWDBb (William Godwin-
1756-1836)| GB `yÕR‡bi g‡Zi weiæ‡× g~jZt g¨vj_ym hyw³ ‰Zwi K‡ib|
divmx wecø‡ei cÖ_g ch©v‡q K‡›`vi‡m wQ‡jb Gi GKRb cÖfvekvjx mg_©K| wKš‘ Jacobin iv miKv‡ii
wbqš¿Y †bIqvi ci wZwb we‡ivwaZv K‡ib| Jacobin iv wQ‡jb divmx wecø‡ei mePvB‡Z cÖfvekvjx
mg_©K ivR‰bwZK †Mvôx|3 ivRZ‡š¿i weiæ‡× I cÖRvZš¿ ¯’vc‡bi c‡ÿ GB †Mvôx Society of the
Jacobins, Friends of Freedom and Equality bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj| Gi g‡a¨ wQj `yBwU aviv
Girodin I Mountain. Girodin iv 1792-93 mv‡j AwaKZi kw³kvjx wQj Ges Zv‡ì †bZ…‡Z¡B
ivRZš¿ D‡”Q` K‡i cÖRvZš¿ ¯’vcb Kiv nq Ges Aw÷ªqv I cÖæwkqvi weiæ‡× hy× nq| 1793-94 mv‡j
g¨vw·wgwjqb `¨ iemwc‡q‡ii (Maximillion de Robespierre) †bZ…‡Z¡ Mountain ‡Mvôx ÿgZv
`Lj K‡i| K‡›`vi‡mi we‡ivwaZvi Kvi‡Y Zuv‡K g„Zz¨`‡Û `wÛZ Kiv nq| wZwb AvZ¥‡Mvcb K‡ib Ges
GBmgq Zuvi mePvB‡Z weL¨vZ eB Esquisse d’um Tableau Historique des Progress de
l’espirit Human wj‡Lb| gvK©yB‡qi g‡Z divmx wecø‡ei d‡j gvby‡li ˆbwZK I eyw×e„wËK weKv‡ki
c_ D¤§y³ n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ GRb¨ cÖ‡qvRb gvby‡li mvgvwRK wbivcËv Ges A_©‰bwZK mvg¨| GRb¨ wZwb
`ÕywU mycvwik K‡ib| cÖ_gZt mgv‡R †kÖYxwefvM _vK‡jI eq¯‹, weaev I wcZ…nxb wkï‡ì `vwqZ¡ iv‡óªi
†bIqv DwPr| G‡Z `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi †evSv K‡g hv‡e| wØZxqZt cuywRcwZ I abevb †Mvôxi m¤ú` I
ÿgZv Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ miKvi KZ©„K FY wbqš¿Y Kivi mycvwik| abevb‡ì FY †Ìqv mxwgZ Kiv I
mvaviY gvbyl‡K FY †Ìqvi gva¨‡g mgv‡R A_©‰bwZK mgZv Avbvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K|4 MWDBb Av‡iv eo
cwieZ©‡bi cÿcvwZ wQ‡jb| e„wUk iÿYkxjiv ZLb cÖPvi KiwQ‡jb kÖwg‡Kiv Ajm Ges A‰bwZK Kv‡R
wjß| MWDBb kÖwgK‡ì †`vl-ÎæwUi Rb¨ mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi Amg AvPiY‡K `vqx K‡ib| Zuvi
g‡Z cuywRev`x mgv‡R jyUcvU I cÖZviYv Aek¨¤¢vex|5 e¨w³MZ m¤ú‡ì cÖvav‡bï Kvi‡Y †h wekvj
A_©‰bwZK êlg¨ m„wó nq, Zv‡Z gvbyl Zvi Rxeb I RxweKvi Pvwn`v c~iY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| cÖ‡qvRb n‡”Q
m¤úwË‡Z cuywRev`x m¤úK© we‡jvc Kiv| mvg¨ Avbvi GB KvR miKv‡ii c‡ÿ Kiv Am¤¢e| A_©‰bwZK
mgq bvwn †i
40
ÿgZv hv‡ì nv‡Z ivR‰bwZK ÿgZvI Zv‡ì nv‡Z _v‡K| AvB‡bi gva¨‡gB weËkvjxiv `wi`ª gvbyl‡K
†kvlY K‡i| MWDB‡bi GB `yB aviYv Ebwesk kZvãxi mgvRZš¿xiv evi evi D”PviY K‡i‡Qb; GK-
e¨w³MZ m¤úwËi m¤úK©wfwËK mvgvwRK MVbB gvby‡li `y`©kvi Rb¨ `vqx| `yB- miKvi wbqš¿Y K‡i
cuywRcwZivB, Kv‡RB miKvi KL‡bvB ms¯‹vi Ki‡e bv| MWDB‡bi mgvavb nj- gvbyl‡K wkwÿZ Ki‡Z
n‡e| Zviv hLb cwiw¯’wZ eyS‡Z cvi‡e, Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g wm×všÍ wb‡q Zviv e¨w³MZ m¤úwËi cÖvavb¨
msµvšÍ AvBb Zz‡j w`‡e, miKvi †f‡½ w`‡e I mvg¨ wb‡q Avm‡e|6
g¨vj_ym Gi weiæ‡× †j‡Lb| wZwb e‡jb-cuywRev`x eë¯’v‡K cwieZ©b Kivi cÖ‡Póv hZB mdj †nvK bv
†Kb, cuywRev`x I `wi`ª kÖwgK‡ì mvgvwRK †kÖYx wefvRb Avevi wd‡i Avm‡e| Zuvi g‡Z GUvB cÖK…wZi
wbqg| Pig `vwi`ª I `y‡f©vMB n‡”Q cÖwZwU mgv‡Ri AwaKvsk gvby‡li wbqwZ| ïay ZvB bq GB cwiw¯’wZ
cwieZ©b Kivi †Póv AviI mvgvwRK AebwZ NUv‡e|7 Kv‡RB †h me mü`q gvbyl fzj K‡i `vwi`ª I
`ytL Kó jvN‡ei †Póv Ki‡Qb, Zuv‡ì cÖZ¨vL¨vb Kiv DwPr| g¨vj_y‡mi GB wm×v‡šÍi GKUv eo wfwË
wQj Zuvi RbmsL¨v m¤úwK©Z we‡kølY| Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYxi gZ gvby‡liI cÖvK…wZK cÖe„wË n‡”Q eske„w× Kiv
Ges GB e„w× n‡”Q ¸‡YvËi cÖMwZ‡Z (geometrical progression)| d‡j RbmsL¨v cÖwZ cuwPk
eQ‡i wØ¸Y nq|8 g¨vj_ym GUvI ey‡SwQ‡jb †h, GB nv‡i `xN©Kvj RbmsL¨v evov m¤¢e bq| Zvn‡j
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Drcv`b e„w×i mxgve×Zv| g¨vj_y‡mi K…wl Drcv`b e„w×i we‡kølY Abyhvqx K…wl‡Z kÖwg‡Ki msL¨v Ges
Ab¨vb¨ ‡RvMvb hZB evov‡bv †nvK, GKUv wbw`©ó GjvKvq K…wl Drcv`b e„w×i nvi cÖwZ cÖR‡b¥ Kg‡Z
_v‡K| Lv`¨ Drcv`b ev‡o mgvšÍi nv‡i (arithmetic rate)| Kv‡RB Ab¨ †Kvb wbqš¿Y bv _vK‡jI
Lv`¨ NvUwZi Kvi‡Y RbmsL¨v e„w× †iva n‡q hv‡e| Z‡e Ab¨vb¨ wbqš¿YI KvR K‡i| Gig‡a¨ KZK¸‡jv
e¨w³ I mgvR cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡i †hgb, Rb¥ wbqš¿Y c×wZmg~n, †`wi‡Z we‡q Kiv| Avevi KZK¸‡jv
i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv g„Zzï nvi evwo‡q RbmsL¨v Kgvq †hgb, `ywf©ÿ, hy×, gnvgvix BZ¨vw`| GK ev GKvwaK
wbqš¿Y RbmsL¨v Kg ivLvi Rb¨ KvR K‡i| RbmsL¨v evo‡Z _vK‡j kÖwgK‡ì msL¨v ev‡o, d‡j gRywiI
Kg‡Z _v‡K| Lv`¨ I Ab¨vb¨ cY¨`ª‡eï `vg ev‡o| G‡Z Rxeb avi‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq A_© Avq Ki‡Z
kÖwgK‡ì AviI †ewk cwikÖg Ki‡Z nq| GiciI Zv‡ì Kó ev‡o, eske„w×i nvi K‡g hvq| RbmsL¨v
evovq f~wg gvwj‡Kiv Rwg‡Z AviI kÖwgK jvMv‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z †h me Rwg Pv‡li AvIZvq wQj Zvi
Drcv`b ev‡o, bZzb RwgI Pv‡li AvIZvq Avbv nq| d‡j K…wlc‡Yï Drcv`b †e‡o RbmsL¨vi m‡½
Av‡Mi AbycvZ Avevi wd‡i Av‡m|9
g¨vj_ym GUvI g‡b Ki‡Zb †h `wi`ª I kÖwgK‡kÖYxi g‡a¨ PvwiwÎK `ye©jZv I A‰bwZKZvi Rb¨ R‡b¥i
nvi †ewk _v‡K| Zviv †gv‡UB wgZe¨qx bq, Zviv AcÖ‡qvRbxq I AmvgvwRK Kv‡R Zv‡ì ¯^í Av‡qi A_©
e¨q K‡i| Kv‡RB Zv‡ì Ae¯’vi DbœwZ nIqvi m¤¢vebv bvB| wZwb GB Kvi‡Y `wi`ª I kÖwgK‡ì m¤ú`
evov‡bvi c‡ÿ wQ‡jb bv|10 wZwb abx I cuywRcwZ †kªYxi mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK g~j¨ A‡bK †ewk g‡b
Ki‡Zb| gvbe RvwZi mg¯Í eo mvs¯‹…wZK AR©bB n‡”Q abx †kÖYxi K…wZZ¡|11 Kv‡RB abx †kÖYx _vKvi
cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q| g¨vj_y‡mi GB we‡køl‡Yi cÖfve eyw×Rxwe‡ì Dci wQj Mfxi| Pvj©m WviDBb‡K
Rxemgv‡Ri weeZ©‡bi ZË¡ ˆZwi Ki‡Z GB we‡kølY AbycªvwYZ K‡i| RbmsL¨v m¤^‡Ü g¨vj_y‡mi
fwel¨rwPšÍv ev¯Í‡ei m‡½ cy‡ivcywi †g‡jwb| cÖhyw³i DbœwZ I K…wlweÁv‡b êcøweK cwieZ©‡bi d‡j Lv`¨
Drcv`b ‡h e¨vcKfv‡e e„w× n‡e, GUv wZwb Abygvb Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb| GQvov wZwb Rb¥wbqš¿‡Yi wewfbœ
c×wZi e¨vcK DbœwZI Av›`vR Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb| e„‡U‡bi gZ GKUv †QvU †`k AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡Rï
gva¨‡g Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e eo RbmsL¨vi RbÏ Lv`¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z cvi‡e ZvI Zuvi aviYvq wQj bv| Z‡e
Zuvi mg‡q fwel¨‡Zi GBme cwieZ©b Abygvb Kiv m¤¢e wQj bv| Zuvi †jLvq fwel¨r msKUvcbœ e‡jB
†`Lv‡bv nq|
mgq bvwn †i
41
evRv‡ii w¯’wZkxjZv m¤^‡Ü aªæc`x we‡køl‡Yi m‡½ g¨vj_y‡mi g‡Zi wfbœZv Av‡Q| aªæc`x A_©‰bwZK
wbq‡gi GB welq GKRb divmx A_©bxwZwe` Rüv e¨vcwUó †m (Jean Baptiste Say, 1767-1832)
Gi bv‡gi m‡½ m¤ú„³| Z‡e GB aviYv †mÕi Av‡M †Rgm wgj w`‡qwQ‡jb| G¨vWvg w¯§_I GB aviYv
mg_©b Ki‡Zb|12 Ô‡m-ewY©Z GB A_©bxwZi m~Î weMZ cÖvq †ò kZ‡Ki †ewk mgq a‡i weZwK©Z n‡”Q|
GB m~Î `yÕ‡Uv aviYvi Dci wfwË K‡i n‡q‡Q| cÖ_gUv n‡jv-GKwU c‡Yï cwie‡Z©B Ab¨ cY¨ †Ìqv
nq| wØZxqUv n‡jv-GKUv c‡Yï Pvwn`v _vK‡j Ab¨ c‡YïI Pvwn`v _vK‡e| cÖ_g aviYvi Øviv A‡_©i
f~wgKv‡K mxwgZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| GKUv cY¨ weµx K‡i weµqjä A_© Øviv Ab¨ cY¨ †Kbv n‡j A_© ïay
gva¨g wnmv‡e KvR Ki‡Q| Avm‡j GKUv c‡Yï m‡½ Ab¨ cY¨ wewbgq Kiv n‡”Q| GLv‡b A_©‡K Avjv`v
m¤ú` wnmv‡e Zv msMÖn I Rgv Kiv‡K ¸iæZ¡ †Ìqv n‡”Q bv| G¨vWvg w¯§_I GB gZ w`‡qwQ‡jb| Zuvi
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c‡Yï Pvwn`v †ewk Zv‡Z wewb‡qvM ¯’vbvšÍi Ki‡e| GgZve¯’vq wKQzUv mgq jvM‡jI evRvi w¯’wZkxj
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†m mg‡qi ev¯ÍeZv‡ZB ‡`LwQ‡jb| †b‡cvwjq‡bi m‡½ hy‡×i ci (1803-1815) Bsj¨v‡Û Drcv`‡Kiv
A‡bK cY¨ wewµ Ki‡Z cviwQj bv| †eKviZ¡I evowQj| g¨vj_ym e‡jwQ‡jb, cY¨`ªe¨ `yB iKg| GK
ai‡bi cY¨ AZ¨vek¨Kxq (†hgb-Lv`¨`ªe¨)| G¸‡jvi mieivn evo‡j RbmsL¨v evo‡e, Pvwn`vI evo‡e|
Avi KZK¸‡jv cY¨ AZ¨vek¨Kxq bq (†hgb wejvm`ªe¨) G¸‡jvi Pvwn`v wbf©i K‡i abevb‡ì iæwPi
Dci|
Drcv`‡bi PvB‡Z Pvwn`v Kg _vKvi mgm¨v DËi‡Yi Rb¨ g¨vj_ym wKQz mycvwik K‡iwQ‡jb| abx
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Kiv‡bv hvq| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Lvgv‡ii †mŠ›`h© e„w× Kiv, cwi®‹vi cwi”QbœZv evov‡bv BZ¨vw`|
miKviI iv¯Ív- NvU ˆZwii gZ mvaviY gvby‡li DcKv‡i jv‡M Ggb Lv‡Z LiP evov‡Z cv‡i| GB gZ‡K
cieZ©x‡Z Rb †gBbvW© †KBb‡mi Pvwn`v evwo‡q gvby‡li Kv‡Ri my‡hvM evov‡bv I Avq evov‡bvi g‡Zi
c~e©m~ix ejv †h‡Z cv‡i|
‡WwfW wiKv‡W©v (1772-1823)
wiKv‡W©v wQ‡jb GKRb aªæc`x avivi wPšÍvwe`| wZwb G¨vWvg w¯§‡_i we‡køl‡Yi aviv AviI weKwkZ Kivi
†Póv K‡ib| wZwb I ievU© g¨vj_ym †b‡cvwjq‡bi m‡½ hy× cieZx© cwiw¯’wZ‡Z A_©bxwZi m~Î ˆZwi K‡ib|
wiKv‡W©v e‡jb, ivR‰bwZK A_©bxwZi cÖavb mgm¨vB nj mgv‡Ri we`¨gvb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z wewfbœ †kÖYxi g‡a¨
m¤ú‡ì weZi‡Yi c×wZ wbY©q Kiv|13
‡WwfW wiKv‡W©vÕi evev G¨veªvnvg wiKv‡W©v wQ‡jb GKRb Bû`x Awfevmx| wZwb g~jZ cZ©yMv‡ji evwm›`v
wQ‡jb| cÖ_‡g wZwb nj¨v‡Û hvb, †mLvb †_‡K e„‡U‡b Av‡mb| jÛ‡b wZwb ÷K eëmv‡q mdj nb|
mgq bvwn †i
42
†WwfW wiKv‡W©v wQ‡jb Zuvi 17 Rb mšÍv‡bi GKRb| †WwfW †Kvbw`bB K‡j‡R ev wek^we`¨vj‡q
†jLvcov K‡ib wb| †PŠÏ eQi e‡q‡m wZwb Zuvi evevi m‡½ ÷K eëmv‡q hy³ nb| 21 eQi e‡q‡m
wZwb wcÖwmjv A¨vb DBjwKbmb bv‡g GKRb wLª÷vb gwnjv‡K weevn K‡ib I wLª÷ag© MÖnY K‡ib| GRb¨
Zuvi evev Zuv‡K Z¨vR¨ K‡ib| Gici wZwb wb‡RB ÷K eëmv ïiæ K‡ib| e„‡Ub I d«v‡Ýi g‡a¨ msNwUZ
IqvUvj©yi hy‡×i ci wZwb cÖfZ~ abm¤ú` AR©b K‡ib| hy×‡ÿ‡Îi KvQvKvwQ wZwb hy‡×i cÖK…Z Lei
cvVv‡bvi Rb¨ †jvK †i‡LwQ‡jb| hwÌ e„‡Ub wR‡Z hvw”Qj Ges GUv wiKv‡W©v Rvb‡Zb, wKš‘ wZwb Zuvi
wbqš¿‡Y _vKv ÷K wewµ Kiv ïiæ K‡ib| d‡j Ggb GKUv aviYv m„wó nq †h, e„‡Ub †n‡i hv‡”Q| A‡b‡KB
Kg `v‡g ÷K wewµ K‡i w`j| †m¸‡jv wK‡b wb‡q wZwb c‡i †ewk `v‡g wewµ K‡ib| cÖvq `k jÿ cvDÛ
Zuvi Avq nq, hv †mB mgq wQj GKUv wekvj A_©| wKš‘ Zuvi wek^vm‡hvM¨Zv bó nq Ges wZwb ÷K eëmv
†Q‡o †`b| Mø÷vikvqv‡i m¤úwË wK‡b wZwb emevm Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| 1818 mv‡j Pvi nvRvi cvD‡Ûi
wewbg‡q wZwb cvj©v‡g‡›Ui GKUv Avmb wK‡b †bb| Dbwesk kZvãxi cÖ_g w`‡K wZwb A_©bxwZ m¤^‡Ü cÎ
cwÎKvq †jLv‡jwL ïiæ K‡ib| Zuvi †jLv †Rgm wgj I Ab¨vb¨ cÖfvekvjx †jv‡K‡ì bR‡i Av‡m|
m¤¢eZ †Rgm wg‡ji Drmvn bv _vK‡j GB wel‡q Zuvi wPšÍv I †jLv‡jwL GwM‡q †hZ bv| GK ch©v‡q
wZwb Av‡ÿc K‡i e‡jb, †jLv Avgvi ÿgZvi evB‡i| †`wi nIqv m‡Ë¡I 1897 mv‡j Zuvi eB
ÒPrinciple’s of Political Economy and TaxationÓ cÖKvwkZ nq Ges GUv Zuv‡K †mB mg‡qi
mePvB‡Z AMÖMvgx A_©bxwZwelqK wPšÍvwe` wnmv‡e cÖwZwôZ K‡i| Z‡e ievU© g¨vj_ym wQ‡jb Zuvi
mgmvgwqK Ges wKQz wel‡q Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ weZK© wQj| Zv m‡Ë¡I Zuv‡ì eÜzZ¡ wQj `„p| e„wUk cvj©v‡g‡›U
A_©‰bwZK welqmg~‡n Zuvi e³e¨ m`mïv ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q ïb‡Zb| wiKv‡W©v I Zuvi c~e©m~ix‡ì g‡Z jv‡fi
nvi A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i nvi wba©viY K‡i| AZGe jv‡fi nvi wKfv‡e wbqwš¿Z nq Zv wbY©q Kiv MyiæZ¡c~Y©|
wZwb a‡i †bb K…wl‡Z Drcv`‡bi cwiw¯’wZ mgMÖ jv‡fi nvi wba©viY K‡i| G e¨vcv‡i Av‡jvKcvZ K‡ib
wiKv‡W©vi iPbvejxi msMÖvnK I m¤úv`K wc‡q‡iv mªvdv (Piero Sraffa)| K…wl‡K cÖvmw½K ¸iæZ¡
†Ìqvi wcQ‡b wKQz hyw³ KvR K‡i| Lv`¨km¨ Ggb GKUv cY¨ †hLv‡b exR Ab¨Zg KuvPvgvj ev †RvMvb|
Ab¨vb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq DcvË I kÖgmn Ab¨vb¨ ‡RvMvbmg~n‡KI mgg~‡jï Lv`¨k‡m¨ iƒcvšÍi Kiv hvq|
Avevi Drcvw`Z cY¨ n‡”Q Lv`¨km¨| Ab¨ †Kvb cY¨ Drcv`‡bi †ÿ‡Î me DcvË GKwU `ª‡e¨ wnmve Kiv
KwVb| Z‡e Rwgi De©iZvi ‡f‡ì Kvi‡Y Rwgi fvov (rent) Kg-‡ewk nq|
fvov ev rent n‡”Q K…wl Drcv`‡bi †mB Ask hv f~wgi gvwjK cvq Zvi Rwgi Drcv`b ÿgZvi Rb¨|14
fvov I cuywRi Dci jvf GK bq| †Kvb †`‡k hLb cÖ_g K…wlKvR ïiæ nq ZLb †mLv‡b h‡_ó De©i Rwg
_v‡K, hvi GK Ask Pvl Ki‡jB †`‡ki RbM‡Yi Lv`¨ Pvwn`v c~iY Kiv hvq| De©i Rwg h‡_ó cvIqv
hvIqvi Kvi‡Y Rwg eënv‡ii Rb¨ fvov †Ìqvi ìKvi nq bv| RbmsL¨v hZB ev‡o K…wlRwg‡Z Pv‡li
cÖmvi nq| GK ch©v‡q me De©i Rwg Pv‡li AvIZvq Avbvi c‡iI Kg De©i Rwg‡Z Pvl Kivi ìKvi
nq| Kg De©i Rwg‡Z Pvl Ki‡Z †ewk kÖ‡gi cÖ‡qvRb nq, LiPI †ewk nq| Zzjbvq †ewk De©i Rwg‡Z
Kg kÖ‡g I Li‡P †ewk Drcv`b nq| Kg De©i Rwg‡Z Pvl K‡i dm‡ji †h `vg cvIqv hvq Zv‡Z kÖg I
Ab¨vb¨ DcvË QvovI cuywRi Dci wKQz jvf _v‡K| †ewk De©i Rwg‡Z kÖg, Ab¨vb¨ DcvË, cuywRi Dci
jvf Gi c‡iI AviI `vg cvIqv hvq GB AwZwi³ `vgUv fvov wnmv‡e aiv nq| 15,16 ‡`Lv hv‡”Q †h,
Kg De©i Rwg‡Z jvf Kg, †ewk De©i Rwg‡Z jvf †ewk, fvovI (rent) †ewk| k‡mï wnmv‡e wewb‡qvM
I Drcv`b a‡i wnmve Ki‡j jv‡fi nvi k‡mï wnmv‡eB cvIqv hvq| A‡_©i wnmve Ki‡j jv‡fi nvi
mwVK g~j¨vqb Kiv hv‡e bv| KviY k‡mï `vg IVv-bvgv K‡i| GBfv‡e k‡mï cwigv‡Y wnmve Ki‡j
evRvi g~‡jï IVv-bvgv jv‡fi nv‡ii Dci †Kvb cÖfve †d‡j bv| hw` a‡i †bIqv hvq Ab¨vb¨ c‡Yï
jv‡fi nviI H mgq cY¨ Drcv`‡bi jv‡fi nv‡ii mgvb, ZvÕn‡j G c×wZ‡KB mvgwMÖK A_©bxwZ‡Z
jv‡fi nvi e‡j a‡i †bIqv hv‡e|
mgq bvwn †i
43
kÖwgK‡ì cÖK…Z †eZb bv e`jv‡jI jv‡fi nvi mg‡qi m‡½ m‡½ Kg‡Z _vK‡e| KviY RbmsL¨v e„w×i
mv‡_ mv‡_ Lv‡`ï Pvwn`v evo‡e Ges Abye©i Rwg Pv‡li AvIZvq Avb‡Z n‡e| G‡Z Drcv`b LiP
evo‡e| Lv‡`ï `vg evovq kÖwgK‡ì †eZbI evo‡e| Ab¨vb¨ wk‡í Drcv`b LiP evo‡e I jv‡fi nvi
Kg‡e| ïay De©i Rwgi gvwjK‡ì jv‡fi nvi evo‡e| wiKv‡W©v hwÌ km¨ Drcv`‡b jv‡fi nv‡ii GB
we‡kølY †`b wKš‘ GB we‡kølY‡K g‡Wj ai‡j Drcv`‡bi wewfbœ Ask wKfv‡e weZiY nq Ges Drcv`b
e„w×i c‡_ evav m¤^‡ÜI aviYv ‡Ìqv nq| wiKv‡W©vi km¨ Drcv`bwfwËK A_©bxwZi mij g‡W‡ji
mvnv‡h¨ Drcvw`Z c‡Yï weZiY, Zvi Avw_©K g~‡jï IVv-bvgv we‡ePbvq bv wb‡qI we‡kølY m¤¢e GUv
g‡b Kiv nZ| wKš‘ wiKv‡W©v GUvI Abyaveb K‡iwQ‡jb †h ev¯ÍeZv AviI RwUj| K…wl Qvov Ab¨vb¨
Drcvw`Z cY¨ G‡K AbÜvi †_‡K GZB Avjv`v wQj †h ‡Kvb GKwU mvaviY m~P‡K †m¸‡jv‡K cÖKvk
Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j A_©bxwZi MwZ cÖK…wZ we‡kølY Kiv m¤¢e bq| kÖg‡K mvaviY m~PK wnmv‡e a‡i wiKv‡W©vi
c~e©m~ixivI Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| kÖg me c‡Yï Drcv`‡bB jv‡M| ZvB kÖg‡K mvaviY m~PK wnmv‡e
eënvi Kiv hvq| wiKv‡W©v kÖg‡K m~PK wnmv‡e we‡ePbv K‡iwQ‡jb G¨vWvg w¯§‡_i PvB‡Z wfbœfv‡e|
G¨vWvg w¯§_ m~PK wnmv‡e eënvi Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb `xN©mg‡qi eëav‡b †gvU Drcv`‡bi cwieZ©b Rvbvi
Rb¨| wiKv‡W©v m~PK eënvi Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb Drcv`‡bi g~‡jï IVv-bvgv wKfv‡e mgv‡Ri wewfbœ
As‡ki Av‡qi AbycvZ wba©viY K‡i Zv Rvbvi Rb¨| Zuvi eB Principles of Political Economy
and Taxation Gi f~wgKvq wiKv‡W©v g~j mgm¨v wnmv‡e wPwýZ K‡i G m¤^‡Ü †j‡Lb, Òc„w_exi Drcv`b-
hv wKQz aivc„‡ô kÖg, hš¿cvwZ I cuywR mgš^‡q ˆZwi nq Zv wZb †kÖYxi gvby‡li g‡a¨ fvM Kiv nq| Zviv
nj, Rwgi gvwjK, hš¿cvwZi gvwjK I kÖwg‡Kiv| wK wbq‡g GBme †kÖYx¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ fvM
Kiv nq GUvB ivR‰bwZK A_©bxwZi cÖavb mgm¨vÓ|17
wiKv‡W©v Zuvi eB‡qi cÖ_g w`‡KB e‡jb, me wRwb‡miB eënvwiK g~j¨ Av‡Q| wKš‘ Zv value wba©viY
K‡i bv, †hgb, weij wPÎKjv, weij gy`vª , G¸‡jvi g~j¨ GBme wRwbm ˆZwi Ki‡Z KZUv kÖg w`‡Z
n‡q‡Q Zvi Dci wbf©i K‡i bv| wbf©i K‡i hviv G¸‡jvi gvwjK n‡Z Pvb Zviv KZUv AvMÖnx I Zv‡ì
KZUv m¤ú` Av‡Q| Utility Theory-i cÖe³vMY GUvi DciB ¸iæZ¡ †`b| G mg¯Í wRwbm wiKv‡W©v
Zuvi we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡nxb g‡b K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z †Kvb `ªe¨ -hvi eënvwiK `vg Av‡Q, Zvi wewbgq
g~j¨ wba©viY K‡i †mUv Drcv`b Ki‡Z KZUv kÖg w`‡Z n‡q‡Q Ges †m wRwbmUv KZ mn‡R cvIqv hvq
Zvi Dci|18 kÖg m¤ú‡K© wZwb e‡jb, hw` †Kvb e¯‘i wewbgq g~j¨ ‡mUv ˆZwi Ki‡Z KZUv kÖg w`‡Z
n‡q‡Q Zvi Dci wbf©i K‡i, ZvÕn‡j kÖ‡gi cwigvY evo‡j Zvi g~j¨ evo‡e, kÖ‡gi cwigvY Kg‡j Zvi
g~j¨ Kg‡e| wewbgq‡hvM¨ wRwb‡mi (ïay †hme wRwbm kÖ‡gi Øviv evov‡bv hvq bv †m¸‡jv Qvov) g~j¨
wba©vi‡Yi GUvB nj g~j wfwË Ges ivR‰bwZK A_©bxwZi GKUv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ZË¡|19
G¨vWvg w¯§_ Avw`g mgvR m¤^‡Ü e‡jwQ‡jb,ÔGUv LyeB ¯^vfvweK †h †Kvb wRwbm ˆZwi Ki‡Z hw` `yBw`b
ev `yB N›Uv jv‡M Z‡e Zvi `vg †h wRwbm ˆZwi Ki‡Z GKw`b jv‡M ev GKN›Uv jv‡M Zvi wØ¸Y n‡eÕ|
wiKv‡W©v g‡b Ki‡Zb GUv cuywRev`x mgvR m¤ú‡K©I mZ¨| Zuvi GB gZ `yÕ‡Uv mgv‡jvPbvi m¤§yLxb nq|
cÖ_gUv nj-e¯‘ ˆZwi‡Z wewfbœ ai‡bi `ÿZvi eënvi _vK‡Z cv‡i Ges gRywiI wewfbœ ai‡bi n‡Z
cv‡i| G¸‡jvi mgvb gvb wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e bq| wØZxqZt cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` ev cÖhyw³i DbœwZi Kvi‡Y
Drcv`b evo‡Z cv‡i| GUv GB kÖg ZË¡ wnmv‡e †bq bv| cª_gUv m¤^‡Ü wiKv‡W©v hv e‡jwQ‡jb Zv †Kvb
GK we‡kl mg‡q wewfbœ ai‡bi `ÿZv I wewfbœ gRywi g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ h‡_ó wQj bv|20 cieZ©x
wPšÍvwe‡ìv e‡jb, RwUj `ÿZv AR©‡bi RbÏ kÖg I mgq jv‡M, hv wnmve Kiv KwVb| Kvj© gvK©m kÖ‡gi
g~j¨‡KI GKUv Dcv`vb wnmv‡e a‡ib| wiKv‡W©v cY¨ ˆZwi‡Z Ab¨vb¨ Dcv`v‡bi `vg wnmve Kiv hvq,
kÖg‡K †Zgb Dcv`vb wnmv‡e a‡ib wb| wØZxq AvcwË m¤^‡Ü wiKv‡W©vi we‡kølY h‡_ó hyw³hy³ wQj Ges
GL‡bv Zv kÖ‡gi g~j¨ GB Z‡Ë¡i Ask wnmv‡e ¯^xK…Z| wZwb e‡jb,hš¿cvwZ ev nvwZqviI kÖ‡gi Øviv ˆZwi,
mgq bvwn †i
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†h¸‡jvi Dci kÖg cÖ‡qvM K‡i GKUv cY¨ Drcv`b Kiv hvq| Drcv`b n‡”Q GKUv cÖwµqv †hLv‡b
cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`‡K kÖ‡gi Øviv KZK¸‡jv cÖwµqvi ga¨ w`‡q GKUv wRwbm ˆZwi Kiv nq| wKš‘ cÖK…wZ
Zvi m¤ú`‡K Avcbv †_‡KB eënvi‡hvM¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Drcv`‡bi gva¨‡g cY¨ ˆZwi Kiv, hvi
wewbgq g~j¨ Av‡Q, Zvi Rb¨ gvby‡li kÖg cÖ‡qvRb|
Value Theory m¤^‡Ü wiKv‡W©vi we‡køl‡Y µ‡gB evo‡Z _vKv gRywi I fixed cuywRi e„w×i m¤ú‡K©
Av‡jvPbv Av‡Q| A_©bxwZi AvKvi evo‡Z _vKvi m‡½ m‡½ GB `yB‡qi cwieZ©b nq| hLbB kÖwg‡Ki
gRywi evo‡Z _v‡K, cuywRcwZ‡ì cÖeYZv _v‡K fixed cuywR (g~jZt hš¿cvwZ) w`‡q KvR Kiv‡bv|
cÖ_gw`‡K wiKv‡W©v g‡b K‡iwQ‡jb-G‡Z Drcv`b LiP Kg‡j Zv‡Z cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi Kvi‡Y cY¨g~j¨ K‡g
mvaviY gvby‡li DcKvi n‡e| GB cÖwµqvq cuywRcwZi jvf Kg‡e bv| hš¿cvwZ eënv‡ii Rb¨ †hme
kÖwgK ‡eKvi nj, A_©bxwZi AvKvi evovi d‡j Zviv Ab¨Î KvR cv‡e| wKš‘ Zuvi eB‡qi Z…Zxq ms¯‹i‡Y
wZwb Zuvi wKQzUv gZ e`jvb| wZwb e‡jb kÖwg‡Ki e`‡j hš¿cvwZi eënvi kÖwgK‡ì Rb¨ ÿwZKi G
wel‡q wZwb wbwðZ|21 hš¿cvwZi eënv‡i f~wg gvwjK I cuywRcwZ‡ì jvf evo‡jI kÖwgK‡ì Rb¨ †h
A_© _v‡K Zv Kg‡e| wiKv‡W©v cuywRev`x Drcv`b eë¯’v‡K ¯^vfvweK I wPišÍb g‡b Ki‡Zb| Zuvi g‡Z,
AZx‡Z hv wKQz N‡U‡Q meB cuywRev` ˆZwi‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Q| wZwb a‡i wb‡qwQ‡jb cÖ‡Z¨K mgv‡R cuywR
_v‡K hv Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ eënvi Kiv nq| GgbwK Avw`g wkKvix msMÖvnK mgv‡RI wkKvi Kivi Rb¨
wKQz nvwZqvi jvMZ-†hUv‡K cuywR wnmv‡e MY¨ Kiv hvq|22 wZwb AviI g‡b Ki‡Zb kÖwg‡KivB hw` cuywRi
gvwjK nq Zv‡ZI c‡Yï `vg GKB _vK‡e| wiKv‡W©vi wPšÍvi m‡½ A‡b‡KB GKgZ bb| kÖwg‡Kiv
hš¿cvwZi gvwjK n‡j Zv‡ì Avq Avm‡e wKQzUv gRywi wnmv‡e I wKQzUv jvf wnmv‡e| wKš‘ ïay hš¿cvwZi
gvwjK jv‡fi fvM cvq bv, hZÿb ch©šÍ GKUv †kÖYx Drcv`b eë¯’vq GK”QÎ gvwjKvbv ¯’vcb Ki‡Q I
Ab¨ GKUv †kÖYx ˆZwi Ki‡Q hvi kÖg Qvov Avi wewµ Kivi wKQz bvB| †kÖYx `y'wUi g‡a¨ G m¤úK© ¯’vcb
bv nIqv ch©šÍ †mB A‡_© cuywRi ‡h Aw¯ÍZ¡ Av‡Q Zv ejv hv‡e bv|
g¨vj_ym e‡jwQ‡jb †gvU c‡Yï Pvwn`v Kg _vKvi Kvi‡Y †Kvb †Kvb mgq AwaK cY¨ Drcv`b n‡Z cv‡i
Ges g›`v †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| wiKv‡W©vi gZ wQj D‡ëv| wZwb e‡j‡Qb-Pvwn`v I mieivn Avcbv AvcwbB
Lvc LvB‡q wb‡q (adjust) wb‡q †gvU Drcv`‡bi Dcv`vb wVK K‡i †bq Ges g›`v †`Lv †`q bv| wZwb
Av‡M D‡jøL Kiv divmx A_©bxwZwe` †R,we,‡mÕi e³e¨B mg_©b K‡ib| wKš‘ wiKv‡W©v Rvb‡Zb Zuvi eB
ÒPrinciples of Political Economy and TaxationÓGi Z…Zxq ms¯‹iY †ei nevi Av‡Mi `k‡K
A_©bxwZ‡Z g›`v †`Lv w`‡qwQj Ges eû kÖwgK †eKvi wQj| wZwb Gi †h we‡kølY w`‡qwQ‡jb †mUvB Zvi
ci †ò kZvwaK eQi a‡i A_©bxwZi A‡bK we‡kølK w`‡q Avm‡Qb| Giv wek^vm K‡ib gv‡S gv‡S g›`v
nIqv m‡Z¡I cuywRev` Avcbv Avcwb mevi PvKzwi wbwðZ K‡i| g›`v‡K wZwb Pvwn`v I mieiv‡ni
AmvgÄ‡mï Kvi‡Y m„ó mgm¨vi Lvc LvB‡q †bIqvi cÖwµqv wnmv‡e †`‡L‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z GKUv eo
Drcv`K †`k GK wkí †_‡K Ab¨ wk‡í cuywR ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii mgq gv‡S gv‡S mvgwqK evavi m¤§yLxb n‡Z
cv‡i| †Kvb wbw`©ó c‡Yï Pvwn`v †µZv‡ì cQ‡›ì Dci wbf©i K‡i Ges Pvwn`v K‡gI †h‡Z cv‡i|
Zv‡Z †mB c‡Yï Drcv`K‡ì h‡_ó ÿwZ n‡Z cv‡i| Drcv`‡Kiv Zv‡ì cuywR Ab¨ cY¨ Drcv`‡b
¯’vbvšÍi Kivi cÖwµqvi GKUv j¤^v mgq a‡i GB ÿwZ Pj‡Z cv‡i|26 wZwb Gfv‡e Zuvi mg‡q †h g›`v
†`Lv w`‡qwQj Zv‡Z Pvwn`v I mieiv‡ni AmvgÄm¨‡K Lvc LvB‡q †bIqvi cÖwµqv wnmv‡e †`Lvb|
me©mvavi‡Yi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© bxwZ m¤^‡Ü Zuvi mg‡q †h me weZK© nZ Zv‡Z wZwb Ask wb‡Zb Ges Zuvi ZË¡
AviI cÖmvwiZ Kivi †Póv Ki‡Zb| Zuvi GKUv eo Ae`vb wQj Corn Law m¤^‡Ü Zuvi gZvgZ| †mB
mgq cvj©v‡g‡›U eo f~¯v^ gxiv Zv‡ì cÖwZwbwa‡ì gva¨‡g Ges Avw_©K cÖfve cÖ‡qvM K‡i Lv`¨k‡mï
Avg`vwb mxwgZ K‡i w`j| Corn ej‡Z Mg, he, ivB, IU BZ¨vw` Lv`¨km¨‡K †evSvZ| †b‡cvwjq‡bi
m‡½ hy‡×i d‡j Lv`¨k‡mï `vg †e‡o wM‡qwQj, cªavbZ d«v‡Ýi Ae‡iv‡ai Kvi‡Y| G‡Z f~¯^vgxiv
mgq bvwn †i
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jvfevb nw”Q‡jb| Zv‡ì fq wQj hy× †k‡l Avg`vwb Aeva n‡j `vg K‡g hv‡e I Zv‡ì jvfI K‡g
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Ges G¸‡jv A_©‰bwZK cªe„w× cÖfvweZ Ki‡e wKbv Zvi Av‡jvPbv ¯’vb cvqwb| GKBfv‡e †mB mg‡qi
A_©bxwZ‡Z Zxeª I `xN©¯’vqx g›`v †`Lv †`qwb| ZvB A_©bxwZ‡Z g›`v I †ZRxfve, hv cieZ©x mg‡q
PµvKv‡i n‡Z _v‡K †mUvI ¸iæZ¡ cvqwb| GUv g¨vj_ym Av›`vR K‡iwQ‡jb wKš‘ we‡kølY K‡ibwb|34
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Z_¨m~Ît
1. Barber W. J. A History of Economic Thought, Penguin Books, London, 1967, p. 66.
2. Malthus T. R. Principles of Political Economy Considered with a View to their Political Application. Wells
and Lilly, Boston, 1821, p. 137.
3. https://www. en.m.wikipedia.org/jacobin. Accssed on 15 November 2017.
4. Hunt E. K. History of Economic Thought. M.E. Sharpe, New York, 2002, p. 73.
5. Hunt E. K. p. 73.
6. Hunt E. K. p. 74.
7. Gray A. The Socialist Tradition. Longmans, London, 1963, p. 68-69.
8. Malthus T. R. Principles of Political Economy considered with a View to their Political Application. p. 226.
9. Malthus T. R. Principles of Political Economy considered with a View to their Political Application. p. 195.
10. Malthus T. R. An Essay on the Principles of Population and a Summary View of the Principles of
Population. ed. A. Flew. Penguin, Baltimore, 1970, p. 94- 98.
11. Malthus T. R. An Essay on the Principles of Population and a Summary View of the Principles of
Population. p. 176-177.
12. Barber. p. 68.
13. Barber. p. 76.
14. Ricardo D. The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. Dent, London, 1962, p. 33.
15. Heilbroner R. Teachings from the Worldly Philosophy. W W.Norton, NewYork, 1996, p. 113.
16. Hunt E.K. p. 94.
17. Ricardo. p. 1.
18. Ricardo. p. 5.
19. Ricardo. p. 7.
20. Hunt E.K. p. 101.
21. Ricardo. p. 388.
22. Ricardo. p. 26.
23. Ricardo. p. 75.
24. Hunt E.K. p. 121.
25. Hunt E.K. p. 122.
30. Mill J. S. Principles of Political Econmy. W. T. Ashley ed. Longman Green, London, 1926, p. 259.
31. Mill J. S. p.749.
32. Barber. p. 104- 105.
33. Autobiography of John Stuart Mill. Columbia University Press, New York, 1944, p. 58.
34. Barber. p. 112,114.
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†n‡M‡ji `~iKíx `k©b (metaphysical) aviYvi m‡½ Zuviv GKgZ bv n‡jI ‡n‡M‡ji Øvw›ØK gZev`
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1843 mv‡j wZwb †Rwb (Jenny Von Westphalen) bv‡g GK D”Peskxq bvix‡K weevn K‡ib-hv‡K
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(Cologne) kn‡i mvsevw`KZv ïiæ K‡ib| GLv‡b wZwb A_©bxwZ I mgvRZš¿ m¤ú‡K© AvMÖnx nb I GB
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†`Lv‡Z nZ| ivwkqvi Rvi‡K mgv‡jvPbv K‡i GKUv †jLvi Rb¨ Rv‡ii Aby‡iv‡a 1843 mv‡j GB
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msMV‡bi Kg©Kv‡Ûi wfwËi eY©bv wnmv‡e 1848 mv‡j gvK©m I G‡½jm KwgDwb÷ B‡¯Ínvi (The
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GB cwÎKvq wewfbœ †jLvi Rb¨ Zuv‡K A‡bKevi cywjk I Av`vj‡Zi m¤§yLxb n‡Z nq| 1849 mv‡ji †g
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wj‡LwQ‡jb-Ò†fe bv Avgiv GB mvgvb¨ Amy‡L †f‡½ co‡evÓ| e¯‘Zt GB gwnqmx bvixi †cÖiYv gvK©m‡K
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First International ev cÖ_g AvšÍR©vwZK bv‡g cwiwPZ nq| GB ms¯’vi ga¨ w`‡q wZwb Zuvi ZË¡
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we‡kølY I mgvavb nvB‡MU mgvwa‡ÿ‡Î (†hLv‡b gvK©m mgvwnZ Av‡Qb) †LuvRvi ìKvi bvB| Av‡iKRb
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Av¯ÍvKuz‡o †d‡j w`‡qwQ‡jb| Zv‡ì g‡Z Gi mePvB‡Z eo cÖgvY wQj †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi cZb| wKš‘
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(Charles Fourier) Øviv cÖfvweZ n‡q gvK©m Ô‡kÖYx msMÖv‡gi ZË¡Õ iPbv K‡ib| gvK©m e‡jb, mgv‡R
†kÖYxi Aw¯ÍZ¡ I Zv‡ì ga¨Kvi Ø›Ø Avwe®‹v‡ii K…wZZ¡ Zuvi bq| Zuvi A‡bK Av‡MB HwZnvwm‡Kiv
†kÖYxØ‡›Øi HwZnvwmK weKvk m¤^‡Ü eY©bv w`‡q‡Qb| Z‡e gvK©‡mi Z‡Ë¡ ‡hUv bZzb wQj Zv n‡jv, †kÖYx
msMÖvgB mg¯Í weKv‡ki PvwjKv kw³|
gvK©mev‡ì g~jbxwZt gvK©mev‡ì QqwU g~jbxwZ we‡ewPZ nq| G¸‡jv n‡jvt (1) Ø›Øg~jK e¯‘ev`
(dialectical materialism), (2) HwZnvwmK e¯‘ev` (historical materialism), (3) †kÖYx msMÖvg
(class struggle), (4) DØ„Ë g~‡jï ZË¡¡ (theory of surplus value), (5) wecøe welqK ZË¡
(theory of revolution) Ges (6) ivóªZË¡ (theory of state).
mgq bvwn †i
53
Ø›Øg~jK e¯‘ev` t
Ø›Øev` (dialectics) kãwU wMÖK kã ÔdialegoÕ †_‡K G‡m‡Q| Gi A_© nj weZK© ev Av‡jvPbvi ga¨
w`‡q mwVK wmØv‡šÍ DcbxZ nIqv| Z‡e Øvw›ØKZvi Avmj A_© nj `y'‡Uv ci¯úi we‡ivax kw³i
msNvZRwbZ cÖwµqv| GB cÖwµqvi K_v cÖ_g e‡jb †n‡Mj| †n‡M‡ji g‡Z m„wóZ‡Ë¡i wcQ‡b i‡q‡Q
Ø›Ø| c„w_ex‡Z wKQzB k^vk^Z bq, mewKQzB cwieZ©bkxj| GB cwieZ©b N‡U Ø›Ø †_‡K| †n‡M‡ji g‡Z
Ø‡›Øi KviY nj fve ev ˆPZb¨ (idea)| e¯‘RMZ fveRM‡Zi Dci wbf©ikxj| GRb¨ †n‡M‡ji ZË¡
Øvw›ØK fveev` bv‡g cwiwPZ|
gvK©m Øvw›ØK ZË¡¡‡K †g‡b wb‡jI fveev` †g‡b †bbwb| Zuvi g‡Z fvebvi RM‡Z Avcbv Avcwb Ø›Ø m„wó
nq bv| Ø‡›Øi Avmj KviY e¯‘RMZ| GgbwK mvgvwRK welqI ev¯Íe †_‡K wew”Qbœ bq| gvK©mxq Ø›Øev`
Abymv‡i mKj e¯‘ ci¯ú‡ii m‡½ m¤úwK©Z Ges ci¯ú‡ii Dci wbf©ikxj e‡jB fveRMZ e¯‘RM‡Zi
Aaxb| e¯‘B cÖavb, fve e¯‘RM‡Zi cÖwZdjb gvÎ|5 gvK©‡mi Ø›ØZË¡ wek^RMZ‡K Aweivg MwZ,
cwieZ©b, weKvk I j‡qÕi cÖwµqv wnmv‡e †`‡L| mKj e¯‘i g‡a¨B i‡q‡Q êcixZ¨ ev AšÍwb©wnZ Ø›Ø|
myZivs c„w_exi cÖwZwU e¯‘ I NUbvi weKv‡ki KviY nj Øvw›ØK cÖwµqv| Z‡e e¯‘RM‡Zi cwieZ©b ev
weKv‡ki aviv mij †iLvq P‡j bv| e¯‘i cwigvYMZ cwieZ©b axiMwZ‡Z Pj‡Z Pj‡Z nVvr MyYMZ
cwieZ©‡b iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| AMÖMwZi aviv wKQz`~i ch©šÍ ax†i ax‡i P‡j, ZviciB bZz‡bi Avwef©ve N‡U|
mnR †_‡K RwUj, wb¤œ¯Íi †_‡K D”P¯Í‡i weKvkB nj e¯‘i cÖK…wZ| GUv‡K ejv nq cwigvYMZ †_‡K
MyYMZ cwieZ©‡b iƒcvšÍi|
Ø›Øev‡ì wØZxq m~Î nj-cªwZwU e¯‘i g‡a¨ ci¯úiwe‡ivax cÖeYZv _v‡K| GB ci¯úiwe‡ivax cÖeYZvi
msNvZ e¯‘i cwieZ©b NUvq| mgvReë¯’vi g‡aÏ AšÍwb©wnZ Ø›Ø _v‡K| †hgb-mvgšÍZvwš¿K eë¯’vq
mvgšÍcÖfz I f~wg`vm‡ì g‡a¨ Ø›Ø Z_v †kÖYxØ›Ø wQj Ges †mB Ø‡›Øi d‡j mvgšÍZvwš¿K eë¯’vi Aemvb
I abZ‡š¿i D™¢e N‡U|
Ø›Øev‡ì Z…Zxq m~Î n‡jv-‡bwZi †bwZKiY (negation of negation) weKv‡ki GKwU Acwinvh©
Dcv`vb| ‡Kvb e¯‘ n‡Z D™¢~Z e¯‘ c~‡e©Kvi êwkó¨¸‡jv‡K A¯^xK…wZ Rvbvq| †hgb-exR †_‡K MvQ nq,
MvQ †_‡K dzj †dv‡U, dzj †_‡K dj I dj †_‡K MvQ nq| ‡hLv‡b cÖwZwU ch©v‡qB †`Lv hvq c~‡e©i
‰ewkóï A¯^xK…wZ| mgvReë¯’v‡ZI G ai‡bi A¯^xK…wZ ev †bwZ †`Lv hvq| †hgb-abZvwš¿K eë¯’vq
mvgšÍZvwš¿K eë¯’vi A¯^xK…wZ, hwÌ mvgšÍZ‡š¿i M‡f©B abZ‡š¿i D™¢e|
welqe¯‘i w`K †_‡K gvK©mxq Ø›ØZË¡ Awawe`¨vi (metaphysics) m¤ú~Y© wecixZ| fveev`x `k©b
Ava¨vwZ¥K I KvíwbK RM‡Zi mvnv‡h¨ Zv‡ì ZË¡¡mg~n we‡kølY K‡i e‡j Zv‡K Awawe`¨vg~jK ejv nq|
Aciw`‡K gvK©mev` ev¯Íe RM‡Zi g‡a¨B Zvi ZË¡¡ M‡o †Zv‡j| gvK©mxq Ø›ØZË¡ Abymv‡i c„w_exi †Kvb
e¯‘B Abo bq| wek^cÖK…wZ m`vB MwZkxj I cwieZ©bkxj| d‡j memgq bZzb e¯‘i Avwef©ve I weKvk
NU‡Q| Avevi ‡Kvb †Kvb e¯‘i webvk n‡”Q| e¯‘ev`x e¨vL¨v Abyhvqx †Kvb NUbvB wew”Qbœfv‡e N‡U bv|
e¯‘RM‡Zi cÖwZwU e¯‘ I NUbvewji cvi¯úwiK ms‡hvM Av‡Q| d‡j G‡K Ac‡ii Dci wbf©ikxj I G‡K
Ac‡ii Øviv wbqwš¿Z| myZivs cÖK…wZi m‡½ wgwj‡q mgv‡Ri wewfbœ kw³i I e¯‘i Ae¯’vb‡K wePvi Kiv
ìKvi| gvK©mxq Ø›ØZË¡ wek^RMZ‡K Aweivg MwZ, cwieZ©b, weKvk I j‡qÕi cÖwµqvq ‡`‡L| AZx‡Zi
wek¦vm †mŠiRMZ, c„w_ex, bÿÎ, mgy`,ª Dw™¢`, RxeRš‘ cÖ‡Z¨‡KB GKUv wbw`©ó Ae¯’vq w¯’i Av‡Q, G
aviYv †h åvšÍ Zv GLb cÖgvwYZ| gnvwe‡kî AmsL¨ e¯‘, †mŠiRMZ, c„w_ex mewKQzB e¯‘i avivevwnK
weKv‡ki dj| GB ZË¡ Abyhvqx †Kvb NUbv‡K mgv‡R wew”Qbœfv‡e eySv m¤¢e bq| G Kvi‡Y mgv‡R Rxeb,
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cwieZ©b, A_©bxwZ, wkÿv, ms¯‹…wZ, ivRbxwZ, cÖf…wZ mewKQzB ci¯ú‡ii m‡½ m¤úK©hy³ I cwi‡e‡ki
cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z G‡ì welq we‡kølY Kiv nq|
Ø›Øg~jK c×wZ Abymv‡i weKv‡ki A_© nj DbœZ †_‡K DbœZZi ¯Í‡i weKvk I cwieZ©b| Ø›ØZË¡ g‡b
K‡i µgweKv‡ki aviv mij MwZ‡Z P‡j bv| AMÖMwZ‡Z cwigvYMZ cwieZ©‡bi m‡½ m‡½ GKmgq MyYMZ
cwieZ©b †`Lv †`q| gvK©mxq Ø›ØZ‡Ë¡ e¯‘‡K †gŠwjK e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| gvby‡li †PZbv, fvebv, Abyf~wZ
G¸‡jv e¯‘i cÖwZdjb gvÎ| e¯‘ n‡Z G¸‡jv‡K wew”Qbœ Kiv hvq bv e‡j gvK©mxq Ø›ØZË¡ Øvw›ØK e¯‘ev`
bv‡g cwiwPZ|
HwZnvwmK e¯‘ev` t
†cø‡Uvi Dialogue G dialectic †K weZ‡K©i GKwU AMÖmigvb (progressive) iƒc e‡j g‡b Kiv
n‡q‡Q| GUv n‡jv †KD hw` †Kvb GKUv wel‡qi definition ev msÁv †`b, Z‡e Ab¨ Avi GKRb Gi
wKQy mgv‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cv‡ib| cÖ_g †h e¨w³ msÁv w`j †m hw` GB mgv‡jvPbv mwVK g‡b K‡i ZvÕn‡j
†m Zvi msÁv e`‡j wb‡Z cv‡i| GB bZzb msÁvI mgv‡jvwPZ n‡Z cv‡i Ges ZviI cwieZ©b Kiv †h‡Z
cv‡i| Gfv‡e weZK© AMÖmi nq| †n‡Mj GUv‡K thesis, antithesis I synthesis wnmv‡e eY©bv
K‡ib| †hLv‡b thesis nj cÖ_g msÁv, antithesis n‡jv mgv‡jvPbv I synthesis n‡jv cwiewZ©Z
msÁv| †n‡Mj GB cÖwµqv‡K RvwZmg~‡ni HwZnvwmK Dbœq‡bi we‡køl‡Y cÖ‡qvM K‡ib|
‡Kvb RvwZB APj ev w¯’i _v‡K bv, memgqB cwieZ©bkxj| RvwZi mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK
MVb cÖwZ‡iv‡ai m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| GB cÖwZ‡iv‡ai d‡j Ø‡›Øi m„wó nq, Avi Ø‡›Øi gva¨‡g GKUv bZzb
KvVv‡gv M‡o I‡V, hv‡Z Av‡Mi MVb I cÖwZ‡iva `yÕ‡UviB fv‡jv w`K AšÍf©~³ nq| GB mgvR MVb Av‡Mi
PvB‡Z fv‡jv, wKš‘ GUvI cÖwZ‡iv‡ai m¤§yLxb nq, Avevi Ø‡›Øi m„wó nq| Avevi nq cwieZ©b| †n‡Mj
GB cÖwµqv‡K spirit ev ˆPZb¨ Øviv wbqwš¿Z e‡j‡Qb| GB cÖwKªqv‡K spiritual ev metaphysical
ev Avwa‡fŠwZK ejv nq| mgv‡Ri weeZ©‡bi Rb¨ GB cÖwµqvB KvR K‡i|
gvK©m GB cÖwµqv‡K Avwa‡fŠwZK ev ‰PZb¨ Øviv wbqwš¿Z g‡b K‡ibwb| Zuvi g‡Z GB cÖwµqv
materialism ev e¯‘ev` Øviv cwiPvwjZ| gvK©m e‡jb, Ôe¯‘ev`Õ ev Drcv`‡bi ev¯Íe Ae¯’v ev Drcv`b
m¤úK© wewfbœ RvwZmg~‡ni PvwjKv kw³| Øvw›ØK e¯‘ev` Drcv`b m¤úK© wba©viY K‡i| GKwU RvwZi
mvwe©K MVb (miKvi, AvBb, wkímvwnZ¨,ag© BZ¨vw`) Drcv`b m¤úK© Øviv wba©vwiZ| Drcv`‡bi
A_©‰bwZK wfwËi Dci Zvi DcwiKvVv‡gv (superstructure) M‡o I‡V| DcwiKvVv‡gv n‡jv miKvi,
AvBb, AvPvi-AvPiY, wkí mvwnZ¨, ag© BZ¨vw`| RvwZ ev Zvi AšÍMZ © RbM‡Yi G wel‡q †e‡Q †bIqvi
wKQz bvB| GUv Drcv`b m¤úK©B wba©viY K‡i †`q|
‡Kvb GKwU RvwZi Drcv`b eë¯’vi Øviv wba©vwiZ Drcv`b m¤ú‡K©i d‡j RvwZi wKQz gvbyl myweav †fvM
K‡i Avi wKQz gvbyl †kvwlZ nq| Gi d‡j †kÖYxi m„wó nq| ‡kvl‡Yi Kvi‡Y †kÖYxmg~‡ni g‡a¨ Ø‡›Øi m„wó
nq| BwZnv‡mi aviv n‡jv GB †kÖYxØ‡›Øi aviv| †Kvb GK we‡kl mg‡q A_©bxwZi GKiKg Ae¯’v _v‡K-
GUv‡K thesis e‡j a‡i †bIqv hvq| †hme †kÖYx †kvl‡Yi d‡j weÿz× n‡q Ø‡›Øi m„wó K‡i Zv‡K
antithesis ejv hvq| GB Ø‡›Øi d‡j GKUv bZzb A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vi m„wó nq †hLv‡b Drcv`b eë¯’v
AviI DbœZ n‡q _v‡K, G‡K synthesis ejv hvq| Drcv`‡bi ev¯Íe Ae¯’vi cwieZ©‡bi ga¨ w`‡qB
†kÖYx Ø‡›Øi Aemvb nq| GB bZzb A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vq Avevi wewfbœ †kÖYxi m„wó nq I Ø›Ø ïiæ nq| GB
Øvw›ØK cwieZ©b Pj‡Z _v‡K hZw`b bv †kÖYxnxb mgv‡Ri m„wó nq Ges Ø‡›Øi Aemvb N‡U| gvK©m BwZnvm
we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g GB cÖwµqv wKfv‡e N‡U‡Q Zv Zz‡j a‡ib|
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gvK©m e‡jb, c„w_ex‡Z cÖ_g †kÖYxwef³ mgvR †`Lv hvq `vm mgv‡R| GB mgv‡R `vm I `vmcÖf~ GB
`yB ci¯úiwe‡ivax †kÖYx M‡o I‡V| `vm I `vmcÖf~‡ì g‡a¨ †kÖYxØ›Ø ZxeªZi nq| M‡o I‡V ivóªeë¯’v|
`vmcÖf~iv ivóªh‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ `vm‡ì Dci †kvlY Ae¨vnZ iv‡L, `v‡miv we‡`ªvn KiZ| ¯úvU©vKvm Zvi
GKUv D`vniY| GBme we‡`ªv‡n mgv‡Ri Ab¨vb¨ †kvwlZ Ask hy³ nZ| d‡j mgvR eë¯’vi wfwË `yej ©
n‡q I‡V| †`Lv ‡`q cieZx© ¯Í‡ii mvgšÍ mgvR| GB bZzb mgv‡R mvgšÍcÖf~ I †kvwlZ f~wg`vm, g~jZ:
G `yÕ‡Uv †kÖYx‡Z mvgšÍ mgvR wef³ n‡q c‡o| mvgšÍcÖf~iv f~wg`vm‡ì Rwg‡Z Drcv`‡bi Kv‡R jvwM‡q
Aeva †kvlY Ki‡Z _v‡K| d‡j GB `yB †kÖYxi g‡a¨ Aek¨¤¢vexfv‡e †kÖYxØ›Ø †`Lv †`q| GB mgqKv‡j
AmsL¨ K…lK we‡`ªvn N‡U| mgvR cwiewZ©Z n‡q M‡o I‡V eZ©gvb abZvwš¿K mgvR eë¯’v| abZvwš¿K
mgv‡R cuywRcwZ I kÖwgK †kÖYx ˆZwi nq| Drcv`‡bi DcKi‡Yi gvwjKvbv cuywRcwZ‡ì nv‡Z †K›`ªxf~Z
nq| kÖwgK †kÖYx m„ó DØ„Ë g~j¨ cuywRcwZiv AvZ¥mvr Ki‡Z _v‡K| d‡j cuywRcwZ‡ì m‡½ kÖwgK †kÖYxi
msNl© Awbevh© n‡q I‡V| eZ©gv‡bI GB `yB †kÖYxi g‡a¨ Ø›Ø Pj‡Q| kÖwgK‡ì †kÖYx msMÖv‡gi m‡e©v”P
ch©vq n‡jv ivR‰bwZK msMÖvg| gvK©‡mi g‡Z GB ivR‰bwZK msMÖvg‡K mdj Ki‡Z n‡j kÖwgK †kÖYx‡K
mk¯¿ wecø‡ei c_ ai‡Z n‡e| KviY kÖwgK †kÖYxi jÿ¨ n‡jv cuywRev`x ivóªeë¯’v aŸsm K‡i †kvlYgy³
mgvRZvwš¿K mgvReë¯’v M‡o †Zvjv|
†kÖYx msMÖvg t
Drcv`b eë¯’v‡K †K›`ª K‡i mgv‡R wewfbœ †kÖYx M‡o I‡V, hv Av‡MB ejv n‡q‡Q| †kÖYx ej‡Z eySvq
GKB A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vq Ae¯’vbKvix e¨w³e„›` †hgb-K…lK †kÖYx, kÖwgK †kÖYx, cuywRcwZ †kÖYx BZ¨vw`|
Kvj© gvK©‡mi c~e©m~ixivI mgv‡Ri wewfbœ †kÖYxi Aw¯ÍZ¡ m¤^‡Ü Av‡jvKcvZ K‡i‡Qb| G¨vWvg w¯§_,
wiKv‡W©v cÖgyL ZvwË¡‡KivI mgv‡R wZbwU †kÖYxi eY©bv †`bt cuywRcwZ, f~¯v^ gx I kÖgRxwe †kÖYx| Zuv‡ì
g‡Z cuywRcwZiv gybvdv, f~¯v^ gxiv Rwgi LvRbv I kÖgRxweiv gRywi †fvM K‡i| Zuviv Aek¨ †kÖYxØ‡›Øi
K_v e‡jbwb| wKš‘ divmx HwZnvwmK w_‡qix (Thiery), wM‡Rv (Guizot), wgwb‡q (Mignet) cÖg‡y Liv
BwZnvm‡K wewfbœ †kÖYxi msMÖvg wnmv‡e Zz‡j a‡ib| Z‡e gvK©mev`x‡ì †kÖYx I †kÖYxmsMÖv‡gi aviYv
G‡ì †_‡K Avjv`v| 1852 mv‡j gvK©m †R.fvB‡`‡gqv‡ii (J. Weydemeyer) Kv‡Q †jLv wPwV‡Z
D‡jøL K‡ib, ÔAvaywbK mgv‡R †kÖYxi Aw¯ÍZ¡ Ges Zv‡ì ci¯ú‡ii msMÖvg Avwe®‹v‡ii K…wZZ¡ Avgvi bq|
Avgvi A‡bK Av‡MB ey‡R©vqv HwZnvwm‡Kiv †kÖYx msMÖv‡gi HwZnvwmK AMÖMwZi eY©bv w`‡q †M‡Qb| Avwg
hv bZzb e‡jwQ Zv njt
(1) †kÖYxi Aw¯ÍZ¡ Drcv`‡bi wbw`©ó HwZnvwmK ch©v‡qi mv‡_ A‡”Q`¨ eÜ‡b Ave×|
(2) ‡kÖYx msMÖvg me©nviv †kÖYxi GKbvqKZ¡ m„wó K‡i|
(3) GB GKbvqKZ¡ †KejgvÎ †kÖYxi wejywß I †kÖYxnxb mgvR cÖwZôvi †ÿ‡Î GKUv DËiYKvj we‡klÕ|6
gvK©mB cÖ_g e‡jb, ÔmvgvwRK †kªYx GKUv wbw`©ó Drcv`b eë¯’vi g‡a¨ m„wó nq| †kÖYx n‡jv Ggb GK
Rb‡Mvôx hviv wbw`©ó mvgvwRK A_©bxwZi †ÿ‡Î wb‡R‡ì Ae¯’v‡bi ZviZ‡gï Rb¨ G‡K A‡bï kÖ‡gi
dj AvZ¥mvr Ki‡Z cv‡iÕ| gvK©mxq ZË¡ Abymv‡i ‡kÖYxi PviwU g~j êwkó¨ D‡jøL Kiv hvqt
1. †kÖYx nj BwZnvmMZfv‡e wbiƒwcZ GKUv eM© hv Drcv`b eë¯’vi weKv‡ki GKUv djkÖæwZ|
2. ‡kÖYxi Ae¯’vb wVK Kiv nq Drcv`‡bi wewfbœ nvwZqvi¸‡jvi m‡½ Zvi m¤úK© cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g|
cuywRev`x mgv‡R Drcv`‡bi wewfbœ nvwZqvi¸‡jv wbqš¿Y K‡i mgv‡Ri gywó‡gq e¨w³, Zviv nj
†kvlK‡kÖYx|
3. Drcv`‡bi nvwZqv‡ii m‡½ †kÖYxi m¤úK© mgv‡R †kÖYxi f~wgKv wba©viY K‡i| †hgb cuywRev`x mgv‡R
Drcv`‡bi nvwZqvi¸wji wbqš¿Y cuywRcwZ‡ì nv‡Z _vKvq kÖwg‡Ki †Kvb ¯^vaxb f~wgKv _v‡K bv|
mgq bvwn †i
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4. mvgvwRK m¤ú` KivqË Kivi c×wZ I cwigvY mgvR eë¯’vq †kÖYxi PwiÎ‡K wbw`©ó K‡i †`q| †hgb-
`vm mgv‡R `vm‡ì DØ„Ë kÖg‡K ejcÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g AvZ¥mvr KiZ `vmgvwj‡Kiv| abZ‡š¿ cuywRcwZiv
gybvdvi gva¨‡g kÖwg‡Ki DØ„Ë kÖg wb‡q †bq| me mgv‡RB †kvlK I †kvwlZ †kÖYxi PwiÎ wba©vwiZ n‡q‡Q
mvgvwRK m¤ú`‡K KivqË Kivi c×wZ I Zvi cwigvY w`‡q| wewfbœ mgv‡R GKwU †kÖYx Aci †kÖYx‡K
c`vbZ K‡i †kvlY eë¯’v‡K Kv‡qg †i‡L Drcv`b m¤ú‡K©i ¯Íi‡K evwP‡q ivL‡Z Pvq| ZviB djkÖæwZ
nj †kÖYx msMÖvg|7 GKUv †kÖYxi mg„w× Aci †kÖYxi AebwZ NUvq, †hgb-cuywRev`x mgv‡R cuywRev`x †kÖYx
I kÖwgK †kÖYxi ¯^v_© ci¯úiwe‡ivax| GB ci¯úiwe‡ivax ‡kÖYx ¯^v‡_©i g‡a¨ Ø›Ø Awbevh©|
DØ„Ë g~‡jï ZË¡ (Theory of Surplus Value)t
‡jwbb e‡jb, ÔgvK©‡mi A_©‰bwZK Z‡Ë¡i wfwËcÖ¯Íi n‡jv DØ„Ë g~‡jï bxwZ| cuywRev`x eë¯’vq Drcv`‡bi
DcKiYmg~‡ni gvwjKvbv _v‡K gywó‡gq K‡qKR‡bi nv‡Z| GivB n‡jb cuywRcwZ| Aciw`‡K _v‡K
wecyjmsL¨K gvbyl hv‡ì RxweKv AR©‡bi Rb¨ cuywRcwZ‡ì Kv‡Q kÖg wewµ Ki‡Z nq| cuywRcwZiv gRywii
wewbg‡q kÖwgK‡ì KvQ †_‡K kÖg kw³ wK‡b †bq| wKš‘ kÖwg‡Kiv kÖg w`‡q †h cY¨`ªe¨ Drcv`b K‡i
Zvi mgvb gRywi cvq bv| Gi A_© n‡jv Drcvw`Z mvgMÖxi wewbgq g~j¨ †_‡K †h cwigvY g~j¨ kÖwgK‡K
†`qv n‡ebv ZvB nj DØ„Ë g~j¨|
gvby‡li †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ ev cwiev‡ii Rxebavi‡Yi Rb¨ †h kÖg †Ìqvi cÖ‡qvRb Zvi PvB‡Z †ewk kÖg
†Ìqvi ÿgZv gvby‡li Av‡Q| GB AwZwi³ kÖg cuywRcwZiv kÖwgK‡ì KvQ †_‡K AvZ¥mvr K‡i| GB
DØ„Ë kÖ‡gi g~j¨B nj cuywRev`x †kvl‡Yi g~j wfwË| DØ„Ë g~j¨ m„wó‡K gvK©mxq `„wó‡KvY †_‡K Gfv‡e
cÖKvk Kiv hvq| M-C-M1 A_©vr cuywRcwZ UvKv ( M-money ) wb‡q evRvi †_‡K hš¿cvwZ, KuvPvgvj
I kÖgkw³ µq K‡i Ges Zv‡ì mgš^‡q cY¨ (C-commodity) Drcv`b K‡i Zv evRv‡i wb‡q AwaK
UvKvq (M1-more money ) wewµ K‡i| UvKvB Drcv`‡bi ïiæ Ges †kl| cuywRcwZ‡ì Drcv`‡bi
D‡Ïk¨ nj gybvdv AR©b| AZGe cÖ_g M I wØZxq M1 Gi g‡a¨ eëavb _v‡K| GB M I M1 Gi
g‡aKvi cv_©K¨‡KB (M1 -M) gvK©m DØ„Ë g~j¨ e‡j‡Qb|8 welqwU GKwU mnR D`vni‡Yi gva¨‡g
†`Lv‡bv hvq| GK eQi GKUv †QvU Kvc‡oi KviLvbv Pvwj‡q †`Lv †Mj †gvU `k jÿ UvKvi Kvco wewµ
n‡q‡Q| Avi †mB Kvco Drcv`b Ki‡Z LiP n‡q‡Q wb¤œiƒct
KviLvbvi evwofvov, ‡givgZ, BZ¨vw` 20,000 UvKv

ZuvZ, Ab¨vb¨ hš¿ I wewea 80,000 UvKv
Kvco ˆZwii myZv I Ab¨vb¨ KuvPvgv‡ji `vg 200,000 UvKv
ZuvwZ, g¨v‡bRvi BZ¨vw`, kÖwgK I Kg©Pvix‡ì gRywi, ‡eZb, ‡evbvm BZ¨vw` 300,000 UvKv
‡gvU e¨q 600,000 UvKv
A_©vr Drcv`‡bi LiP Qq jÿ UvKv| †mLv‡b Drcvw`Z cY¨ wewµ K‡i cvIqv †Mj `k jÿ UvKv| GB
AwZwi³ Pvi jÿ UvKv gvwj‡Ki c‡KU¯’ nj jvf wn‡m‡e| GB gybvdv G‡jv †Kv_v †_‡K? e¯‘Zt GB
gybvdv Av‡m kÖwg‡Ki kÖg †h g~j¨ m„wó K‡i‡Q Zvi †_‡K| ZuvZ BZ¨vwì ÿqÿwZ, evwofvov, KuvPvgvj
BZ¨vw` me LiP ev` w`‡q Zuv‡Zi mvnv‡h¨ myZv‡K Kvc‡o cwiYZ Kivi Rb¨ ZuvwZ ev kÖwg‡Ki kÖg n‡Z
GB g~j¨ Av‡m| myZivs GB Pvi jÿ UvKv kÖwg‡Ki kÖ‡gi Øviv m„ó DØ„Ë g~j¨| e¯‘Zt kÖwg‡Ki Kg©ÿgZv‡K
`yBfv‡M fvM Kiv hvqt
1. cÖ‡qvRbxq kÖg hv Zvi gRywi wnmv‡e †g‡j|

2. AwZwi³ kÖg hv ïay cuywR gvwj‡Ki Rb¨ wb‡ew`Z| GB wØZxq ai‡bi kÖgB DØ„Ë g~j¨ ˆZwi K‡i|
mgq bvwn †i
57
‡KejgvÎ kÖgB cv‡i DØ„Ë g~j¨ m„wó Ki‡Z| myZivs kÖwgK‡K †kvlY K‡iB gybvdv AwR©Z n‡q _v‡K|
kÖwgK hZ †ewk †kvwlZ n‡e gvwj‡Ki gybvdv ZZB evo‡e| gvwjK Pvq gRywi Kgv‡Z I Kv‡Ri N›Uv
evov‡Z hv‡Z DØ„Ë g~j¨ ev‡o| d‡j kÖwgK †kÖYx I cuywRcwZ‡ì g‡a¨ †kÖYxmsMÖvg Aek¨¤¢vex n‡q I‡V|
wecøe welqK ZË¡ (Theory of Revolution)t
gvK©m e‡jb, Ôwecøe nj BwZnv‡mi PvwjKvkw³Õ| gvK©mev`xiv wecøe ej‡Z ivR‰bwZK wecøe‡K eySvb bv,
Zviv GUv‡K mvgvwRK wecøe g‡b K‡ib| mvgvwRK wecø‡ei A_© nj GKUv Afy¨Ìvb hvi gva¨‡g
HwZnvwmK w`K †_‡K cyivZb mvgvwRK A_©‰bwZK web¨vm †_‡K AviI AwaK cÖMwZkxj mvgvwRK
A_©‰bwZK web¨v‡m DËiY N‡U| A_©vr mvgvwRK wecøe ej‡Z eySvq mgvR eë¯’vi mvgwMÖK iƒcvšÍi|
wecøe nj Ggb GKwU HwZnvwmK cÖwµqv hvi gva¨‡g mvgvwRK cwieZ©b N‡U Ges GK kvmK †kÖYx‡K
mwi‡q Ab¨ GK kvmK †kÖYx ÿgZvq Av‡m| GB bZzb kvmK †kÖYx cyivZb kvmK †kÖYxi PvB‡Z AwaKZi
Drcv`b ÿgZv I mvgvwRK w`K †_‡K cÖMwZkxj m¤¢vebvi AwaKvixÕ|9 Drcv`‡bi Dcv`v‡bi DbœwZ
n‡j Drcv`b eë¯’v e`‡j hvq| d‡j cyi‡bv Drcv`b m¤ú‡K©i mv‡_ bZzb m¤ú‡K©i we‡iva †`Lv †`q|
Dbœq‡bi GKUv we‡kl ch©v‡q Drcv`‡bi wewfbœ Dcv`vb¸‡jvi m‡½ we`¨gvb Drcv`b m¤c‡K©i msNvZ
m„wó nq| GB Drcv`b m¤úK© hLb DbœwZi c‡_ evav n‡q ùvovq ZLbB mvgvwRK wecøe N‡U|
‡kÖYxmsMÖv‡gi P~ovšÍ iƒc nj wecøe| cieZ©x‡Z †jwbb e‡jb, wecøe NU‡Z n‡j `yÕwU kZ© c~iY nIqv
ìKvi| GKUv nj cÖZ¨ÿ e¯‘MZ kZ© (objective condition) ev êcøweK cwiw¯’wZ, Avi AciwU
nj c‡ivÿ welqMZ kZ© (subjective condition)| e¯‘MZ k‡Z©i A_© nj, †`‡k bvbv mgm¨v Pig
AvKvi aviY Ki‡e, †kvwlZ †kÖYxi `y:L `y`©kv evo‡e, kvmK †kÖYx we`¨gvb Drcv`b eë¯’vq †kvlY
Pvwj‡q †h‡Z evavi m¤§yLxb n‡e| welqMZ Ae¯’vb nj RbM‡Yi wecøex †PZbv I msMÖvg‡K †kl ch©šÍ
wb‡q hvIqvi `„pZv Ges GKUv `jxq msMVb hv mgv‡Ri AMªYx evwnbx wnmv‡e wbf©yj iY‡KŠkj wba©viY
K‡i RbM‡Yi †bZ…Z¡ †`‡e| e¯‘MZ I welqMZ Ae¯’v‡bi mgš^q NU‡j wecøe m¤úbœ n‡e| myZivs
gvK©mev`x‡ì g‡Z wecøe nj GKwU HwZnvwmK cÖwµqv hv mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡bi c_‡K cÖk¯Í K‡i Ges
Gi gva¨‡g kvmK‡kÖYxi DrLvZ mvab I bZyb cÖMwZkxj kvmK‡kÖYxi D™¢e N‡U| Z‡e ïay GK †kÖYxi
nvZ †_‡K Aci †kªYxi nv‡Z ÿgZv n¯ÍvšÍi‡K mvgvwRK wecøe ejv hvq bv, †hgb-mvgwiK Afy¨Ìvb ev
cÖvmv` wecøe mvgvwRK wecø‡ei mgv_©K bq| KviY Gai‡bi wecø‡e e¨w³ ev †Mvôxi cwieZ©b N‡U, Drcv`b
m¤ú‡K©i cwieZ©b N‡Ubv| gvK©mev`xiv wecø‡ei aviYv‡K ¯úó Kivi Rb¨ wecøe I cÖwZwecø‡ei g‡a¨
cv_©K¨ †U‡b‡Qb| Zuv‡ì g‡Z wecøe nj mKj cÖKvi †kvlY I Amvg¨‡K `~i K‡i †kªYxnxb †kvlYnxb
mgvR MV‡bi cÖ‡Póv Avi cÖwZwecøe nj †kvlY I Amvg¨ iÿv Kivi Rb¨ me©kw³ wb‡qvM| cÖwZwecøe
gywó‡gq kvm‡Ki cÖvavb¨ cÖwZôvq AvMÖnx Ges wg_¨vPvi, wnsmv I lohš¿‡K eënvi K‡i| gvK©mev`xiv
wecøe I loh‡š¿i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ K‡ib| ms¯‹v‡ii gva¨‡g †kvlK‡kÖYx ev ‡kÖYxmg~n mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK
mgm¨v cÖkg‡bi †Póv K‡ib| cuywRev`x mgv‡R kvmK †kÖYx ms¯‹v‡ii ga¨ w`‡q we`¨gvb †kvlY, ‰elg¨ I
AwaKvi Ae¨vnZ ivL‡Z Pvq| mgv‡Ri êcøweK cwieZ©b ‡iva KivB Gi g~j D‡Ïk¨|
ivóª ZË¡ (Theory of State):
gvK©m Zuvi †Kvb †jLvq we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e ivóª m¤^‡Ü Av‡jvKcvZ K‡ibwb| Z‡e Ôc¨vwim g¨vbyw¯ŒÞ (Paris
Manuscript)Õ, Ôw` K¬vm ÷ªvMj Bb d«vÝ (The Class Struggle in France)Õ, Ôw` Rvg©vb BwWIjwR
(The German Ideology)Õ, Ôw` †Mv_v †cÖvMÖvg (The Gotha Programme)Õ, ÔKwgDwb÷
g¨vwb‡d‡÷v (Communist Manifesto)Õ GBme eB‡q gvK©mxq ivóªwPšÍvi cwiPq cvIqv hvq| GB
wPšÍv G‡½jm Ôw` AwiwRb Ad d¨vwgwj, cÖvB‡fU †cÖvcvwU© GÛ w` †÷U (The Origin of Family
mgq bvwn †i
58
Private Property and the State)Õ Ges Ô‡÷U GÛ wifwjDkb (State and Revolution)Õ Mª‡š’
we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv K‡ib|
G‡½jm e‡jb, ivóª wPiKvj wQjbv| Avw`g mvgëv`x mgv‡R ivóª m¤^‡Ü gvby‡li aviYv wQjbv| KviY
ZLb gvby‡li g‡a¨ †Kvb †kÖYx wefvRb wQjbv, hv Drcv`b Kiv †nvZ Zv mK‡j wg‡j †fvM KiZ| mgvR
weKv‡ki GKwU ¯Í‡i hLb GK ‡kÖYx Drcv`‡bi gvwjK I Aci ‡kÖYx Drcv`bKvix‡Z cwiYZ nj, ZLbB
iv‡óªi m„wó nj| KviY hviv Drcv`‡bi DcKi‡Yi gvwjK Zviv wQj msL¨vjNy| Zv‡ì c‡ÿ mgv‡Ri Dci
AvwacZ¨ ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡j GKUv ÿgZvkvjx msMV‡bi cÖ‡qvRb wQj| GB ÿgZvkvjx msMVb wQj ivóª
Ges Drcv`‡bi DcKi‡Yi gvwj‡KivB GUvi m„wó K‡i I wbqš¿Y K‡i|
`vm mgv‡RB me©cÖ_g ivóª †`Lv hvq| µxZ`vm‡ì wbq¯¿Y Kivi Rb¨ I GKB mv‡_ `vmgvwjK‡ì ¯^v_©
iÿvi Rb¨ M‡o I‡V ivóªeë¯’v| `vm mgv‡Ri cieZ©x ch©v‡q mvgšÍmgv‡RI mvgšÍcÖf‡~ ì ¯^v_©iÿv Ges
f~wg`vm I K…lK‡ì wbqš¿Y Kivi Rb¨ ivóª GKUv nvwZqv‡i cwiYZ nq| cuywRev`x mgv‡R cuywRcwZ‡ì
¯^v_©iÿv Kiv Ges kÖwgK‡kÖYx‡K †kvl‡Y mnvqZv Kivi Rb¨ ivóªeë¯’v KvR K‡i| gvK©mev`xiv ZvB
ivóª‡K GK‡kÖYx KZ©„K Aci †kÖYx‡K †kvlY Kivi nvwZqvi e‡j _v‡Kb|
gvK©mev`xiv g‡b K‡ib cuywRev`x ivóª‡K AvcvZ`„wó‡Z cÖMwZkxj g‡b n‡jI ev iv‡óª MYZvwš¿K bxwZi
K_v ejv n‡jI GB ey‡R©vqv ivóª kÖwgK K…lK‡ì wbqš¿‡Y ivLvi hš¿gvÎ| mve©Rbxb †fvUvwaKvi, RvZxq
cwil`, wePvi eë¯’v G mg¯Í g~jZ cuywRcwZivB wbqš¿Y K‡i| †m Kvi‡Y gvK©mev`xiv mgvRZvwš¿K ivóª
cÖwZôvi K_v e‡jb| kÖwgK‡kÖYxi ÿgZv `L‡ji jÿ¨B nj †kÖYx‰el‡gï Aemvb Kiv A_©vr Ggb GK
bZzb Drcv`b eë¯’v cÖwZôv Kiv †hLv‡b †Kvb cwikÖg‡fvMx †kÖYxi Aw¯ÍZ¡ _vK‡e bv| ZLb ivóª‡K GKwU
†kÖYxi ¯^v_© iÿvi Rb¨ kw³cÖ‡qv‡Mi ìKvi n‡ebv| µgk: ivóªh‡š¿i we‡jvc NU‡e|
gvK©mxq A_©bxwZ I `k©b †ek wKQz mgv‡jvPbvi m¤§yLxb n‡q‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ †h¸‡jv †ewk Av‡jvwPZ ‡m¸‡jv
D‡jøL Kiv nj:
1. Ø›Øg~jK e¯‘ev‡` GKgvÎ e¯‘ I êlwqK Dcv`v‡bi Dci ¸iæZ¡ †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| wPšÍv, fvebv I
†PZbv‡K h‡_ó ¸iæZ¡ †Ìqv nqwb|
2. Kvj© Avi. ccvi (Karl R. Popper) I Zuvi mn‡hvMxiv e‡jb, gvK©mxq mgvR we‡køl‡Y
A_©‰bwZK Dcv`v‡bi Dci †ewk wbf©i Kiv n‡q‡Q| Zuv‡ì g‡Z †KejgvÎ A_©‰bwZK Dcv`vbB
GKKfv‡e BwZnv‡mi aviv wba©viY K‡ibv| Av`k©, fvev‡eM, ag©, ms¯‹…wZ cÖf…wZI mgvR Rxeb‡K
wbqš¿Y K‡i|
3. HwZnvwmK e¯‘ev‡ì `„wó‡KvY †_‡K BwZnvm‡K weev`gvb †kÖYx msMÖv‡gi BwZnvm ejv nq| wKš‘
BwZnv‡m †kªYx mn‡hvwMZvI Kg bvB|
4. gvK©‡mi g‡Z A_©‰bwZK eë¯’v‡K wfwË K‡i mvgvwRK DcwiKvVv‡gv A_©vr miKvi, ag©, ms¯‹…wZ
M‡o I‡V| A_©‰bwZK eë¯’vq cwieZ©b NU‡j DcwiKvVv‡gvi cwieZ©b N‡U| A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vi
cwieZ©b QvovI bZzb gZv`‡k©i cÖfv‡e bZzb mgvR M‡o DV‡Z cv‡i|
5. gvK©mev`x‡ì g‡Z mgv‡Ri cwieZ©b NUv‡Z wecøe Acwinvh©| wK¯‘ we‡ivaxiv e‡jb, ms¯‹v‡ii
gva¨‡gI mgv‡Ri cwieZ©b NU‡Z cv‡i|
6. Drcv`b eë¯’vi m‡½ gvbe BwZnv‡mi Nwbô m¤úK© Av‡Q e‡jb HwZnvwmK e¯‘ev‡ì cÖe³viv|
†Kvb †Kvb mgv‡jvP‡Ki g‡Z GKB ai‡bi Drcv`b eë¯’v _vKv m‡Ë¡I wewfbœ ai‡bi mf¨Zv
weKwkZ n‡Z †`Lv hvq|
mgq bvwn †i
59
7. ccv‡iÕi g‡Z BwZnvm m¤ú‡K© gvK©‡mi fwel¨ØvYx ev¯ÍevwqZ nqwb| ZvB Zuvi ZË¡ gvbyl‡K weåvšÍ
K‡i‡Q| cuywRev`x mgv‡Ri Pig weKv‡ki ci mgvRZvwš¿K wecø‡ei Aek¨¤¢vexZvi K_v gvK©m
e‡j‡Qb| Kvh©‡ÿ‡Î †`Lv †Mj, DbœZ cuywRev`x †`‡ki e`‡j ivwkqv ev Px‡bi gZ cðv`c` †`‡k
wecøe NUj| †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi Aejywß I c~e© BD‡iv‡ci mgvRZvwš¿K KvVv‡gvi Aemvb
gvK©mev‡ì ‡kªYxmsMÖvg I ZrmsµvšÍ fwel¨ØvYx gvK©mxq Z‡Ë¡i wec‡ÿ †Rviv‡jv hyw³|
8. gvK©mxq Z‡Ë¡ †kÖYxmsMÖvg g~jZt A_©‰bwZK wfwËi Dci N‡U ejv n‡q‡Q| wKšÍ GQvovI Ab¨vb¨
A‡bK Kvi‡Y mgv‡R msNvZ †`Lv hvq| ag©, ms¯‹…wZ, ivRbxwZ BZ¨vw` Kvi‡YI mgv‡R Ø›Ø ‰Zwi
nq|
9. gvK©mev`x‡ì g‡Z ivóª †kÖYx ‡kvl‡Yi nvwZqvi| weËevb †kÖYxi ¯^v_©iÿvB iv‡óªi g~j KvR|
mgv‡jvP‡Kiv e‡jb, ivóª RbKj¨vYg~jK KvRI K‡i|
10. gvK©‡mi e³e¨ Abyhvqx mgv‡R gvÎ `yÕwU †kÖYx-kvmK †kÖYx I †kvwlZ †kÖYx| ev¯Í‡e kvmK I
†kvwlZ †kÖYx QvovI Ab¨vb¨ †kÖYxi Dcw¯’wZ †`Lv hvq|
11. gvK©mxq we‡kølY Abymv‡i me©nviv †kÖYxi GKbvqKZ¡ cÖwZwôZ n‡j †kÖYxnxb mgvReë¯’v cÖwZwôZ
n‡e| Kvh©‡ÿ‡Î †`Lv †M‡Q mgvRZvwš¿K †`k¸‡jv‡Z bZzb bZzb †kÖYx we‡klZt myweav‡fvMx
ivR‰bwZK †kÖYx I AvgjvZ‡š¿i D™¢e n‡q‡Q| jvw¯‹ (Harold Laski) g‡b K‡ib, †kÖYxnxb
mgvR ev¯Í‡e m¤¢e bq|
12. gvK©mev`x‡ì iv‡óªi Aejywßi aviYv AjxK KíbvgvÎ| †kÖYxnxb mgv‡R iv‡óªi cÖ‡qvRb A¯^xKvi
Ki‡jI mvgvwRK KvRKg© m¤úv`b Kivi Rb¨ †Kvb GKUv cÖwZôvb ivL‡ZB n‡e| c„w_ex‡Z †h
mg¯Í †`‡k mgvRZvwš¿K eë¯’v Pvjy n‡q‡Q †mLv‡bI iv‡óªi ¸iæZ¡ K‡gwb| MYcÖRvZš¿x Px‡b ivóª
kw³kvjx n‡”Q|
gvK©‡mi wPšÍvavivi Ae`vb wQj aªæc`x cwÛZ‡ì wPšÍvavivi bZzb ms‡hvRb I m¤úªmviY| GK‡PwUqv
cuywR, Aw¯’wZkxjZv I Ab¨vb¨ K‡qKwU wel‡q aªæc`x cwÛZ‡ì AbymÜvb‡K wZwb AviI Mfxi AšÍ`„w© ó
w`‡q we‡kølY K‡ib|10 wZwb aªæc`x wPšÍvwe`‡ì aviYv¸‡jv‡K bZzb iƒc †`b| Zuvi `„wó‡Z mgvR I
A_©bxwZi ev¯ÍeZv Awfbœ| A_©bxwZi we‡køl‡Yi KvR n‡”Q mvgvwRK cÖwµqvMy‡jv‡K mvgwMÖKfv‡e ‡`Lv,
ïay †h¸‡jv A_©bxwZi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z Zv †`Lv bq| kyay ZvB bq, †Kvb wbw`©ó mg‡qi cwiw¯’wZ ev NUbvejx
wePvi bv K‡i gvbe BwZnv‡mi mg¯Í ch©v‡qi †cÖÿvc‡U G¸‡jv we‡ePbv KivB Zuvi Z‡Ë¡i GKUv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
êwkó¨|
Dbwesk kZvãxi ga¨fv‡M A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK DbœwZ NUvq cwðgv RM‡Zi cwÛZ‡ì wPšÍvavivq GKUv
AvZ¥mšÍwói fve weivR KiwQj| gvK©‡mi we‡kølY GUv‡Z GKUv eo AvNvZ K‡i| ‡mB mgq gvK©‡mi
ZË¡ A‡bK ivR‰bwZK kw³‡KI †cÖiYv †RvMvq, hvi cÖfve cieZ©x‡Z eûKvj hver jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| hviv
gvK©‡mi wPšÍvi mg_©K wQ‡jb bv ZvivI mgv‡Ri Dci cuywRev‡ì weiƒc cÖfve m¤^‡Ü mRvM n‡q I‡Vb|
gvK©‡mi we‡kølY cieZ©x hyM¸‡jv‡Z A_©bxwZkv¯¿ I Ab¨vb¨ avivi wPšÍvwe`‡ì weKvk‡K
D‡jøL‡hvM¨fv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i| HwZnvwmK I mvgvwRK †cÖÿvcU Qvov A_©‰bwZK NUbvejx eySv hvq bv,
gvK©m †Rvi w`‡q e‡j‡Qb| Gi d‡j huviv A_©‰bwZK NUbvmg~n‡K ïay A_©bxwZi e¨vcvi e‡j g‡b
Ki‡Zb, Zuv‡ì‡K e¨vL¨v I hyw³ AviI mywbw`©ófv‡e w`‡Z n‡q‡Q| A‡b‡Ki g‡Z be¨-K¬vwmK¨vj avivi
A_©bxwZi iƒc wba©vwiZ n‡q‡Q gvK©‡mi wPšÍvaviv †_‡K Av‡jvPbv‡K wfbœLv‡Z wb‡q †h‡Z|11
gvK©mxq ej‡q cieZ©x Av‡jvPbvmg~‡n `y‡Uv wel‡qi cÖfve c‡o‡Q †h¸‡jv gvK©m wb‡R mywbw`©ófv‡e
Av‡jvPbv K‡ibwb| Gi GKUv KviY nj wKfv‡e cuywRev`x eë¯’v msKU DËiY K‡i wU‡K _vK‡Z †c‡i‡Q,
GgbwK wesk kZvãxi mË‡ii `kK ch©šÍ kÖwgK †kÖYxi cÖK…Z gRywiI evov‡Z †c‡i‡Q| gvK©mev`xiv GB
cÖ‡kœi m¤§yLxb n‡jv hLb Dbwesk kZvãx‡Z cÖZ¨vwkZ mgvRZvwš¿K wecøe NUj bv| Avi GKUv cÖkœ wQj
mgq bvwn †i
60
cuywRev`-cieZ©x mgvR eë¯’vq A_©bxwZ I cÖkvm‡bi KvVv‡gv wK n‡e? GB cÖkœUv 1917 mv‡j ivwkqvq
†mvwf‡qZ miKvi MV‡bi c‡i mvg‡b I‡V Av‡m|
cuywRev‡ì Avqy `xN©vwqZ nIqvi KviY m¤^‡Ü cieZ©x hy‡M gvK©mev‡ì Av‡jvP‡Kiv we‡køl‡Yi c‡i GKUv
e¨vL¨vq DcbxZ n‡q‡Qb, hv cÖvq HK¨g‡Zi gva¨‡g GKUv gZev‡ì (doctrine) iƒc wb‡q‡Q| Gi wfwË
¯’vcb K‡ib weªwUk mgvRZš¿x Rb nemb (John Hobson) Ges `yÕRb gvK©mxq ZvwË¡K iæWjd
wnjdviw`s (Rudolf Hilferding) I †ivRv jy‡·geyM© (Rosa Luxemburg)| Gi KvVv‡gv ùvo
Kivb føvw`wgi BwjP †jwbb (Vladimir Ilych Lenin) Zuvi mv¤ªvRëv` m¤úwK©Z we‡køl‡Y| Gi e¨vL¨v
nj cuywRev`x †`k¸‡jv wech©q ¯’wMZ (postpone) Ki‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Q, mv¤ªv‡Rï wfZi AšÍf©~³
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Z_¨m~Î:
1. Ug e‡Uv‡gvi, gvK©mxq mgvRZË¡, Abyev`- wngvsï †Nvl, †K, wc, evMPx G¨vÛ †Kv¤úvbx, KjKvZv, 2009, c„óv.2.
2. https://en.m. wikipedia.org. The Poverty of Philosophy.
3. Ug e‡Uv‡gvi, c„. 4.
4. https://www.marxist.com.21.6. 2013. Alan Woods. The Ideas of Karl Marx. Accessed 8 January 2018.
5. Ug e‡Uv‡gvi, c„. 7.
6. Ug e‡Uv‡gvi, c„. 16.
7. Ug e‡Uv‡gvi, c„. 17.
8. Ug e‡Uv‡gvi, c„. 21.
9. Ug e‡Uv‡gvi, c„. 22, 23.
10. Barber W. J. A History of Economic Thought. Penguin Books. London, 1967, p.154.
11. Barber W. J. p. 155.
12. Barber W. J. p. 155, 156.
13. Barber W. J. p. 157.
14. The New York Times. Eugene Varga Dies in Moscow. 9 October 1964.
15.Harvey D. A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2005, p. 155.
16. Barber W. J. p. 158.
17. Barber W. J. p. 158.
18. Barber W. J. p. 159.
19.Ellman M.1990. Grigori Alexandrovich Fel’dman.In: Eatwell J. Milgate M. Newman P. (eds). Problems of
the Planned Economy. The New Palgrave, Palgrave McMillan, London, p. 109,112.
20. Barber W. J. p. 160.
21. Barber W. J. p. 162.
22. Berlin I. Karl Marx: His Life and Environment. Galaxy ed. Oxford University Press, New York. 1959, p.
274.
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c‡Yï Rb¨ †µZviv Drcv`b g~‡jï PvB‡ZI †ewk w`‡Z ivwR n‡Z cv‡ib| c‡Yï `vg ïay Zvi AšÍwb©wnZ
g~j¨ (value) Zv bq, GUv cY¨ I Zvi ‡µZvi B”Qvi Dci wbf©ikxj|6 1870 I 1880 Gi `k‡K
wewfbœ ¯’v‡b K‡qKRb A_©bxwZwe` ej‡jb, c‡Yï g~j¨ wbf©i K‡i Zvi Drcv`b LiP Ges Zvi Pvwn`v I
mieiv‡ni Ae¯’vi Dci| GUv marginal revolution bv‡g cwiwPZ nq| be¨-aªæc`x A_©bxwZ K_vUv
m¤¢eZ cÖ_g eënvi K‡ib Av‡gwiKvb wPšÍvwe` _i‡ób ‡fe‡jb (Thorstein Veblen) | Aw÷ªqvb
wPšÍvwe` Kvj© ‡gÄvi (Carl Menger), divmx wPšÍvwe` wjI Iqvjivm (Leon Walrus) Ges
DBwjqvg ÷¨vbjx †Rfbm (William stanlay Jevons) bv‡g GKRb Bs‡iR wPšÍvwe` GB wPšÍvavivi
AMÖcw_K| Zuviv ej‡jb, kÖwg‡Ki kÖ‡gi Dci c‡Yï `vg wbf©i K‡i bv, K‡i c‡Yï eënvwiK
Dc‡hvwMZvi (utility) Dci|
GKB ai‡bi wPšÍv †_‡K ïiæ n‡jI Aw÷ªqvi A_©bxwZwe‡ìv g~javiv †_‡K Avjv`v n‡q hvb| g~javivi
wPšÍvwe‡ìv A_©‰bwZK we‡køl‡Y A¼kv‡¯¿i cÖ‡qvM evov‡Z _v‡Kb Ges Av`k© cÖwZ‡hvwMZv (perfect
competition) Zv‡ì we‡køl‡Yi †K›`ªwe›`y‡Z iv‡Lb| Aw÷ªqvb A_©bxwZwe‡ìv A¼kv‡¯¿i cÖ‡qvM Qvov
we‡kølY K‡ib Ges A_©bxwZ‡Z fvimv‡gï (equilibrium) Afve g‡b Ki‡Zb| ‡µZviv Zv‡ì cÖvwß
evovbi †Póv K‡i| †mUv Gfv‡e n‡Z cv‡i- †Kvb GKUv cY¨ †Kbvi ci †mB cY¨B Avi GKUv wKb‡Z
n‡j cieZ©xUvi eënvwiK Dc‡hvwMZv cÖ_gUvi PvB‡Z Kg n‡Z cv‡i| GBfv‡e GKB cY¨ hZB †Kbv
hv‡e Zvi Dc‡hvwMZv ZZB Kg‡Z _vK‡e| cY¨`ªe¨ wewµi cwigvY hZ evo‡e Zvi g~j¨ ZZ Kg‡Z n‡e|
mieiv‡ni †ÿ‡Î `vg evo‡j mieivn evo‡e| †fv³viv memgq †`L‡Z _v‡K †Kvb c‡Y¨ hw` GKUv
wbw`©ó cwigvY A_© e¨q Ki‡j †ewk Dc‡hvwMZv cvIqv hvq-‡mUv‡ZB Zviv A_© e¨q Ki‡e| GKBfv‡e
Drcv`‡Kiv memgq †LuvR K‡i GKUv wbw`©ó cwigvY A_© kÖwgK‡ì Rb¨ e¨q Ki‡j ev Drcv`b h‡š¿
eënvi Ki‡j jvf †ewk n‡e| e¨q Kivi e¨vcv‡i Drcv`‡bi Ab¨vb¨ Dcv`v‡bi m‡½I Zzjbvg~jK wePv‡i
e¨q wba©vwiZ nq| GBfv‡e e¨‡q cÖwZwU Dcv`v‡bi †hgb †fv³vi cY¨ µ‡qi †ÿ‡Î fvimvg¨ _v‡K, †Zgwb
Drcv`KI wewfbœ Dcv`v‡b e¨‡qi †ÿ‡Î fvimvg¨ iv‡L| wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi Pvwn`vi DVvbvgvi mv‡_ GB
fvimv‡gï †K›`ªwe›`y cwieZ©b n‡Z _v‡K| GB cÖwµqvq g~j¨, mieivn I Pvwn`vi fvimvg¨ ˆZwi nq Ges
Dcv`v‡bi w¯’wZi cwieZ©b n‡j fvimvgÏ cwiewZ©Z nq|
be¨-aªæc`x A_©bxwZi KZK¸‡jv AšÍwb©©wnZ wewa Av‡Q hvi mvnv‡h¨ we‡kølY K‡i A_©bxwZi ZË¡ ‰Zwi Kiv
hvq| Gi g~j KviY nj KZK¸‡jv m~Î hv mwVK e‡j a‡i †bIqv nq| G¸‡jv njt
mgq bvwn †i
65
(1) gvbyl djvdjmg~n wPwýZ Ki‡Z cv‡i, Zvi g~j¨ wba©viY Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges Gi g‡a¨ †_‡K
†hŠw³Kfv‡e †e‡Q wb‡Z cv‡i|
(2) †Kvb e¨w³ cY¨ †Kbvi mgq Dc‡hvwMZv m¤¢e m‡e©v”P gvÎvq evovq Avi Drcv`K m¤¢e m‡e©v”P gybvdv
DcvR©b K‡i|
(3) gvbyl c~Y© Z‡_ï wfwË‡Z ¯^vaxbfv‡e wm×všÍ †bq|7
be¨-aªæc`x A_©bxwZi K‡qKwU Av‡jvPbv Av‡Q| Rb †gBbvW© †KBbm e‡jb, GB avivi wbqg Abyhvqx
evRv‡ii Dcv`vb¸‡jvi cvwicvwk¦©K wµqvi fvimvg¨ wd‡i Avm‡Z A‡bK †`wi nq| _i‡ób †fe‡jb
wj‡L‡Qb GB `„wófw½ ÔAev¯ÍeÕ| †hme m~Î mwVK e‡j a‡i †bIqv nq †m e¨vcv‡i wfbœgZ Av‡Q| †fv³viv
A‡bK mgqB †hŠw³Kfv‡e djvdj †e‡Q †bqbv, A‡bK mgq Av›`vR Kiv nq, A‡bK mgq SuywK ‡bIqv
nq; Zviv fzjI K‡i| A_©bxwZwe` Tversky I Kahneman `vex K‡ib Gme fzj Av‡M †_‡K
Abygvb Kiv hvq|8 Thompson bv‡g GKRb A_©bxwZwe` e‡jb, AvaywbK K‡c©v‡ikbmg~n gybvdv
evovbi †Póv Ki‡jI Zv be¨-aªæc`x A_©bxwZ ewY©Z Dcv‡q bq| Gme m‡Ë¡I A_©bxwZi GB aviv GLbI
A_©bxwZi wPšÍv, wkÿv`vb I M‡elYv‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i P‡j‡Q| hwÌ ev¯Íe c„w_exi NUbvejx we‡kølY ev
fwel¨ØvYx Kivi †ÿ‡Î GB aviv m¤ú~Y© e¨_© n‡q‡Q| GLbI GB we`¨vi wkÿv_©x‡ì hv covb nq Ges hv
g~javivi A_©bxwZ ZvÕnj be¨-aªæc`x A_©bxwZ|9 A_©bxwZwe` fviædvwK‡mi (Varoufakis) g‡Z
g~javivi A_©bxwZ‡Z wfbœg‡Zi ewntcÖKv‡ki my‡hvM mxwgZ| mgvR be¨-aªæc`x A_©bxwZ I Zvi wfwË‡Z
†h me wek¦vm åvšÍ e‡j cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv‡KB cyi¯‹vi w`‡”Q|10
Avj‡d«W gvk©vj (Alfred Marshal, 1842-1924)t
Bs‡iRx ej‡q be¨-aªæc`x A_©bxwZwe`‡ì g‡a¨ Avj‡d«W gvk©vj wQ‡jb Abb¨ cÖfvekvjx wPšÍvwe`| wZwb
g‡b Ki‡Zb A_©bxwZ nIqv DwPr gvby‡li ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi KvRK‡g©i AbymÜvb Ges Zvi dj hv‡Z
mvaviY gvbyl ‡c‡Z cv‡i Zvi eë¯’v _vKv DwPr| Zuvi ZvwË¡K Av‡jvPbv KwVb n‡jI Zv wZwb mnR fvlvq
cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| ¯^íKvj A·‡dv‡W© wkÿKZv Kivi ci Zuvi Rxe‡bi eo Ask Kv‡U K¨vgweªR
wek¦we`¨vj‡q| Zuvi QvÎ‡ì gva¨‡g wZwb A_©‰bwZK wPšÍvi RM‡Z Zuvi hy‡M wekvj cÖfve †i‡LwQ‡jb|
Zuvi QvÎ‡ì g‡a¨ wQ‡jb cieZ©x hy‡Mi Av‡iKRb cÖfvekvjx wPšÍvwe` Rb †gBbvW© †KBbm (John
Maynard Keynes)| gvk©v‡ji †jLv eB Principles of Economics eû ermi A_©bxwZkv‡¯¿i
QvÎ‡ì g~j cvV¨ eB wnmv‡e covb n‡q‡Q| gvk©vj A_©bxwZ m¤^‡Ü cov‡kvbv Kivi wel‡q e‡j‡Qb,
Ò`vwi`ª wel‡q AbymÜvb Ki‡j gvbeRvwZi GKUv eo As‡ki gh©v`vnxbZv m¤^‡Ü Rvbv hvqÓ| cY¨ ev
†mevi `vg wbf©i K‡i Zvi Pvwn`v I mieiv‡ni Dci| Pvwn`v ev mieivn evov-Kgvi mv‡_ mv‡_ `vg
DVv bvgv K‡i| GB ZË¡ we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ wZwb Pvwn`v I mieiv‡ni GKwU wPÎ‡jL (MÖvd -graph) ˆZwi
K‡ib| AvR‡Ki w`‡bI A_©bxwZwe‡ìv ‡Kvb c‡Yï g~j¨ cwieZ©b m¤^‡Ü AbymÜvb Ki‡Z n‡j Pvwn`v I
mieivn ZË¡ Abyhvqx we‡kølY K‡ib| Avi GKwU ZË¡ nj price elasticity of demand| GLv‡b wZwb
e‡j‡Qb †Kvb c‡Yï `vg Kg‡j Zvi Pvwn`v evo‡Z cv‡i- wKš‘ GUv me cY¨ ev †mevi Rb¨ mgvb bq|
consumer surplus bvgK Z‡Ë¡ wZwb e‡j‡Qb, GKB cY¨ GKvwaKevi wKb‡j Zvi `vg GKB n‡jI
†fv³vi Kv‡Q Zvi Dc‡hvwMZv K‡g, GB cv_©K¨ nj consumer surplus| wZwb producer surplus
bv‡g Avi GKwU K_v e‡jb| †Kvb cY¨ wewµ K‡i Drcv`K †h `vg cvq, Avi Drcv`K mePvB‡Z Kg
†h `v‡g †mB cY¨ wewµ Ki‡Z ivwR n‡Z cv‡i- GB `yB‡qi cv_©K¨ nj producer surplus| mg‡qi
mv‡_ mv‡_ Pvwn`v I mieiv‡ni Kgv-evov Abymv‡i evRvi cwiewZ©Z n‡q fvimvg¨ ‰Zwi K‡i| wZbwU
mgqKv‡j (period) fvM K‡i Gi eY©bv †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| cÖ_g mgqKvj‡K ejv nq market period G
mgq c‡Yï fvÛvi (stock) AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K| wØZxq mgqKv‡j mieivn evovb nq AviI †ewk kÖgkw³
mgq bvwn †i
66
wb‡qvM K‡i, wKš‘ Drcv`b hš¿ evovb nqbv| Z…Zxq mgqKv‡j Drcv`b hš¿ evwo‡q mieivn evovb nq|
gvk©vj e‡jwQ‡jb A_©bxwZ GKwU weeZ©bkxj cÖwµqv †hLv‡b cÖhyw³, evRv‡ii cÖwZôvbmg~n, gvby‡li cQ›`-
AcQ›` I †fv³v‡ì AvPiY meB cwieZ©b n‡Z _v‡K| cÖ_g mgqKv‡j mieivn evovb hvqbv, Kv‡RB
`vg wbf©i K‡i Pvwn`vi Dci| wØZxq mgqKv‡j kÖgkw³ evwo‡q we`¨gvb Drcv`b hš¿ eënvi K‡i
Drcv`b evovb hvq| G‡Z `v‡gi Dci Drcv`b Li‡Pi †ewk cÖfve c‡o bv| Z…Zxq mgqKv‡j Drcv`b
hš¿ evwo‡q cY¨ †ewk Drcv`b Kiv nq, G‡Z Drcv`b hš¿ evovbi LiP †hvM Ki‡Z nq- d‡j Drcv`b
LiP ev‡o| Drcv`‡bi Dcv`vb¸wji GB †kÖYxweb¨vm I Drcv`b evovbi Rb¨ wewfbœ mgqKv‡ji we‡kølY
GUv gvk©v‡ji Ae`vb|12
gvk©vj wb‡R A¼kv‡¯¿ cvi`k©x n‡jI Zuvi Avk¼v wQj A_©bxwZwe‡ìv A¼kv‡¯¿ wbgw¾Z n‡j Zuviv ev¯ÍeZv
†_‡K `~‡i m‡i hv‡e| wiKv‡W©v wQ‡jb Zuvi Kv‡Q GKRb Av`k©| KviY wiKv‡W©v A¼kv¯¿ wb‡q wPšÍv
Ki‡Zb| hwÌ A‡¼i A¯úó ms‡KZvejx (symbols) I m~Î (formula) wZwb eënvi K‡ibwb|
wiKv‡W©v I wg‡jÕi (Miles) e³e¨¸‡jv gvk©vj K¨vjKzjv‡m (calculus) cÖKvk K‡ib| Z‡e gvk©vj
KLbI Zuvi A_©bxwZi hyw³¸‡jv ïaygvÎ A¼kv‡¯¿i Dci wbf©i K‡i ùvo Kivbwb| GKUv wPwV‡Z gvk©vj
wb‡R Gi eY©bv †`b, (1) A¼kv¯¿‡K we‡køl‡Yi nvwZqvi wnmv‡e eënvi bv K‡i muvUwjwci (shorthand)
gZ eënvi Kiv, (2) hZmgq a‡i cÖ‡qvRb ïay †mBUzKz mgq Zv ivLv, (3) A‡¼i MYbv calculus
¸‡jv‡K GKUz iƒcvšÍi Kiv, (4) ev¯Íe Rxe‡bi D`vniY w`‡q G¸‡jv eySvb, (5) calculation¸‡jv
cywo‡q †djv|13
wjI Iqvjivm (Leon Walras, 1834-1910)t
wjI Iqvjivm wQ‡jb GKRb divmx, Z‡e Rxe‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask wZwb KvwU‡q‡Qb myBRvij¨v‡Û| wZwb
ev¯Íe Rxe‡b Ae¯’vi PvB‡Z Òm¤ú~Y© gy³ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g g~j¨ wba©viYÓG wb‡qvwRZ wQ‡jb| wZwb
ï× (pure) A_©bxwZ I eënvwiK (applied) A_©bxwZ m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v ivL‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb| ev¯Íe Rxe‡bi
mgm¨vq ï× A_©bxwZi cÖ‡qv‡M ï×Zv ÿzbœ nIqvi wec‡ÿ wQ‡jb| Iqvjivm wbLuyZ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi djvdj
m¤^‡Ü Rvbvi †Póv K‡i‡Qb| A‡bK A_©bxwZwe` ÔLaissez FaireÕ ev gy³evRvi A_©bxwZi (†hLv‡b
miKv‡ii †Kvb n¯Í‡ÿc _vK‡e bv) ¸Yv¸Y m¤^‡Ü wbwðZ| Iqvjivm cÖkœ iv‡Lb, GBme A_©bxwZwe‡ìv
gy³evRvi A_©bxwZ †h DcKvix Zv cÖgvY Ki‡eb wKfv‡e hw` Zuviv Gi djvdj bv Rv‡bb? Ges Zuviv Gi
djvdj Rvb‡eb wKfv‡e hw` Zuviv Gi msÁv wVK bv K‡i _v‡Kb ev GUv cÖgvY Kivi wbqg Kvbyb cÖYqb
bv K‡i _v‡Kb? A_©bxwZwe‡ìv †h cÖvqB gy³evRvi A_©bxwZi bxwZgvjvi (principle) hZUv cÖv‡qvwMK
†hŠw³KZv Av‡Q Zvi PvB‡Z †ewk cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z Pvb GUvB cÖgvY K‡i †h GB bxwZgvjv cÖgvwYZ bqÓ|14
Iqvjiv‡mi g‡Z wbLuyZ (perfect) cÖwZ‡hvwMZv n‡Z n‡j me †µZv I we‡µZv‡K GKUv weivU wbjv‡g
(auction) wb‡q Avm‡Z n‡e †hLv‡b cÖ‡Z¨KwU wewbg‡qi kZ© cÖKvk¨ _vK‡e Ges †µZv I we‡µZv‡ì
Zv‡ì `vg DVvb-bvgvbi my‡hvM _vK‡e|15 GUv Aek¨ ev¯Í‡e m¤¢e bq| gvk©vj Pvwn`v Ges mieiv‡ni
graph Gi gva¨‡g wewfbœ evRv‡i `v‡gi fvimvg¨ (equilibrium) wba©viY K‡i evav AwZµg Kivi
†Póv K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ wbLuyZ A_©bxwZi kZ© Zv‡Z c~iY nq bv|16 KviY Zv‡Z gRywi I †eZb w¯’i _vK‡e
a‡i †bIqv nq Ges evB‡ii Ab¨vb¨ cÖfve wnmv‡e †bIqv m¤¢e nq bv| Iqvjivm wb‡R †h eë¯’v
(system) eY©bv K‡i‡Qb Zv nj mvaviY fvimvg¨ (general equilibrium)| GLv‡b wZwb c‡Yï
`v‡gi AbycvZ (ratio) A‡¼i A‡bK¸‡jv mgxKi‡Yi (equation) mvnv‡h¨ wba©viY Kivi †Póv
K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e Zuvi cÖ‡Póvi mvdj¨ †hme c~e©k‡Z©i Dci wbf©i K‡i †m¸‡jv ev¯Í‡e c~iY nq bv|
Rb †eUm K¬vK© (John Bates Clark, 1847-1938)
mgq bvwn †i
67
Zuvi mg‡qi Av‡gwiKvi A‡bK wkÿv_©xi gZ K¬vK© Rvg©vwb I myBRvij¨v‡Û †jLvcov K‡ib| Zuvi
wPšÍvavivq BD‡ivcxq Qvc _vK‡jI wbR¯^ êwkó¨ wQj| Av‡gwiKvq wZwbB wQ‡jb cÖ_g cÖfvekvjx
wPšÍvwe`| Zuvi mg‡qi Ab¨vb¨ A_©‰bwZK ZvwË¡‡Kiv Zuv‡ì wPšÍvavivq b¨vqbxwZ‡K wfwË ai‡Zb| K¬v‡K©i
Z‡Ë¡ m¤ú` weZi‡Y b¨vqbxwZ we‡ePbvq wQj|14 wbLuyZ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi cwi‡e‡k cY¨ weµqjä g~j¨
Drcv`‡bi me cÿB mwVKfv‡e cv‡e GUv wZwb g‡b Ki‡Zb| wKš‘ Gi kZ© wQj Drcv`b evo‡j ev
Kg‡j c‡Yï g~j¨ w¯’i _vK‡Z n‡e| wKš‘ ev¯Í‡e GUv N‡U bv| KviLvbvi gvwj‡Kiv my‡hvM †c‡j c‡Yï
`vg evov‡Z cv‡i| kÖwgK‡ì gRywi Kgv‡Z cv‡i| kÖwg‡KivI Av‡›`vjb K‡i †eZb evov‡Z cv‡i|
K¬v‡K©i we‡kølY wQj gvK©‡mi gZev‡ì wec‡ÿ| Zuvi g‡Z kÖwg‡Kiv †kvwlZ n‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ GUv cuywRev`x
eë¯’vq AšÍwb©wnZ bq|
GK‡PwUqv eëmv m¤^‡Ü K¬vK© cÖ_gw`‡K DwØMœ _vK‡jI c‡i †mUv KvwU‡q D‡Vb| wZwb g‡b Ki‡Zb
cÖhyw³i DbœwZ memgq cÖwZwôZ eëmvqx‡ì mvnvh¨ K‡i bv, d‡j bZzb Drcv`‡Kiv memgq cÖwZwôZ
wkí gvwjK‡ì wecix‡Z cÖwZØw›ØZv K‡i bv| hw` cÖwZwôZ eëmvqx‡ì †hvMmvRm Kivi my‡hvM bv
†Ìqv nq Ges bZzb Drcv`K‡ì evRv‡i cÖ‡e‡ki my‡hvM _v‡K ZvÕn‡j †h‡Kvb A_©bxwZ‡Z wbLuyZ
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi mvgvwRK mydj cvIqv hv‡e|
byU DBK‡mj (Knut Wicksell, 1851-1926)
byU wQ‡jb myB‡W‡bi wPšÍvwe`| Zuvi g‡Z gy³evRvi A_©bxwZi djvdj mgv‡Ri Rb¨ h_vh_ bq-GB
djvdj Avq I m¤ú‡ì weZi‡Yi Av‡jv‡K wePvi Ki‡Z n‡e| hw` ¯^ímsL¨K gvby‡li nv‡Z m¤ú` I
Drcv`‡bi Dcv`vb cywÄf~Z nq, ZvÕn‡j djvdj memgq Zv‡ì AbyK~‡jB hv‡e| wKš‘ wZwb Drcv`b
eë¯’v mvgvwRKxKi‡Yi c‡ÿ wQ‡jb bv| KviY Zuvi g‡Z G‡Z Drcv`‡bi DbœwZ evavMÖ¯Í n‡e| eis hviv
myweavewÂZ Zviv hv‡Z cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Ki‡Z cv‡i, ivóª Zv‡ì AwZwi³ myweav w`‡Z cv‡i|
eyw×e„wËi w`K †_‡K be¨-aªæc`x A_©bxwZwe`‡ì AR©b DuPzgv‡bi| Zuviv GKUv RwUj eë¯’vi Ask¸wj‡K
m½wZc~Y© †gvo‡K wb‡q Av‡mb Ges Gme Ask¸wji g‡a¨ m¤úK© A‡¼ cÖKvk K‡ib| GB cÖwµqv A_©bxwZ
welqK Av‡jvPbvq k„•Ljvi D”Pgvb m„wó K‡i|18 aªæc`x cwÛZ I gvK©‡mi we‡køl‡Y A_©bxwZ‡Z †h
Aek¨¤¢vweZvi fve wQj, Zv be¨-aªæc`x Av‡jvPbvq `~i nq| be¨-aªæc`x wPšÍvwe‡ìv mgvR I A_©bxwZi
MwZaviv wba©vi‡Y gvby‡li f~wgKvi Dci †Rvi †`b| Zuv‡ì g‡Z A_©‰bwZK we‡køl‡Yi D‡Ïk¨ n‡e
Pjgvb evRvi eë¯’v Ges Zvi g‡a¨ †fv³v I Drcv`‡Ki †e‡Q †bIqv (choice) wKfv‡e KvR K‡i
G¸‡jv we‡kølY Kiv| A_©‰bwZK eë¯’v‡K GKUv m¤ú~Y© GKK aiv nq| hvi Ask¸‡jv GKUv Avi GKUvi
Dci wbf©ikxj| AwaKvsk be¨-aªæc`x wPšÍvwe` g‡b Ki‡Zb evRvi‡K gy³fv‡e Pj‡Z w`‡j mgv‡Ri mevi
DcKvi n‡e| Zuviv GUvI g‡b Ki‡Zb A_©bxwZ‡Z gy³ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv _vK‡e| Drcv`‡bi `y ÕGKwU †ÿ‡Î
Gi e¨wZµg n‡Z cv‡i, †hLv‡b miKv‡ii n¯Íÿ‡ci cÖ‡qvRb n‡e| wKš‘ AwaKvsk †ÿ‡Î †fv³vivB
m¤ú‡ì weZiY wba©viY Ki‡e| Drcv`‡Kiv GK‡c‡kfv‡e c‡Yï g~j¨ wba©viY Ki‡Z cvi‡ebv| me
m¤ú`B eënvi Kiv n‡e Ges mevB KvR cv‡e- †eKviZ¡ _vK‡e bv| wKQz IVv-bvgv _vK‡jI evRv‡i
fvimvg¨ eRvq _vK‡e|19
wesk kZvãx‡Z †`Lv †Mj GB aviYv¸‡jvi m‡½ ev¯ÍeZv wg‡j bv| G¸‡jvi we‡kølY Rb †gBbvW© ‡KBbm
(John Maynard Keynes) w`‡q‡Qb| cY¨ Drcv`‡b A‡bK¸‡jv †QvU †QvU Drcv`K‡K mwi‡q w`‡q
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Z_¨m~Ît
1. https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org. Neoclassical Economics, Accessed 7 March, 2018.
2. Barber W. J. A History of Economic Thought. Penguin Books, London, 1967, p. 155.
3. Robinson J. On Re-reading Marx. Cambridge, 1953, p. 22.
4. Barber W.J. p. 166
5. Barber W. J. p. 167.
6. https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org. Neoclassical Economics. Accessed 7 March, 2018.
7. https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org. Neoclassical Economics.
8. Tversky A. and Kahneman D. Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decisions Under Risk. Econometrica. 1979;
47: 313-327.
9. https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org. Neoclassical Economics.
10. Ann Sperger C and Varoufakis Y. What is Neoclassical Economics? Post-autistic Economics Review. July
2006, issue 38, article 1.
11.https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org./entry/Alfred_Marshal. Accessed 16 March, 2018.
12. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Marshal. Accessed 10 March, 2018.
13. Marshal A. “Letter to Bowley” In memorials of Alfred Marshal Pigou A. C. ed London, 1925, p. 427.
14. Walrus L. Elements of Pure Economics. Translated by William Jaffe, London, 1954, p. 40.
15. Walras L. p. 84.
16. Barber W. J. p. 200.
17. Barber W. J. p. 205.
18. Barber W. J. p. 215.
19. Barber W. J. p. 216.
20. Barber W. J. p. 217.
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cuywRcwZ‡ì kw³i wfwË I kÖwgK‡ì `y`©kvi KviY e‡j g‡b K‡iwQ‡jb| cuywRcwZ‡ì g‡a¨
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Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ †ek wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cv_©KÏ Av‡Q| Zuviv `yÕR‡bB eënvwiK g~‡jï ZË¡ (utility theory
of value) mwVK g‡b K‡ib wb| gvK©m kÖ‡gi g~j¨ ZË¡ (labour theory of value) MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb,
hv †fe‡jb †g‡b †bbwb| kÖ‡gi g~j¨ ZË¡ †g‡b †bIqvi d‡j gvK©m †`wL‡qwQ‡jb cuywR I kÖ‡gi Ø‡›Ø
by¨bZg RxebhvÎvi gvb wba©viY n‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z gvK©m jv‡fi Drm I cÖK…wZ Ges jv‡fi nv‡ii we‡kølY
Ki‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb| †fe‡jb jv‡fi cwigvY I cÖK…wZ Ges gRywii we‡kølY bv K‡iB G¸‡jvi we‡kølY
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nIqvq evievi msKU ev g›`v nIqv ¯^vfvweK| †fe‡jb GBme kZ© we‡kølY bv K‡iB g›`v I am bvgvi
Aek¨¤¢vweZvi K_v e‡jb|21
cuywR I kÖ‡gi Ø‡›Øi d‡j kÖwgK‡kÖYx wecø‡ei gva¨‡g A`~i fwel¨‡Z cuywRev`‡K DrLvZ Ki‡e gvK©m G
K_v e‡jb| GB wPšÍv mgvRZ‡š¿i c‡ÿ msMÖvgiZ me avivi ivR‰bwZK Kg©x‡ì cÖfvweZ K‡i‡Q|
cuywRev`x eë¯’vq MYgvby‡li gvbwmKZv cÖfvweZ K‡i cuywRev`x eë¯’v‡K ¯^vfvweK e‡j †g‡b †bIqv Ges
GUv AcwieZ©bxq GB aviYv cÖwZwôZ Kivi Rb¨ wkÿv, ms¯‹…wZ I ivóªxq ch©v‡q eë¯’v †bIqv nq| GB
wek¦vm †f‡½ RbMY cuywRev`x eë¯’vi weiæ‡× wecøe K‡i gvbweK mgvR eë¯’v Z_v mgvRZš¿ cÖwZwôZ
Ki‡e| GUv Kvg¨ n‡jI Lye KwVb e‡j †fe‡jb g‡b Ki‡Zb| Z‡e be¨-aªæc`x Z‡Ë¡i Av`wk©K fzj¸‡jv
D‡b¥vwPZ K‡i cuywRev‡ì †kvlYg~jK KvVv‡gv Ges cuywRev` †h HwZnvwmKfv‡e GKUv A¯’vqx eë¯’v Zv
AZ¨šÍ `ÿfv‡e ‡fe‡jb cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb|
Z_¨m~Ît
1. Hunt E. K. History of Economic Thought: A Critical Perspective, M.E.Sharpe, New York, 2002, p. 317.
2. https://www.en.m.wikipedia.org. Thorstein Veblen. Accessed 5 June, 2018.
3. Hunt E. K. p. 320.
4. Veblen T. Why Economics Is Not an Evolutionary Science”. In Place of Science in Modern Civilization and
Other Essays. New York,1961, p. 73-74.
5. Veblen T. “Professor Clark’s Economics”. In Place of Science in Modern Civilization and Other Essays. New
York,1961, p. 182-183.
6. Veblen T. “Fisher’s Capital and Income”. In Essays in our Changing Order. New York, 1964, p. 167-168.
7. Hunt E. K. p. 321.
8. Hunt E. K. p. 322.
9. Hunt E. K. p. 324.
10. Hunt E. K. p. 325.
11. Veblen T. “Beginings of Ownership”. In Eassays of Our Changing Order. New York, 1964, p. 42-43.
12. Veblen T. The Engineers and the Price Systems. New York, 1965, p.12.
13. Veblen T. The Theory of Business Enterprise. New York, 1965, p. 234.
14. Veblen T. The Theory of Business Enterprise. p. 286-287.
16. Veblen T. Essays in Our Changing Order. p. 413.
17. Veblen T. Absentee Ownership and Business Enterprise in Recent Times, New York, 1964, p. 35-37.
19. Veblen T. “The Theory of Socialism” In Place of Science in Modern Civilization and other Essays. p. 396-
398.
20. Veblen T. Absentee Ownership and Business Enterprise in Recent Times. p. 17- 18.
21. Hunt E. K. p. 344.
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G wel‡q †KD m‡›`n †cvlY K‡ib bv| A‡bK HwZnvwmK GKgZ †h, jyÚb Kiv GB m¤ú` w`‡qB
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Z_¨m~Î:
1. Brown M. B. The Economic Imperialism. Harmondsworth,England, 1964, p.73.
2. Williams E. Capitalism and Slavery. Deutsch, 1964, p. 62.
3. Brown M. B. p. 82.
4. Keynes J. M. Treatise on Money. London, 1930, p. 56-57.
5. Hunt E. K. History of Economic Thought. M.E.Sharpe, New York, 2002, p. 348.
6. Hunt E. K. p. 349-350.
7. Hunt E. K. p. 350.
8. https://www.en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A_Hobson. Accessed 16 June, 2018.
9. Hunt E. K. p. 351.
10. Hobson J. A. Imperialism: A Study. Ann Arbor, 1965, p. 367.
11 .Hobson J. A. p. 22.
12. Hobson J. A. p. 55.
13. Hobson J. A. p. 53.
14. Hobson J. A. p. 53.
15. Hobson J. A. p. 59.
16. Hobson J. A. p. 81-82.
17. Hobson J. A. p. 81.
18. Hobson J. A. p. 47.
19. https://www.hetwebsite.net/het/profiles/hobson.htm. Accessed 16 June, 2018.
20. http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg. Accessed 7 July, 2018.
21. http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg. Accessed 7 July, 2018.
22. Hunt E. K. p. 357.
23. Robinson J. “Introduction” “in the Accumulation of Capital”, by Rosa Luxemburg, New York, 1964, pp.
13-28.
24. Luxemburg R. The Accumulation of Capital. New York, 1964, p. 368.
25. Luxemburg R. p. 368-369.
26. Hunt E. K. p. 360.
27. Luxemburg R. p. 352.
29. Hunt E. K. p. 363.
32. Fisher L. The Life of Lenin. Harper and Row, London,1964, p. 578, 638, 639, 647.
33. Rice C. Lenin. Potrait of a Professional Revolutionary. Cassel Illustrated, 1990, London, p. 192-193.
34. Volkogonov D. Lenin: Life and Legacy. Translated by Harold S. London, 1994, p. 326.
35. Volkogonov D. p. 259.
36. Volkogonov D. p. 259.
37. Service R. Lenin: A Biography. London, 2000, p. 391.
38. Lenin V. I. Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism. V.I. Lenin. Selected Works, by V.I. Lenin, 3
vols, Moscow, 1917, vol-2, p. 677.
39. Lenin V. I. p. 721.
40. Hunt E. K. p. 367.
41. Lenin V. I. p. 733-734.
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42. Lenin V. I. The State of Revolution. From Lenin, Collected Works, 1917, vol-25, p. 381-492. Accessed
online at
“The State of Revolution” Marxists.org. Accessed 30 November, 2011.
43. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin. Accessed 15 July, 2018.
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AZ¨šÍ †Rviv‡jv hyw³| wKšÍ ev¯Í‡e cuywRev`x evRvi eë¯’v KL‡bvB mevi Kg©ms¯’vb (full
employment) ¯^qswµqfv‡e Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| cuywRev`x evRvi eë¯’vi BwZnvm n‡”Q A_©‰bwZK
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Dbwesk kZvãxi †klfv‡M G‡m c„w_exe¨vcx cuywRev`x evRvi eë¯’v M‡o I‡V| Drcv`b I cwienb
eë¯’vi GZB DbœwZ nj †h, mye„©nr K‡c©v‡ikb¸‡jv I cuywRcwZiv mw¤§wjZfv‡e wekvj Drcv`b ÿgZv
wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z jvMj| Gi dj nj `y‡Uv: GK- Awbqwš¿Z cÖwZ‡hvwMZv GB weivU K‡c©v‡ikb¸‡jvi Rb¨
SuywKc~Y© n‡q ùvovj; `yB- GB eo K‡c©v‡ikb I cuywRcwZ‡ì †Rv‡Ui wbqš¿‡Yi d‡j evRv‡ii †hUyKz
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I AviI Zxeª n‡Z _vKj|
G ch©šÍ ¯^qswµq evRvi eë¯’vi Dci wek¦v‡mi wfwË‡Z miKvwi bxwZ cwiPvwjZ nZ| GB mg‡q Zv
cuywRcwZ‡ì Rb¨ ÿwZKi e‡j cÖZxqgvb nj| Aóv`k kZvãxi †klfv‡M I Dbwesk kZvãxi cÖ_g w`‡K
miKvi cwiPvjbvi Dci cuywRcwZ‡ì c~Y© wbqš¿Y wQj bv| Dbwesk kZvãxi †klw`‡K G‡m Zviv cuywRev`x
†`k¸‡jvi miKvwi cwiPvjbv cy‡ivcywi Zv‡ì wbqš¿‡Y wb‡q G‡mwQj| Kv‡RB cuywRcwZ †Mvôx †h GLb
ÿwZKi cÖwZ‡hvwMZv eÜ Kivi Rb¨ Avi g›`v †_‡K euvPvi Rb¨ miKvi‡K eënvi Ki‡e Zv Avðh© bq|
miKvi wkí Drcv`b ms¯’v I K‡c©v‡ik¸‡jv‡K wbqš¿Y Kivi Rb¨ wKQz wbqg-bxwZ ˆZwi Kij| wKšÍ Gme
wbqg bxwZi Avov‡j cuywRcwZ I K‡c©v‡ikb¸‡jv Zv‡ì Kg©Kv‡Ûi myweav K‡i wbj| D`vniY ¯îƒc:
gvwK©b hy³ivóª 1887 mv‡j Interstate Commerce Act bv‡g AvBb cvm K‡i Interstate
Commerce Commission MVb K‡i| ejv nw”Qj †h GB Kwgk‡bi KvR n‡e Rbmvavi‡Yi ¯^v‡_©
†ij-eë¯’v wbqš¿Y Kiv| wKšÍ ev¯Í‡e †h me wkí wbqš¿Y Kivi Rb¨ GUv ˆZwi Kiv n‡qwQj, †mme wk‡íi
mgq bvwn †i
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mv‡eK Kg©KZ©vivB GB ms¯’v wbqš¿‡Yi `vwqZ¡ †cj| Zviv Zv‡ì Av‡Mi wkí¸‡jvi ¯^v‡_© KvR Ki‡Z
jvMj| GKBfv‡e 1890 mv‡j Sherman Antitrust Act hy³iv‡óªi `yÕwU AvBbmfv‡ZB cvm Kiv
nq| GKRb gvÎ wec‡ÿ †fvU w`‡qwQ‡jb| D‡Ïk¨ wQj wkícwZ‡ì g‡a¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Ae¨vnZ ivLv|
wKšÍ Kvh©Zt GB AvB‡bi gva¨‡g cÖwZ‡hvwMZv mxwgZ ivLv I kÖwgK msMVb¸‡jv‡K `gb Kiv n‡Z jvMj|
gy³evRvi A_©bxwZi ZË¡ Abyhvqx †QvU †QvU wkí wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g fvimvg¨ eRvq
iv‡L| GB mgq eo eo wkí cÖwZôvb M‡o IVvq GK‡PwUqv eëmvi m¤¢vebv †`Lv w`j| cuywRev`x
†`k¸‡jvi miKv‡ii cÿ †_‡K ejv n‡Z _vKj, miKvi n¯Í‡ÿc K‡i cÖwZ‡hvwMZv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨|
miKvi eo eo wkíms¯’v I K‡c©v‡ik¸‡jv‡K GK‡PwUqv eë¯’v †_‡K weiZ †i‡L cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Ki‡Z eva¨
Ki‡e|3
GB mg‡q cuywRev`x eë¯’vi Aw¯’wZkxjZv AviI evoj| evRvi eë¯’v ¯^qswµqfv‡e w¯’wZkxj _vK‡e,
GB wek¦v‡mi g~j¨ cuywRev`x‡ì µ‡gB †ewk gvÎvq w`‡Z nj| mgvRI G‡Z ÿwZMÖ¯Í n‡Z _vKj| Dbwesk
kZvãxi cÖ_gv‡a© hy³iv‡óª `yÕ‡Uv (1819 I 1837 mv‡j ïiæ) eo A_©‰bwZK msKU n‡qwQj; Bsj¨v‡Û
n‡qwQj PviwU (1815, 1825, 1836 I 1847 mv‡j ïiæ)| Dbwesk kZvãxi wØZxqv‡a© A_©‰bwZK
msK‡Ui msL¨v I ZxeªZv AviI evoj| hy³iv‡óª cuvPevi (1854, 1857, 1873, 1884 I 1893 mv‡j
ïiæ) I Bsj¨v‡Û Qqevi (1857, 1866, 1873, 1882, 1890, 1900 mv‡j ïiæ) msKU †`Lv †Mj|
wesk kZ‡K g›`v AviI evo‡Z _vKj Ges AviI Nb Nb n‡Z _vKj I ‡kl ch©šÍ 1930Gi `k‡K
gnvg›`v †`Lv w`j|
1930 Gi `k‡Ki gnvg›`v wQj wek¦e¨vcx, cÖvq cÖwZwU cuywRev`x ‡`‡kB GB g›`v nq| gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª
1929 mv‡ji 24 A‡±vei wbD Bq‡K©i ÷K G·‡P‡Äi Security mg~‡ni (µq weµq Kiv hvq Ggb
Avw_©K m¤ú` †hgb ÷K, eÛ, e¨v¼ ‡bvU BZ¨vw`) `vg A‡bK c‡o †Mj| GB w`bwU‡K ÔKv‡jv
e„n¯úwZeviÕ bvg †Ìqv nq| eëmvi Ici gvby‡li Avi †gv‡UB Av¯’v _vKj bv| d‡j cuywRcwZiv
Drcv`b I wewb‡qvM Kwg‡q w`j| G‡Z Kg©ms¯’vb K‡g †Mj I RvZxq AvqI K‡g †Mj| d‡j A_©‰bwZK
eë¯’vi Dci wek¦vm AviI Kgj| BwZnv‡mi mePvB‡Z eo GB gnvg›`vi mgq nvRvi nvRvi K‡c©v‡ikb
†`Dwjqv n‡q †Mj| jÿ jÿ gvbyl n‡q †Mj †eKvi| 1929 mvj †_‡K 1932 mv‡ji g‡a¨ cuywRev`x
†`k¸‡jv‡Z 85000 eëmv eÜ n‡q †Mj| cuvP nvRv‡iiI †ewk e¨v‡¼i Kvh©µg ¯’wMZ nq; wbD BqK©
÷K G·‡P‡Äi ÷‡Ki †gvU `vg 87 wewjqb Wjvi †_‡K K‡g 19 wewjqb Wjvi nq; †eKvi gvby‡li
msL¨v †e‡o nq GK †KvwU 20 jvL| K…wl Avq cÖvq A‡a©K K‡g hvq, wkí Drcv`bI A‡a©K K‡g hvq|
Av‡gwiKvi cÖvq GK-PZz_©vsk gvbyl Zv‡ì RxweKv nvivq|4 c„w_exi me‡P‡q mg„× †`k Av‡gwiKv‡Z jÿ
jÿ gvbyl wb`viæY `vwi‡`ªi g‡a¨ w`b KvUv‡Z jvMj| †Kvb †Kvb AÂ‡j Gi cÖfve c‡owQj †ewk|
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10800 Rb †eZbf~K Kg©Pvix Av‡Qb| Avgvi g‡b nq Gi g‡a¨ 8000 R‡bi †ewk gvby‡li ¯^vfvweK
Avq bvB| Kgc‡ÿ 25000 nvRvi Rb cy‡ivcywi †eKvi| Gi g‡a¨ †KD †KD 12 gv‡mi †ewk GK`gB
KvR cvqwb|5 A‡bK kni †_‡K wi‡cvU© Avmj Zv‡ì mvnvh¨ †Ìqvi Rb¨ Lye mvgvb¨ Znwej Av‡Q|
GB jÿ jÿ gvby‡li `y`©kvi K_v †evSv hvq 1932 mv‡j wkKv‡Mv kn‡i AveR©bv †djvi eY©bv †_‡K,
Ô†h UªvK †_‡K AveR©bv †djv nw”Qj Zvi Pvicvk wN‡i wQj cÖvq 35 Rb cyiæl, bvix I wkï| †hB gvÎ
UªvKwU AveR©bv †d‡j m‡i †Mj, Giv mevB AveR©bvi g‡a¨ nvZ w`‡q I KvwV w`‡q Lvevi Luy‡R †ei Ki‡Z
jvMjÕ|6
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†KD †KD Pzwi Ki‡Z eva¨ nw”Qj Avi A‡b‡K jvBb w`w”Qj j½iLvbvq| Gi DËi wbwnZ Av‡Q cuywRev`x
Drcv`b eë¯’vi g‡a¨B| KviLvbvI Pvjvb †hZ, kÖwgK‡ìI KvR †Ìqv †hZ- wKš‘ Zv Kiv nw”Qj bv,
KviY cuywRcwZ‡ì Rb¨ Drcv`b ZLb jvfRbK wQj bv| cuywRev`x eë¯’vq Drcv`‡bi wm×všÍ †bIqv nq
jv‡fi Dci wfwË K‡i|
GB wech©‡qi g‡a¨ †Kvb †Kvb be¨-aªæc`x A_©bxwZwe` GUv Dcjwä Ki‡jb †h evRvi eë¯’v ¯^qswµqfv‡e
w¯’wZkxj _v‡K, GB †cŠivwYK Kvwnbxi Av`wk©K cÖ‡qvRb †kl n‡q †M‡Q| evRvi eë¯’vi Awbqwš¿Z
ZvÛe cuywRev`x eë¯’vi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i cÖwZ ûgwK n‡q ùvwo‡qwQj| A‡bK cwÛ‡Zi Kv‡Q GUv cwi®‹vi nw”Qj,
GB cwiw¯’wZ‡Z GZ K‡Vvi I eûgyLx eë¯’v wb‡Z n‡e hv GKgvÎ miKv‡ii c‡ÿB m¤¢e| wKšÍ be¨-
aªæc`x Z‡Ë¡i g‡a¨ Gi †Kvb wbivgq wQj bv| be¨-aªæc`x Z‡Ë¡i g‡Z g›`v nq bv, ZvB Zvi Rb¨ †Kvb
eë¯’vi mycvwikI GB Z‡Ë¡i g‡a¨ bvB| Kv‡RB G Z‡Ë¡i e¨vcK ms‡kvab Qvov GUv ev¯Íem¤§Z n‡e
bv| GB KvRwU Ki‡jb MZ kZvãxi iÿYkxj A_©bxwZwe`‡ì g‡a¨ GKRb cÖwZfvevb e¨w³| wZwb
n‡jb Rb †gBbvW© †KBbm (John Maynard Keynes)| 1936 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ Zuvi eB‡q (The
General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money) wZwb †`Lv‡bvi †Póv K‡i‡Qb
cuywRev‡ì mgm¨v wK I wKfv‡e Zvi mgvavb Kiv hvq|
1883 mv‡j Rb †gBbvW© †KBb‡mi Rb¥| Zuvi evev Rb †bwfj ‡KBbm wQ‡jb GKRb weL¨vZ
hyw³we`¨vwekvi` I A_©bxwZwe`| †Kw¤^ªR wek¦we`¨vj‡qi †iwR÷ªvi wnmv‡e wZwb KvR Ki‡Zb| Zuvi gvÕI
wQ‡jb we`ylx gwnjv, whwb cieZ©x‡Z †Kw¤^ªR kn‡ii †gqi wbe©vwPZ nb| AwfRvZ †kÖYxi †Q‡j‡ì ¯‹zj
BU‡b (Eton) ‡KBbm cov‡kvbv K‡ib I A¼kv‡¯¿ A‡bK c`K AR©b K‡ib| Gici wZwb †Kw¤^ªR
wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wKsm K‡j‡R cÖ‡ek K‡ib| GLv‡bI Zuvi AR©b wQj D‡jøL‡hvM¨| wek¦we`¨vj‡qi QvÎ
msm‡` wZwb weZ‡K© ey¨rcwË AR©b K‡ib| PviæKjv‡ZI Zuvi cÖej AvMÖn wQj| wZwb eB msMÖn Ki‡Zb|
†Kw¤^ªR AvU© w_‡qUv‡ii wZwb wQ‡jb cÖwZôvZv, b¨vkbvj M¨vjvwii Uªvw÷ wQ‡jb, iq¨vj A‡civ nvD‡mi
Uªvw÷‡ì cÖavb wQ‡jb| †Kw¤^ªR wek¦we`¨vj‡q wZwb A¼kv¯¿ Aa¨q‡bi Rb¨ fwZ© nb| Avj‡d«W gvk©vj
Zv‡K A_©bxwZ covi Rb¨ civgk© †`b, wKšÍ wZwb Zv MÖnY K‡ib wb| 1905 mv‡j wZwb wmwfj mvwf©m
cixÿvi Rb¨ cov‡kvbv ïiæ K‡ib| cixÿvq 104 R‡bi g‡a¨ wZwb wØZxq nb| 1906 mv‡j BwÛqv
Awd‡m Zuvi c`vqb nq| wZwb †Kvbw`bB fviZ hvb wb| 1908 mv‡j wmwfj mvwf©‡mi PvKzwi †Q‡o wZwb
†Kw¤^ªR wek¦we`¨vj‡q A_©bxwZi wkÿK wnmv‡e †hvM †`b| wZwb gh©v`vc~Y© mvgwqKx Economic Journal
Gi m¤úv`bvi `vwqZ¡ cvb Ges 1945 mvj ch©šÍ GB `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| BwÛqv Awd‡m AwfÁZvi
wfwË‡Z wZwb 1913 mv‡j Indian Currency and Finance bv‡g eB cÖKvk K‡ib| cÖ_g gnvhy‡×i
mgq wZwb Treasury Department- (†m †`‡ki A_© gš¿Yvjq) G Dc‡`óv wnmv‡e KvR K‡ib| G
Kv‡Ri m~‡Î wZwb c¨vwim kvwšÍ Av‡jvPbvq e„wUk cÖwZwbwa `‡ji m‡½ hvb| Rvg©vwbi Dci Pvwc‡q †Ìqv
kvwšÍPzw³‡K wZwb mwVK bq e‡j g‡b K‡ib I c`Z¨vM K‡ib| GB Pzw³‡K wZwb A‰bwZK, we‡ØlcÖm~Z
I Am¤¢e e‡j g‡b K‡ib Ges The Economic Consequences of Peace bv‡g GKwU eB G
m¤ú‡K© wj‡Lb| G eB e¨vcK RbwcÖqZv AR©b K‡i wKšÍ wZwb GRb¨ cÖvq `yB `k‡Ki gZ mgq a‡i e„wUk
miKv‡ii Kv‡Q AevwÃZ wQ‡jb| †KBbm wKsm K‡j‡Ri bursar wnmv‡e K‡j‡Ri Avw_©K Ae¯’vi cÖf~Z
DbœwZ mvab K‡ib| G Qvov A_© evRv‡i UvKv LvwU‡q wZwb wb‡Ri RbÏ A‡bK A_© DcvR©b K‡ib| wZwb
K‡qKwU †Kv¤úvwbi †evW© m`m¨ wbhy³ nb| 1926 mv‡j wZwb ivwkqvb e¨v‡j bZ©Kx Lydia Lopokova
†K weevn K‡ib|
‡KBb‡mi me©vwaK cwiwPZ eB ÔThe General Theory of Employment, Interest and

Money’ 1936 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ nq| GB eB cieZ©x hyM¸‡jv‡Z A_©bxwZi wPšÍvaviv‡K e¨vcKfv‡e
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cÖfvweZ K‡i Ges Zuv‡K e„‡U‡bi mePvB‡Z cÖfvekvjx A_©bxwZwe` wnmv‡e cÖwZwôZ K‡i| wØZxq
gnvhy‡×i mgqI wZwb †UªRvwi wefv‡M KvR K‡ib| 1942 mv‡j wZwb nvDm Ae jW©‡m g‡bvbqb cvb|
‡KBb‡mi Abymvix‡ì g‡Z fvm©vB kvwšÍPzw³‡Z hy‡×i Rb¨ Rvg©vwb‡K weivU ÿwZc~iY w`‡Z eva¨ Kivq
Rvg©vb A_©bxwZ †f‡½ c‡o| 1923 mv‡j wekvj gy`vª ùxwZ nq| A‡b‡KB g‡b K‡ib A_©‰bwZK g›`v I
e¨vcK †eKviZ¡ Rvg©vb‡ì e„‡Ub, d«vÝ I Ab¨vb¨ wgÎkw³i cÖwZ êix K‡i †Zv‡j Ges wnUjv‡ii †bZ…‡Z¡
bvrmx `‡ji DÌv‡bi c_ ˆZwi K‡i| 1920 Gi `k‡K wZwb A_©, g~j¨ I †eKvi‡Z¡i Dci M‡elYv K‡ib|
1930 mv‡j Treatise on Money bv‡g Zuvi eB cÖKvwkZ nq| †KBbm wÎ‡ki `k‡Ki gnvg›`vi mgq
e„wUk miKv‡ii K…”QZvmva‡bi bxwZi mgv‡jvPbv K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z miKvi FY K‡i g›`vi g‡aÏ A_©bxwZ
mej ivL‡Z cv‡ib| 1933 mv‡j gnvg›`v hLb Pi‡g †mB mgq cÖKvwkZ nq Zuvi Av‡iKwU eB The
Means of Property| GB eB‡q wZwb mywbw`©ó bxwZi mycvwik K‡ib hvi Øviv miKvi †eKvi‡Z¡i
†gvKvwejv Ki‡Z cv‡i| hwÌ GB eB e„wUk miKvi‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡i †jLv, Z‡e Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki RbÏ
GUv cÖ‡hvR¨ wQj| bewbe©vwPZ Av‡gwiKvb †cÖwm‡W›U d«v¼wjb †Wjv‡bv iæR‡fë‡KI eB‡qi Kwc cvVv‡bv
nq| e„wUk I Av‡gwiKvb miKvi Zuvi civgk©¸‡jv ¸iæZ¡mnKv‡i we‡ePbv Ki‡jI me civgk© MÖnY
K‡ibwb| wKšÍ GB mgq †_‡K Zuvi Dc‡`k cieZ©x‡Z miKvi ch©v‡q MÖnY Kiv ïiæ nq|
wgÎkw³ wØZxq gnvhy‡× wR‡Z hv‡”Q GUv hLb cÖvq wbwðZ, †mB mgq 1944 mv‡j Av‡gwiKvi †eªUb
DW‡m hy× cieZ©x wek¦ A_©‰bwZK eë¯’vi bxwZ-wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ Av‡gwiKvi Avnev‡b 44wU †`‡ki
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†`‡k wewb‡qvM K‡i Zvn‡j msKU Gov‡bv hvq| wZwb GKUv AvšÍR©vwZK e¨v¼ MV‡bi civgk© w`‡jb-
hvi bvg wZwb w`‡jb International Clearing Union| GB e¨v¼ Zvi wbR¯^ gy`vª (hvi bvg wZwb
w`‡jb bancor) Pvjy Ki‡e| GB gy`vª Ab¨vb¨ me †`‡ki gy`ªvi m‡½ wbw`©ó (fixed) nv‡i wewbgq‡hvM¨
n‡e| GB gy`vª i gvcKvwV‡Z me †`‡ki evwYR¨ NvUwZ ev DØ„Ë wba©viY Kiv n‡e Ges GB e¨vs‡K Zvi
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cuywR ißvwbi AbygwZ w`‡e| eQi †k‡l GB cÖwµqvq hw` DØ„Ë †`‡ki Lv‡Z Zvi wba©vwiZ cwigvY bancor
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Av‡jvob m„wó K‡i| cÖL¨vZ e„wUk A_©bxwZwe` jvBI‡bj iwebm (Lionel Robbins) wj‡Lb, ÔmiKv‡ii
mswkøó gnj¸‡jv‡Z Zuvi cÖ¯Íve Zwor cÖev‡ni gZ Ggb PgK w`‡q‡Q hv evwo‡q ejv hv‡e bv| GZ Kíbv
kw³ai I D”Pvwfjvlx cÖ¯Íve Avi †`Lv hvqwbÕ| e„wUk miKvi Zuvi cÖ¯Íve MÖnY K‡ib Ges †eªUb DWm
m‡¤§j‡b GUv DÌvwcZ nq|
mgq bvwn †i
88
wKšÍ Av‡gwiKvi cÖwZwbwaiv GB cÖ¯Íve bvKP K‡i †`b| Zviv Gi e`‡j International Stabilization
Fund Gi cÖ¯Íve †`b, hv c‡i AvšÍR©vwZK gy`vª Znwej-AvBGgGd (International Monetary
Fund-IMF) bvg †bq| GB cÖ¯Ív‡e NvUwZ †`‡ki DciB evwYR¨ mgZv eRvq ivLvi fvi Pvwc‡q †Ìqv
nq| Av‡gwiKvi cÖwZwbwa International Bank of Reconstruction and Development (†hUv
GLbI World Bank Gi avi †Ìqvi cÖavb ms¯’v) bv‡g Avi GKUv e¨vs‡Ki cÖ¯Íve †`b hviv hy×
cieZ©x cybM©V‡bi Rb¨ FY w`‡e| cieZ©x‡Z ¯^‡ívbœZ †`k¸‡jvi Rb¨ GUv wech©q wb‡q G‡m‡Q|
cuywRcwZ I K‡c©v‡ikb¸‡jvi c‡ÿ IMF ‡`bvMÖ¯Í †`k¸‡jvi Dci Amnbxq kZ© Pvwc‡q w`‡q‡Q Ges
Zv‡ì m¤ú` †kvlY K‡i‡Q| †bv‡ej weRqx A_©bxwZwe` †Rv‡md w÷MwjR (Joseph Stiglitz)
†`wL‡q‡Qb wKfv‡e IMF we`¨gvb msKU AviI evwo‡q †`q Ges †hLv‡b msKU wQj bv †mLv‡b msKU
ˆZwi K‡i|7 IMFGi bxwZi d‡j gy`vª wewbg‡qi nvi Aw¯’wZkxj n‡q‡Q, balance of payment
(GKwU wbw`©ó Kv‡j we‡`kx ivóªmg~n‡K cwi‡kvwaZ me©‡gvU A_©m¤ú` Ges we‡`k n‡Z cÖvß me©‡gvU
A_©m¤ú‡ì weeiYx) Gi mgm¨v AviI †e‡o‡Q| A‡bK †`‡ki †`bv †e‡o‡Q I Zviv msK‡U c‡o‡Q,
A‡bK †`‡k Rb‡mevg~jK cÖwZôvbmg~n aŸsm n‡q‡Q Ges jÿ jÿ gvbyl †eKvi n‡q‡Q| IMF ¯’vc‡bi
mgq hy³ivóª hv‡Z †f‡Uv cÖ‡qv‡Mi ÿgZv cvq, †m †`‡ki cÖwZwbwaiv Zv wbwðZ K‡ib| GUvI eë¯’v
Kiv nq †h, me †`‡ki ê‡`wkK gy`vª Wjv‡ii wnmv‡e ivLv n‡e| GKwU †`‡ki gy`vª mg¯Í c„w_exi ê‡`wkK
gy`vª wnmv‡e AZx‡Z KL‡bvB ¯^xK…Z nqwb|8 Gfv‡eB Av‡gwiKv wØZxq gnvhy‡×i ci AvšÍR©vwZK
A_©bxwZ‡Z wbqš¿‡Ki f~wgKvq AeZxY© nq| †KBb‡mi cÖ¯Íve evwZj nIqvi ci wRI‡d« †µv_vi
(Jeofrey Crowther) (ZrKvjxb Economist cÖwÎKvi m¤úv`K) wj‡Lb, ÔjW© †KBbm mwVK wQ‡jb-
-- mviv c„w_ex wZ³Zvi mv‡_ Zuvi cÖ¯vÍ e evwZj Kivi Rb¨ Av‡ÿc Ki‡eÕ| GB m‡¤§j‡bi ci †_‡KB
†KBb‡mi ¯^v‡¯’ï AebwZ n‡Z _v‡K Ges 1946 mv‡j wZwb g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
be¨-aªæc`x‡ì wek¦vm wQj Say’s Law Gi Dci, hwÌ GKk eQi Av‡M g¨vj_ym GB gZev‡ì
mgv‡jvPbv K‡iwQ‡jb| Say’s Law Abyhvqx mvwe©K Drcv`b mvgwMÖK Pvwn`vi PvB‡Z †ewk nq bv|
divmx A_©bxwZwe` †R, we, ‡m (J.B.Say) e‡jb, c‡Yï mieivn Zvi Pvwn`v ˆZwi K‡i| cY¨ Drcv`‡b
hv LiP nq Zv †Kvb bv †Kvb e¨w³i Av‡q cwiYZ nq| Kv‡RB kÖwgK, cuywRcwZ, f~wg gvwjK mevB †h
cY¨ Drcvw`Z nj Zv wKb‡Z cv‡i| KLbI KLbI †fv³viv †Kvb we‡kl cY¨ Kg wKb‡Z PvB‡Z cv‡ib|
Zv‡Z cY¨ AwewµZ †_‡K hvIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| Drcv`K `vg Kwg‡q w`‡j Zv wewµ n‡q hv‡e| AZGe
mvgwqKfv‡e †Kvb c‡Yï Pvwn`vi PvB‡Z mieivn †ewk _vK‡Z cv‡i| wKšÍ me Drcvw`Z c‡Yï Pvwn`vi
PvB‡Z †ewk mieivn _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| KviY mevB‡KB Avq †_‡K LiP Ki‡Z n‡e Ges gvbyl cY¨ wKb‡Z
AvMÖnx _v‡K| †fv³v‡ì c‡Yï Pvwn`v Drcv`K‡ì cY¨ ˆZwi Kivi ÿgZvi PvB‡Z memgq †ewk _v‡K|
Kv‡RB Drcv`‡Kiv †h cwigvY cY¨ ˆZwi K‡i Zvi meUvB wewµ n‡q hv‡e hw` mwVK g~j¨ wba©viY Kiv
nq|9 g¨vj_ym GB ZË¡ mwVK g‡b K‡ibwb, Zv Av‡MB ejv n‡q‡Q| Zuvi hyw³ wQj †fv³viv Zv‡ì Av‡qi
cy‡ivUv LiP bv K‡i wKQzUv mÂq Ki‡Z cv‡i-G‡Z cY¨ AwewµZ †_‡K hv‡e|
GB Z‡Ë¡ wek¦vm Ki‡j `xN©¯’vqx †eKviZ¡ _vKv ev g›`v nIqv †KvbUvB ¯^xKvi Kiv hvq bv| wKš‘ G¸‡jv
†Zv ev¯Í‡e N‡U| hviv G ZË¡ wek¦vm Ki‡Zb Zv‡ì †KBbm eyw×nxb we‡ePbv Ki‡Zb| cY¨ Drcv`b Ges
me Drcvw`Z cY¨ wewµ nIqvq G‡Z evavi m„wó nIqvi KviY †fv³viv mÂq K‡i| Kv‡RB wKQz cY¨
AwewµZ _vK‡Z cv‡i g¨vj_y‡mi GB gZ †KBbm mg_©b K‡ib| wiKv‡W©v Gi DË‡i e‡jwQ‡jb, mÂq
Ki‡j A_© e¨v‡¼ _vK‡e, Avi e¨v¼ GB UvKv avi w`‡e Zv‡ì hviv cY¨ wKb‡Z A_ev wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z
UvKv LiP Ki‡Z Pvq| d‡j cY¨ AwewµZ _vK‡e bv| e¨v‡¼ mÂqKvix‡ì UvKv hZ evo‡e, e¨v¼ ZZB
hviv UvKv avi K‡ib Zv‡ì Kg my‡` avi w`‡e| Avi my` Kg n‡j wewb‡qvMKvixiv UvKv AviI †ewk avi
K‡i wewb‡qvM Ki‡e, KviY Kg my‡` wewb‡qvM Ki‡j jvf nIqvi m¤¢vebv †ewk| Kv‡RB mÂq evo‡j
mgq bvwn †i
89
wewb‡qvM evo‡e, Ôg›`vÕ ïiæ n‡j †fv³viv UvKv LiP bv K‡i mÂq Ki‡e, mÂq evo‡j e¨v¼ my` Kgv‡e,
my` Kg‡j wewb‡qvMKvixiv AviI †ewk UvKv wewb‡qvM Ki‡e| wewb‡qvM Ki‡j †mB UvKv gvby‡li Kv‡Q
hv‡e Avi c‡Yï Pvwn`v evo‡e| G‡Z g›`v K‡g hv‡e| Avi GKUv hyw³ nj, Ggb n‡Z cv‡i mÂq hZUv
n‡”Q wewb‡qvM ZZUv n‡”Q bv| d‡j †fv³v‡ì Kg e¨q Kiv wewb‡qvMKvixiv c~iY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| G‡Z
g„`y g›`v n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e Pvwn`v K‡g hvIqvq c‡Yï `vg Kg‡e, kÖwg‡Ki gRywi Kg‡e, kÖwg‡Ki gRywi
Kg‡j †eKvi kÖwgK‡ì cuywRcwZiv KvR w`‡Z cvi‡e| cY¨ g~j¨ Kgvq †fv³viv AviI †ewk cwigv‡Y
cY¨ wKb‡Z cvi‡e, g›`v K‡g hv‡e|
‡KBbm hyw³¸‡jv †g‡b wb‡Z cv‡ib wb| wZwb e‡jb, mÂq I wewb‡qv‡Mi g‡a¨ GB cÖZ¨ÿ m¤úK© mwVK
bq| †fv³v‡ì mÂq Kivi KviY Avi cuywRcwZ‡ì wewb‡qvM Kivi KviY m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v n‡Z cv‡i|
†fv³viv mÂq K‡i wewfbœ wRwbm †Kbvi Rb¨ (†hgb evwo, Mvwo, evwo‡Z eëüZ wRwbmcÎ BZ¨vw`), e„×
eq‡m Rxeb avi‡Yi Rb¨, wPwKrmvi Rb¨ BZ¨vw`| Avi cuywRcwZiv wewb‡qvM K‡i A‡bK wKQz Avjv`v
welq we‡ePbv K‡i| Gi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q ivR‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZ, bZzb cÖhyw³i D™¢veb, bZzb evRv‡ii mÜvb
BZ¨vw`| Kv‡RB G `y‡Uvi g‡a¨ m¤úK© Uvbv mwVK bq| †fv³v‡ì mÂq hw` AwaK wewb‡qvM c~iY bv
K‡i Zv n‡j cY¨ AwewµZ _vK‡e| cuywRcwZiv kÖwgK QuvUvB Ki‡e| Zv‡Z c‡Yï Pvwn`v AviI Kg‡e|
Rvcv‡b 1997 I 1998 mv‡j †fv³viv LiP Kwg‡q †`q hwÌ ¯^íKvjxb my‡ì nvi Kwg‡q 0.5 kZvsk
K‡iwQj †K›`ªxq e¨v¼ | wØZxqZt g~j¨ I kÖwg‡Ki †eZ‡bi g‡a¨ Nwbô m¤úK©I †KBbm ¯^xKvi K‡ib wb|
aªæc`x ZË¡ Abyhvqx g›`vi mgq kÖwg‡Ki †eZb Kgvi K_v| wKšÍ ev¯Í‡e kÖwg‡Kiv Kg †eZb wb‡Z ivwR
nq bv| kÖwgK msMVb¸‡jvi gva¨‡g Zviv Gi we‡ivwaZv K‡i| wZwb e‡jb, g›`vi mgq cuywRcwZiv
wewb‡qvM Kgvq| kÖwg‡Kiv A‡b‡K †eKvi n‡q covi d‡j mÂq Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| d‡j wewb‡qvM I mÂq
`yÕ‡UvB K‡g mgvb n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| GQvov †eZb I cY¨g~j¨ mgš^q n‡Z A‡bK mgq wb‡Z cv‡i| d‡j
g›`v `xN©¯’vqx n‡Z cv‡i| 1930 Gi `k‡K wewb‡qvM I mÂq `y‡UvB K‡g mgvb nj| aªæc`x Z‡Ë¡i
AmviZv cÖgvY nj|9 cÖ‡qvRb nj mgvav‡bi c_| †KBbm G m¤^‡Ü mycvwik w`‡q‡Qb| Zuvi we‡køl‡Y
†`Lv hvq hLb †gvU cY¨ I †mevi Pvwn`v †gvU Av‡qi PvB‡Z Kg nq ZLb g›`v †`Lv †`q| Kv‡RB
†fv³v, wkí-KviLvbv I eëmvi h‡_ó Pvwn`v _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| Zviv hw` †gvU Av‡qi mgcwigvY cY¨ I
†mev µq bv K‡i ZvÕn‡j g›`v n‡e GUv †KBbm e‡jb|
GB aviYv AviI wKQzUv mijfv‡e †`Lv‡bv hvq| ‡ewkifvM cY¨B †Kbv nq mKj cwievi I M„‡n
(household) eënv‡ii Rb¨| eZ©gv‡b Av‡gwiKvi †gvU †`kR Av‡qi 70 kZvs‡ki †fv³vB cwievi
I M„n|10 Kv‡RB ‡mB Pvwn`vi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask nj GUv| cwiev‡ii Pvwn`v wbf©i K‡i cwiev‡ii AvKvi,
Zv‡ì cQ›` BZ¨vwì Dci| Avq evo‡j †ewk wKb‡e, Kg‡j Kg wKb‡e| †KBbm e‡jb, hLbB GKRb
AwZwi³ UvKv cvq, †m Zvi wKQz Ask LiP K‡i Ges wKQz Ask mÂq K‡i| †h Ask LiP Kiv nq Zvi
bvg †KBbm w`‡q‡Qb marginal propensity to consume (MPC)| a‡i †bIqv hvK †Kvbfv‡e
GKRb gvbyl 100 UvKv †cj| wZwb GB UvKv †_‡K 80 UvKv LiP K‡i GKUv cY¨ wKb‡jb Avi evwK
20 UvKv e¨vs‡K ivL‡jb| Zvn‡j GB e¨w³i marginal propensity to consume nj 0.80 Ges
marginal prospensity to save nj 0.20|
wkí-KviLvbv I eëmvqxivI cY¨ I †mev †K‡b| Drcv`‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq hš¿cvwZ, KuvPvgvj, cwien‡bi
DcKiY BZ¨vw` hviv wK‡b Zviv mvgwMÖK Pvwn`vi Avi GKUv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask| wkí- KviLvbv, eëmv
BZ¨vwì †KbvKvUvB wewb‡qvM, hv wbf©i K‡i fwel¨‡Z evRv‡ii Ae¯’v m¤^‡Ü Abygvb, F‡Yi Dci my‡ì
nvi, ivRbxwZ BZ¨vw` A‡bK wKQzi Dci| †KBb‡mi g‡Z cwiev‡ii †fv‡Mi Pvwn`vi Zzjbvq wkí-
KviLvbv I eëmvi wewb‡qv‡Mi wbqš¿Kmg~n †ewk cwieZ©bkxj| GZ †ewk Dcv`v‡bi Dci wewb‡qvM
mgq bvwn †i
90
wbf©i K‡i †h cuywRcwZiv Av‡qi ¯^í‡gqv`x cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y wewb‡qv‡Mi cwiKíbv e`jvq bv|11 hw`
cwievi¸‡jv KviLvbv I eëmv BZ¨vwì †gvU Pvwn`v cY¨ Drcv`‡bi mgvb nq (A_©vr MPC nq 1 Gi
mgvb) GB Ae¯’vq †KD †eKvi _vK‡e bv| wKšÍ ev¯Í‡e gvbyl mÂq K‡i, †mUv c~iY Kivi Rb¨ Kj-
KviLvbv, eëmvqx‡ìI AwZwi³ wewb‡qvM Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| Zv bv n‡j cY¨ DØ„Ë _vK‡e, KviLvbvi
gvwj‡KivI kÖwgK QuvUvB Ki‡e|
‡KBb‡mi Av‡Mi †jL‡Kiv Pvwn`v I mieiv‡ni g‡a¨ eëav‡bi Kvi‡Y g›`v m„wó nq e‡jb| Zuviv GRb¨
cuywRcwZ‡ì gybvdvi †jvf‡K `vqx K‡ib| †KBb‡mi †jLvq GRb¨ mvaviY gvby‡li mÂ‡qi Af¨vm‡K
AviI †ewk `vqx Kiv n‡q‡Q|12 Z‡e GB mgm¨v A‡bK ¸Y ev‡o †h Kvi‡Y Zvi bvg †Ìqv n‡q‡Q
multiplier effect| GUv Zuvi mn‡hvMx wiPvW© Kvb (Richard Kahn) eY©bv K‡ib| G‡Z †`Lv‡bv
nq e¨‡qi mvgvb¨ cwieZ©b wKfv‡e K‡qK¸Y evo‡Z cv‡i| aiv hvK GKwU †Kv¤úvwb ÔKÕ GKUv Kv‡Ri
Rb¨ 100 Wjvi LiP Kij| hviv KvR Kij (ivRwgw¯¿, KvVwgw¯¿ BZ¨vw`) Zviv GB UvKv †cj| Zviv
mw¤§wjZfv‡e Gi †_‡K 70 Wjvi LiP Kij Avi 30 Wjvi mÂq Kij| ‡hLv‡b GB UvKv LiP Kiv nj
(‡hgb gywì †`vKvb, PvD‡ji †`vKvb BZ¨vw`) Zviv Avevi GB 70 Wjvi †_‡K 50 Wjvi LiP Kij
Avi 20 Wjvi mÂq Kij| Gfv‡e 100 Wjvi nvZe`j n‡Z n‡Z e¨q K‡qK¸Y evov‡Z cv‡i| MvwYwZK
we‡kølY K‡i †KBbm †`wL‡q‡Qb Li‡Pi Ask hZ †ewk nq multiplier effect ZZ †ewk nq| hwÌ
GUv Lye mij g‡b nq wKšÍ Gi †_‡K K‡qKUv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wm×všÍ †bIqv hvq| wewb‡qvM mvgvb¨ Kg‡jI
Zvi cÖfve A‡bK¸Y †e‡o A_©bxwZi MwZ A‡bK kø_ K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i| Aciw`‡K A_©bxwZ kø_ n‡j
Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg e¨q evov‡jI Zv A‡bK¸Y evov‡bvi dj w`‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z A_©bxwZi MwZ evo‡e|
mvgwóK e¨‡qi cwigvY Av›`vR Ki‡Z cvi‡j KZUv A_© e¨‡qi cÖ‡Yv`bv w`‡j A_©bxwZ KZ¸Y mej n‡e
ZvI MvwYwZK m~‡Îi gva¨‡g wbY©q Kiv hvq Ges Zv A_©bxwZi ¯’weiZv `~i Kivi Rb¨ h‡_ó wKbv ZvI
MvwYwZK m~‡Îi gva¨‡g Av›`vR Kiv hvq|13 1930 Gi `k‡K gnvg›`vi mgq †KBbm Av‡gwiKvi g›`v
KvUv‡bvi Rb¨ wK cwigvY cÖ‡Yv`bv cÖ‡qvRb Zv wnmve K‡i Av‡gwiKvi †cÖwm‡W›U iæR‡fë‡K cÖ‡Yv`bv
†Ìqvi Rb¨ wPwV wj‡L DØy× Kivi †Póv K‡ib| Z‡e Av‡gwiKvi miKvi †h cÖ‡Yv`bv w`j Zvi cwigvY
Zuvi mycvwi‡ki PvB‡Z A‡bK Kg wQj|
‡KBb‡mi e³e¨ wQj cuywRcwZ‡ì Kg wewb‡qvM ev †fv³v‡ì Kg e¨‡qi Kvi‡Y g›`v m„wó n‡j miKvi
mwVK cÖ‡Yv`bv w`‡q G ‡_‡K DËiY Ki‡Z cv‡i| G cÖ‡Yv`bv n‡Z cv‡i miKv‡ii e¨q evwo‡q A_ev
miKv‡ii Ki Kwg‡q| Zuvi e³‡eï GKUv mgv‡jvPbv wQj- G‡Z miKv‡ii ev‡RU NvUwZ n‡e| †KBb‡mi
DËi wQj, g›`vi mgq miKv‡ii e¨q evo‡e I Avq Kg‡e| wKšÍ g›`v †K‡U †M‡j cuywRcwZ I mvaviY
gvby‡li Avq evo‡e, Zviv †ewk Ki w`‡e, NvUwZI c~iY n‡e| wKšÍ g›`vi mgq Kg Ki cvIqv hv‡”Q e‡j
miKvi hw` ev‡R‡U Avq-e¨‡qi mgZv ivLvi Rb¨ e¨q Kg K‡i Zv n‡j g›`v K‡qK¸Y †e‡o hv‡e|
1929 mv‡ji A_©‰bwZK a‡mi c‡ii eQi †_‡K A_©bxwZ wKQzUv cybiæ¾xweZ nIqvi wPý †`Lv †Mj|
†eKvi‡Z¡i nvi kZKiv 25 fvM †_‡K 1937 mv‡j kZKiv 15 fv‡M †b‡g Avmj Ges g‡b n‡Z jvMj
Ae¯’v ¯^vfvweK n‡Z P‡j‡Q| 1937 mv‡j a‡mi g‡a¨ Avevi g›`v †`Lv w`j-‡eKviZ¡ †e‡o kZKiv 19
fvM nj| A_©‰bwZK `yie¯’vi K_v Avi fz‡j _vKv m¤¢e nj bv| A_©bxwZwe`‡ì g‡a¨ a‡mi KviY m¤^‡Ü
weZK© ïiæ nj| nvf©vW wek¦we`¨vj‡qi 1930 Gi `k‡Ki `yRb †R¨ô A_©bxwZwe` †Rv‡md ïw¤úUvi
(Joseph Schumpeter) I G¨vjwfb n¨vb‡mb (Alvin Hansen) G e¨vcv‡i AMÖYx wQ‡jb|14
n¨vb‡m‡bÕi g‡Z AvaywbK DbœZ cuywRev`x A_©bxwZi mÂ‡qi kw³ wekvj, hvi KviY †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jvi
K‡c©v‡ik‡bi gZ MVb I Amg Av‡qi e›Ub| wKšÍ GB mÂqK…Z A‡_©i jvfRbK wewb‡qv‡Mi my‡hvM hw`
bv _v‡K, Z‡e GB A_© cuywR‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡Z cvi‡e bv| Avi cuywR‡Z iƒcvšÍi bv NU‡j Ae¨vnZfv‡e
mgq bvwn †i
91
evo‡Z cvi‡e bv| cuywR Ae¨vnZfv‡e evovi my‡hvM bv †c‡j Avq K‡g hv‡e, †eKviZ¡ evo‡e I `xN©¯’v qx
g›`v m„wó Ki‡e| wewb‡qv‡Mi my‡hv‡Mi Afv‡ei KviY wnmv‡e wZwb wZbwU Dcv`v‡bi K_v D‡jøL K‡ib-
(1) cuywRev‡ì †fŠ‡MvwjK cÖmv‡ii Aemvb, (2) RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi K‡g hvIqv, (3) †mB mg‡qi
cÖhyw³i Av‡Mi PvB‡Z Kg cuywRi ìKvi nIqv| ïw¤úUvi GB hyw³¸‡jv †g‡b †bb wb| wZwb wewb‡qv‡Mi
my‡hv‡Mi Afv‡ei KviY wnmv‡e we`¨gvb cwiw¯’wZ‡K wewb‡qvM evÜe bq e‡jb| eëmvi cÖwZ Avgjv‡ì
weiƒc g‡bvfve Gi eo KviY e‡j wZwb g‡b K‡ib|
1930 Gi `k‡Ki g›`vi ¯’vwqZ¡ mevB‡K Mfxifv‡e DwØMœ K‡i Zz‡jwQj| Av‡gwiKvi †cÖwm‡W›U d«v¼wjb
†Wjv‡bv iæR‡fë (Franklin Delano Roosevelt) g›`vi KviY wbY©q I Gi cÖwZKv‡ii c_ †ei
Kivi Rb¨ GKUv D”Pch©v‡qi KwgwU MVb K‡i †`b| Gi bvg †Ìqv nq Temporary National
Economic Committee| wKšÍ GB KwgwU KvR †kl Kivi Av‡MB ïiæ nq wØZxq gnvhy×| e„‡Ub I
d«vÝ †_‡K mgi DcKiY mieiv‡ni digv‡qm c~iY Kivi Rb¨ wkí-KviLvbv c~Y© D`¨‡g KvR Ki‡Z
jvMj| Av‡gwiKvI wb‡Ri mgi cÖ¯‘wZ †bq| A_©bxwZ mej n‡q hvq| 1944 mvj bvMv` †eKvi‡Z¡i nvi
wQj kZKiv 2 fvM; †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b (Gross National Product) Av‡Mi PvB‡Z wZb-PZz_©vsk
†e‡o hvq|15 1950 mvj bvMv` cuywRcwZ eëmvqx †kÖYx A_©bxwZi Ae¨vnZ cÖe„w× m¤^‡Ü Avkvev`x n‡q
D‡Vb| A_©bxwZweìvI AZxZ fz‡j †h‡Z PvB‡jb| 1930 Gi `k‡Ki weZK© Avi G¸‡jv bv| GgbwK
A_©‰bwZK ¯’weiZvi Dci me‡P‡q Mfxi M‡elYvi eB John Steindl Gi Maturity and
Stagnation in American Capitalism 1952 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ n‡jI †Zgb mvov RvMvq wb| wØZxq
gnvhy‡×i ci cÖvq cuwPk eQi †Kvb A_©‰bwZK g›`v ev am N‡Uwb GUvB wQj Avkvev‡ì KviY| AZx‡Zi
Zzjbvq A‡bK j¤^v mgq a‡i cÖe„w× eRvq _vKvi K‡qKUv KviY g‡b Kiv nq| GK-hy‡×vËi cybM©V‡bi
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1. Hunt E. K. History of Economic Thought. M.E. Sharpe, New York 2002, p. 400.
2. Hunt E. K. p. 401.
3. Hunt E. K. p. 401-402.
4. Hunt E. K. p. 402.
5. US Congress. Senate Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Manufacturers, 72 nd Cong., 1st
Sess. (Washington D.C; Government Printing Office, 1932) p. 41-42.
6. Quoted in Leo Huberman, We the People (New York, Monthly Review Press, 1964), p. 260.
7. https://www.theguardian.com 8 Nov 2008. George Monbiot. Keynes is innocent: the toxic spawn of Bretton
Woods was no plan of his. Accessed 10 August, 2018.
8. https://www.greanvillepost.com. 30 July 2018. Sergio Weigel. Erratic Empire Downfalling. Accessed 10
August 2018.
9. Buchholz T.G. New Ideas From Dead Economists. Pleume Books. New York, 2007. p.217.
10. https://www.greanvillepost.com. 30 July 2018. Sergio Weigel. Erratic Empire Downfalling. Accessed 10
August 2018.
11. Buchholz T. G. p.218.
12. Buchholz T. G. p.219.
14. Magdoff H. and Sweezy P.M. Stagnation and the Financial Explosion. New York, 1987. p. 29.
15. Magdoff H. and Sweezy P.M. Stagnation and the Financial Explosion. p. 9.
16. Magdoff H. and Sweezy P.M. Stagnation and the Financial Explosion. p. 35.
17. Magdoff H. and Sweezy P.M. The Deepening Crisis of US Capitalism. New York, 1981. p. 48-49.
18. Varoufakis Y. The Global Minotaur, London, 2011. p. 94.
19. Kaufman H. ‘Forward’ to Edward 1 Altman and Arnold W.Sametz. Financial Crisis, Institutions and Markets
in a Fragile Environment. New York, 1977. p. vii.
20. Magdoff H. and Sweezy P.M. Deepening Crisis of US Capitalism. p.53.
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1960 Gi `k‡K evRv‡ii Pvwn`vi PvB‡Z GKUvi ci GKUv wk‡í Drcv`b ÿgZv A‡bK †ewk nj|
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9 jÿ †kqvi †ePv‡Kbv nq|25 GB eëmvi d‡j A‡_©i Dci abx‡ì wbqš¿Y AviI evoj|
wPwj‡Z 1973 mv‡j ïiæ n‡q be¨D`vibxwZ µ‡gB mviv we‡k¦ A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ûi wbqvgK n‡q we¯Ívi
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wKš‘ GB bxwZ cÖPwjZ nevi c‡i A_©bxwZi cÖe„w×i nvi AviI K‡g †M‡Q| 1960 Gi `k‡K Mo cÖe„w×i
nvi wQj cÖvq 3.5 kZvsk, 1970 Gi `k‡K Zv K‡g nq 2.4 kZvsk, 1980 Gi `k‡K GUv wQj 1.4
kZvsk, 90 Gi `k‡K Zv K‡g 1 kZvs‡ki Kv‡Q P‡j Av‡m|26 1947 mvj †_‡K 1974 mvj ch©šÍ
miKvwi Z_¨ Abyhvqx hy³iv‡óª †eKvi‡Z¡i nvi wQj 4 kZvs‡kiI Kg, 1975 mvj †_‡K 1982 mvj ch©šÍ
miKvwi Z_¨ Abyhvqx GB nvi wQj 7.6 kZvsk| 1982 mv‡j miKvwi Z_¨ Abyhvqx †eKvi wQj 9.7
kZvsk hwÌ cÖK…Z †eKvi‡Z¡i nvi 24 kZvs‡ki Kv‡Q wQj|27 A_©‰bwZK g›`v AviI Nb Nb n‡”Q|
1945 mvj †_‡K 1971 mvj ch©šÍ 38wU A_©‰bwZK g›`v n‡qwQj, 1973 mvj †_‡K 1997 mvj ch©šÍ
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ïay AÿzbœB iv‡Lwb, cÖe„w× K‡g hvIqv m‡Z¡I Zviv m¤ú` evwo‡q P‡j‡Q| 1980 mv‡ji ci hy³iv‡óªi
mePvB‡Z abx GK kZvsk gvby‡li RvZxq Av‡qi Ask wØ¸Y n‡q‡Q|33 1983 mvj †_‡K 2001 mvj
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†`k¸‡jv †_‡K abx e¨w³ I K‡c©v‡ikb¸‡jvi †kvl‡Yi cwigvYI †e‡o‡Q| 1970 mv‡j hy³iv‡óªi †`kxq
jv‡fi 30 kZvsk wQj ewnwe©‡k¦i jvf, 2000 mv‡j Zv ‡`kxq jv‡fi cÖvq mgvb nq|35 GB eë¯’vq
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Z_¨m~Ît
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34.Moore M. Stupid White Men. Regan Books. New York, 2001, p. 52.
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mvgwiK Kg©KZ©viv wPwj I eªvwR‡ji mvgwiK kvmK‡ì m‡½I ‡hvMv‡hvM K‡i Kg©cwiKíbv wba©viY
K‡iwQj| ÿgZv `L‡ji c‡iB Av‡R©w›Uvbvi wkKv‡Mv cÖwkwÿZ A_©bxwZwe`‡ì A_©mwPe I †K›`ªxq
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4.2 kZvsk| mvgwiK evwnbxi ÿgZv `L‡ji GK eQ‡ii g‡a¨ Av‡R©w›Ubvi kÖwgK‡ì µqÿgZv 40
kZvsk K‡g †Mj| A‡bK KjKviLvbv eÜ n‡q †Mj, `wi`ª gvby‡li msL¨v evo‡Z _vKj|
fxwZ m„wó Kivi Rb¨ cÖ_‡g cÖKv‡k¨ nZ¨vKvÛ NUvb nj| ey‡qÝ Gqvwim Gi mePvB‡Z `„k¨gvb gby‡g›U
Obelisk Gi m‡½ GKRb‡K †eu‡a †gwkbMv‡bi ¸wj‡Z nZ¨v Kiv nj| Zvici ïiæ nj ¸ßnZ¨v|
hv‡ì‡K we‡ivax g‡b Kiv nZ, †mbvevwnbxi `j Zv‡ì evmv †_‡K A_ev Kg©¯’j †_‡K a‡i wb‡q †hZ|
Gici Zv‡ì wbh©vZb †K‡›`ª wb‡q wbh©vZ‡bi c‡i †g‡i ‡djv nZ| GiKg wZbÕk †K›`ª mviv‡`‡k KvR
KiwQj| g„Z‡`n MYKei †Ìqv nZ, mgy‡`ª †d‡j ‡Ìqv nZ, KLbI KLbI †nwjKÞvi †_‡K †d‡j
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mn‡hvwMZvi KvVv‡gv Kiv nj| GK †`‡ki nZ¨vKvix `j webvevavq Ab¨ †`‡k wM‡q we‡ivax‡ì a‡i
wb‡q AvmZ A_ev nZ¨v K‡i AvmZ|20 Ge¨vcv‡i hy³iv‡óªi wewfbœ ms¯’v mn‡hvwMZv KiZ| 1975 mv‡j
hy³iv‡óªi wm‡b‡Ui Z`‡šÍ cÖKvk cvq wm,AvB,G- wPwj, eªvwRj I Diæ¸‡qi mvgwiK I cywjk evwnbx‡K
wbh©vZ‡bi c×wZ †kLvZ| eënvwiK cÖwkÿ‡Yi Rb¨ K‡q`x ev iv¯Ívi wfÿzK a‡i G‡b Zv‡ì Dci
wbh©vZb K‡i †`Lvb nZ|21 `wÿY Av‡gwiKvi e›`xkvjv¸‡jv‡Z AeY©bxq wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi n‡q‡Qb
KZRb Zvi mwVK msL¨v bvB, Z‡e Zv GK †_‡K †ò jÿ n‡e Abygvb Kiv nq| Gi g‡a¨ K‡qK nvRvi
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wPwj, Av‡R©w›Ubv, Diæ¸‡q Gme †`‡ki mvgwiK †bZviv we‡ivaxgZ `gb Kivi Rb¨ me©vZ¥K eë¯’v †bq|
wPwj‡Z ÿgZv `L‡ji ciB mvgwiK evwnbx wPwj wek¦we`¨vj‡qi A_©bxwZ wefv‡Mi (hv wQj be¨D`vibxwZ
we‡ivax) cÖ‡ekØv‡i QqRb QvÎ‡K †gwkbMv‡bi ¸wj‡Z nZ¨v K‡i| G wek¦we`¨vj‡qi K‡qKkZ wkÿK‡K
eiLv¯Í Kiv nq| Av‡R©w›Ubvi mvgwiK kvm‡Kiv ÿgZv `L‡ji c‡i University of South G Awfhvb
Pvwj‡q 17 Rb wkÿK‡K AcniY K‡i| be¨D`vibxwZi we‡ivax e‡j mviv †`‡k AvU nvRvi wkÿ‡Ki
PvKzwi P‡j hvq| d«‡qW, gvK©m I †biæ`vi me eB cywo‡q †djv nq| kZ kZ cwÎKv I mvgwqKx eÜ
K‡i †Ìqv nq| mfv mwgwZ Kiv, ag©NU Kiv wbwl× †NvlYv Kiv nq|23
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‡k‡l Gi cwigvY ùvovq 45 wewjqb Wjvi|24 wek¦e¨v¼, AvB,Gg,Gd I Av‡gwiKvb e¨v¼¸‡jv wQj
cvIbv`vi| wek¦e¨v‡¼i wnmv‡e GB A‡_©i cÖvq 10 wewjqb Wjvi mvgwiK evwnbxi †cQ‡b e¨q Kiv nq,
hv evwK wQj Zvi †ewkifvMB mvgwiK evwnbxi nvZ w`‡q DavI n‡q hvq Ges myBm e¨v‡¼i †Mvcb
GKvD‡›U Rgv nq|25 mvgwiK kvmb †kl n‡q ÿgZv n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii Av‡M †K›`ªxq e¨v¼ †emiKvwi
†Kv¤úvwb¸‡jvi FY †kva K‡i †`q| G myweav †c‡qwQj hviv Zvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Chase Manhattan
Bank, Citi Bank, Ford Motor Argentina, Mercedez Benz: Gi A_© nj RbM‡Yi UvKvq
†Kv¤úvwbi FY †kva Kiv nj|
wPwj‡Z mvgwiK evwnbxi LiP wZb¸Y †e‡o hvq| mvgwiK kvm‡Kiv e¨vcKfv‡e A_© AvZ¥mvr K‡i|
Av‡gwiKvi wm‡b‡Ui GK wi‡cv‡U© †`Lv hvq wc‡bv‡PÕi Kgc‡ÿ 125wU we‡`kx e¨v¼ GKvD›U wQj| Gi
GKwU‡ZB (IqvwksUb wWwmÕi GKUv e¨v‡¼) cÖvq 27 wgwjqb Wjvi wQj|26
be¨D`vibxwZi cÖ‡qvM Avi nZ¨v I MYwbh©vZb G `yÕ‡Uv‡K Avjv`v K‡i †`Lvbi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Iij¨v‡Ûv †j‡fwj‡q (Orlando Levelier) wQ‡jb Av‡j‡›` cÖkvm‡bi cÖwZiÿvgš¿x, cÖvq GK eQi
Kvive›`x _vKv I wbh©vZb †fvM Kivi ci wZwb wPwj †_‡K cvwj‡q †h‡Z mÿg nb| 1976 mv‡ji AvM÷
gv‡m wZwb hy³iv‡óªi The Nation cwÎKvq GKUv cÖeÜ wj‡Lb| wZwb e‡jb, nZ¨v, wbh©vZb,
gvbevwaKvi niY, mvgwiK mš¿vm meB be¨D`vibxwZi ms¯‹v‡ii m‡½ GK m~‡Î Muv_v| RbMY
be¨D`vibxwZ †g‡b †b‡e bv e‡jB Gi m‡½ nZ¨v I wbh©vZb K‡i| wZwb AviI e‡jb be¨D`vibxwZi
cÖe³v‡ì GB nZ¨v I wbh©vZ‡bi `vwqZ¡ wb‡Z n‡e|27 wPwj wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Aa¨vcK Andre Gunder
Frank, whwb wPwji Pig `ytmgq cÖZ¨ÿ K‡i‡Qb, e‡jb, be¨D`vibxwZ mvgwiK kw³ I ivR‰bwZK mš¿vm
Qvov cÖ‡qvM Kiv †hZ bv|28 mgvRZvwš¿K we‡k¦i cZ‡bi ci ‡_‡K ejv n‡”Q GKbvqKZ¡, wbh©vZb
BZ¨vwì weiæ‡× RbM‡Yi mePvB‡Z fvj cÖwZiÿv nj gy³ gvbyl I gy³evRvi A_©bxwZ| wKš‘ `wÿY
Av‡gwiKvi †`k¸‡jv‡Z †hLv‡b cÖ_g GB gy³evRvi A_©bxwZi ZË¡ wkKv‡Mv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K †ei K‡i
G‡b cÖ‡qvM Kiv nj- ZLb MYZš¿ Avmj bv| Avmj mvgwiKZš¿, nvRvi nvRvi gvby‡li MYnZ¨v Avi
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‡d«WvwiK nv‡qK 1981 mv‡j wPwj cwi`k©b K‡i be¨D`vibxwZi mvdj¨ m¤^‡Ü GZUvB DrmvwnZ
n‡qwQ‡jb †h, wZwb Zuvi mggbv I eÜz e„wUk cÖavbgš¿x gvM©v‡iU _¨vPvi‡K wPwV wj‡Lb| wZwb wPwji Av`‡j
_¨vPvi‡K e„‡U‡bi A_©bxwZ‡Z cwieZ©b Avb‡Z AvnŸvb Rvbvb| _¨vPvi wPwji NUbvejx‡K D‡jøL‡hvM¨
A_©‰bwZK mvdj¨ e‡j eY©bv Ki‡jI wZwb cieZ©x mg‡q nv‡qK‡K wPwV wj‡L Rvbvb e„‡U‡bi MYZvwš¿K
cÖwZôvb¸‡jv I †h †Kvb cwieZ©‡b MYmg_©‡bi cÖ‡qvR‡bi Kvi‡Y wPwji cš’v AbymiY Kiv mwVK n‡e
bv|29 cÖ_g `dvq _¨vPv‡ii Avg‡j e„‡U‡b †eKvi‡Z¡i nvi ‡e‡o wØ¸Y n‡q †MwQj, gy`vª ùxwZI †e‡owQj
‡Zgwb| †`‡ki mePvB‡Z kw³kvjx kÖwgK msMVb Kqjv kÖwgK BDwbq‡bi ÿgZv Le© Kivi D‡`¨vMI
mdj nqwb| wZb eQi ÿgZvq _vKvi ci 1982 mv‡j _¨vPv‡ii Rbmg_©b 25 kZvs‡k †b‡g G‡mwQj|
cieZ©x wbe©vP‡b †RZvi m¤¢vebvI Lye Kg g‡b nw”Qj|
nv‡qK‡K wPwV wjLvi Qq mßvn ciB GK NUbvq mg¯Í cwiw¯’wZ e`‡j †Mj| 1982 mv‡ji 2iv GwcÖj
Av‡R©w›Ubv dKj¨vÛ (FulkLand) ØxccyÄ AvµgY Kij| Av‡R©w›Ubvi mvgwiK miKvi `yb©xwZ,
gvbevwaKvi j•Nb, †`bv ( hv be¨D`vibxwZ ms¯‹v‡ii Kvi‡Y AviI Mfxi n‡qwQj) Gme Kvi‡Y Mfxi
msK‡U wQj| A_©bxwZ‡Z am bvgwQj I MY‡ivl evowQj| nvRvi nvRvi wkï‡K mvgwiK miKvi AcniY
K‡iwQj| GBme wkï‡ì gv‡qiv wkï‡ì Qwe ey‡K wb‡q ivRavbxi †K›`ª¯’‡j cÖwZ e„n¯úwZevi we‡K‡j
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ùvwo‡q _vKZ| nvRvi nvRvi gvbyl‡K nZ¨v Ki‡jI Rbmg_©bnxb mvgwiK RvšÍv wkïnviv gv‡q‡ì
weiæ‡× eë¯’v wb‡Z mvnm cvqwb| RbM‡Yi †ÿvf‡K RvZxqZvev` I e„wUkwe‡ivax Lv‡Z cÖevwnZ Kivi
Rb¨ †cÖwm‡W›U †Rbv‡ij Leopoldo Galtieri dKj¨vÛ ØxccyÄ AvµgY K‡i em‡jb| dKj¨vÛ
ØxccyÄ Av‡R©w›Ubvi g~j f~LÛ †_‡K wKQzUv `~‡i `wÿY AvUjvw›UK mgy‡`ª `yÕ‡Uv cÖevj Øxc I AviI
KZK¸‡jv †QvU †QvU Øxc wb‡q MwVZ| 1833 mvj †_‡K GB ØxccyÄ e„‡U‡bi Aax‡b wQj| wesk kZvãxi
ïiæ †_‡K Av‡R©w›Ubv GUvi gvwjKvbv `vwe K‡i AvmwQj| Av‡R©w›Ubvi Avµg‡Yi Av‡M ch©šÍ _¨vPv‡ii
miKvi dKj¨vÛ ØxccyÄ‡K †Kvb ¸iæZ¡ †`qwb| GgbwK Gi A_©eivÏ I †bŠevwnbxi Dcw¯’wZ `yÕ‡UvB
Kwg‡q w`‡qwQj| wKš‘ Avµg‡Yi m‡½ m‡½ _¨vPvi GUv mg‡hvc‡hvMx my‡hvM g‡b K‡i e„‡Ub‡K hy×s‡`nx
g‡bvfv‡e wb‡q †M‡jb| RvwZm•N‡K D‡cÿv K‡i _¨vPvi cvëv AvµgY Kij I Av‡R©w›Ubv‡K nvwi‡q
ØxccyÄ Avevi `Lj Kij| e„wUk ˆmb¨ wbnZ nj 255 Rb Avi Av‡R©w›Ubvi 655 Rb| _¨vPv‡ii
RbwcÖqZv hy‡×i Av‡M kZKiv 25 fvM †_‡K hy‡×i c‡i kZKiv 59 fvM n‡q †Mj| cieZ©x wbe©vP‡b
Zvi wbi¼zk Rq nj| Gici _¨vPvi be¨D`vibxwZ Kvh©Ki Kiv ïiæ Ki‡jb| Zuvi miKvi K‡qKUv
KqjvLwb eÜ K‡i w`j I A‡bK kÖwgK QuvUvB Kij| cÖwZev‡` 1984 mv‡j KqjvLwb kÖwg‡Kiv ag©NU
Kij| _¨vPvi †NvlYv Ki‡jb,ÔAvgiv †hfv‡e ewn:kÎæi m‡½ hy× K‡i wR‡ZwQ, †fZ‡ii kÎæi m‡½
†mfv‡eB hy× KieÕ|30 ag©NU `gb Ki‡Z nvRvi nvRvi cywjk cvVvb nj, nvRvi nvRvi kÖwgK AvnZ
nj| kÖwgK BDwbqb¸‡jv‡Z †Mv‡q›`v Pi AbycÖ‡ek Kivb nj| cÖvq GK eQi ag©NU Pjvi ci kÖwgK‡ì
Af~³ _vKv ïiæ nj Ges Zviv civRq †g‡b wbj| mePvB‡Z kw³kvjx kÖwgK BDwbqb Gfv‡e gvi
LvIqvi ci Avi †Kvb kÖwgK BDwbq‡bi `vex †Zvjvi ev cÖwZev` Kivi mvnm nj bv| 1984 mvj †_‡K
1988 mvj ch©šÍ miKv‡ii gvwjKvbvaxb e„wUk GqviI‡qR, e„wUk M¨vm, e„wUk w÷j, e„wUk †Uwj‡dvb,
e„wUk Gqvi‡cvU© A_wiwUmn AviI A‡bK †Kv¤úvwb cÖK…Z `v‡gi PvB‡Z A‡bK K‡g †emiKvwi Kiv nj|
e„‡U‡b be¨D`vibxwZ Kvh©Ki Kivi Rb¨ mvgwiK kvmb ev wbh©vZ‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nqwb| wKš‘ ewn:kÎæi m‡½
hy‡×i cwiw¯’wZ‡Z kÖwgK msMVb¸‡jvi kw³ Le© Kiv _¨vPv‡ii c‡ÿ m¤¢e n‡qwQj| †eKvi‡Z¡i nvi 10
kZvs‡kiI †ewk n‡q †Mj| 1979 mvj †_‡K 1984 mv‡ji g‡a¨ kÖwgK‡ì †K›`ªxq msMVb Trade
Union Congress Gi m`m¨ 17 kZvsk K‡g †Mj| kÖwgK‡ì kw³ AviI Kwg‡q †Ìqvi Rb¨ _¨vPvi
miKvi hy³iv‡R¨ we‡`kx cY¨ cÖ‡e‡ki evav Zz‡j wbj I we‡`kx wewb‡qv‡Mi wbqg wkw_j Kij| we‡`kx
c‡Yï m‡½ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wUK‡Z bv †c‡i K‡qK eQ‡ii g‡a¨B e„‡U‡bi B¯úvZ wkí I RvnvR wbg©vY
wkí cÖvq eÜ n‡q †Mj| ivóª gvwjKvbvaxb Mvwo ˆZwii KviLvbv¸‡jvI eÜ nj| Rvcvb I Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki
Mvwo ˆZwii †Kv¤úvwb e„‡U‡b KviLvbv ¯’vcb K‡i BDwbqbf~³ bq Ggb kÖwgK‡ì Kg †eZ‡b wb‡qvM
Kij| `k eQ‡ii g‡a¨ e„‡Ub Kg †eZ‡bi AbyMZ kÖwg‡Ki †`‡k cwiYZ nj| _¨vPvi hLb ÿgZv
Qvo‡jb ZLb e„‡U‡b kÖwgK ag©N‡Ui msL¨v Av‡Mi PvB‡Z GK `kgvs‡k P‡j G‡mwQj|31
1960 Gi `k‡Ki †klw`‡K hy³iv‡óªi A_©bxwZ kø_ n‡q †Mj| A_©bxwZi cÖe„w×i nvi K‡g †Mj, †eKviZ¡
evo‡Z _vKj Avi gy`ù ª xwZI evoj| 1971 mv‡ji ci Wjvi Avi ¯^‡b©i mggvb a‡i ivLv hvqwb| kÖwgK
Am‡šÍvl G mgq evo‡Z _vKj| gvwU©b jy_vi wKs Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ eY©ev` we‡ivax Av‡›`vjb, QvÎ I hye mgvR
KZ©„K wf‡qZbvg hy× we‡ivax Av‡›`vjb mgv‡Ri wfwË‡Z AvNvZ Kij| cuywRev`x we‡k¦i Ab¨vb¨ †`‡kI
mvgvwRK Av‡›`vjb †`Lv w`w”Qj| hy³iv‡óªi RbmsL¨vi mePvB‡Z abx GK kZvsk gvby‡li m¤ú` †`‡ki
†gvU m¤ú‡ì Ask wesk kZvãxi ïiæ †_‡K lv‡Ui `kK ch©šÍ cÖvq w¯’wZkxj wQj| mË‡ii `k‡Ki
cÖ_‡g G‡m m¤úwËi `vg, ÷K I e‡Ûi `vg K‡g hvIqvq Zv‡ì m¤ú‡ì Ask nVvr K‡g †Mj|32 awbK
†kÖYx Zv‡ì ¯^v_©iÿvi Rb¨ weKí c_ LuyR‡Z jvMj|
1979 mv‡j †cÖwm‡W›U KvU©v‡ii cÖkvm‡bi mgq †dWv‡ij wiRvf© e¨v‡¼i †Pqvig¨vb cj †fvjKvi (Paul
Volcker) g~j¨ùxwZ (hv `k kZvs‡ki †ewk n‡q ‡MwQj) wbqš¿Y Kivi Rb¨ my‡ì nvi evwo‡q w`‡jb|
mgq bvwn †i
107
my‡ì nvi mË‡ii `k‡Ki cÖvq m¤ú~Y© mgq a‡iB k~b¨ ev Zvi wb‡P Ae¯’vb KiwQj| GUv evo‡Z evo‡Z
1981 mvj bvMv` 20 kZvsk n‡q †Mj, †fvjKvi ej‡jb, A_©‰bwZK ¯’weiZv I D”Pg~j¨ùxwZ †_‡K †ei
n‡q Avmvi GUvB GKgvÎ c_| GUv †fvjKvi kK (Volcker Shock) bv‡g cwiwPZ nj| AZx‡Z
†eKvi‡Z¡i nvi Kwg‡q ivLvi †h bxwZ wQj Zv evwZj Kiv nj| GUv nj be¨D`vibxwZi cÖ_g c`‡ÿc|
1980 mv‡j †cªwm‡W›U KvU©vi‡K nvwi‡q †ivbvì †iMvb (Ronald Regan) †cÖwm‡W›U n‡jb| †iMv‡bi
Dc‡`óviv †fvjKv‡ii bxwZi m‡½ GKgZ wQ‡jb| Zuv‡K Avevi wb‡qvM †Ìqv nj| Ab¨vb¨ c`‡ÿc
†bIqv ïiæ njt miKv‡ii e¨q Kgvb nj, abx‡ì Ki Kgvb nj, kÖwgK msMVb¸‡jvi Dci AvµgY ïiæ
nj| 1981 mv‡j †eZb evovb I Kv‡Ri cwi‡ek DbœwZ Kivi `vex‡Z 11000 Gi †ewk air traffic
controller ag©NU Kij| †iMvb ag©NU †eAvBwb †NvlYv K‡i mevB‡K PvKzwiPz¨Z Ki‡jb| ‡fvjKv‡ii
bxwZi Kvi‡Y GB mgq kÖwgK‡ì ‡eKvi‡Z¡i nvi `k kZvs‡ki PvB‡Z †ewk n‡q †MwQj| Gqvi UªvwdK
K‡›Uªvjviiv wQ‡jb mvaviY kÖwgK‡ì PvB‡Z †ewk wkwÿZ I mvgvwRK c`gh©v`vq kÖwgK‡ì Dc‡i|
Zv‡ì weiæ‡× GB KwVb c`‡ÿc I DuPz †eKvi‡Z¡i nvi Ab¨vb¨ kÖwgK msMVb¸‡jv‡KI `ye©j K‡i w`j|
GqvijvBbm †_‡K ïiæ K‡i †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM ch©šÍ †emiKvwi K‡i ‡Ìqv nj| Drcv`b LiP Kgvbi Rb¨
cuywRcwZiv hy³iv‡óªi DËi c~e©AÂj I gaÄÂj ‡_‡K (†hLv‡b kÖwgK †eZb †ewk wQj I kÖwgK
msMVb¸‡jv kw³kvjx wQj) `wÿY AÂ‡j Kj-KviLvbv ¯’vbvšÍwiZ K‡i| A‡bK KviLvbv hy³iv‡óªi evB‡i
Ab¨vb¨ †`‡k †hgb †gw·‡Kv, _vBj¨vÛ, gvj‡qwkqv (†hLv‡b kÖwgK gRywi Kg I Drcv`b LiP Kg)
cvwV‡q †Ìqv nj| G‡Z PvKzwi nvivbi f‡q kÖwg‡Kiv †eZb I myweave„w×i `vex †Zvjv †_‡K weiZ
_vKj| ZË¡ Abyhvqx gy³evRvi cÖwZ‡hvwMZv I D™¢veb bv evwo‡q GK‡PwUqv cuywRi kw³ evov‡Z jvMj|33
cuywRcwZ‡ì m¤ú` evov ïiæ nj| 1970 Gi `k‡K be¨D`vibxwZ Kvh©Ki Kivi ci ‡_‡K hy³iv‡óªi
me‡P‡q m¤ú`kvjx 1 kZvsk gvby‡li m¤ú` †gvU RvZxq m¤ú‡ì 25 kZvs‡ki Kg †_‡K †e‡o beŸB‡qi
`k‡K cÖvq 40 kZvsk nj|34 kÖwgK‡ì cÖK…Z Avq K‡g †h‡Z jvMj| 1990 Gi `k‡Ki K‡qK eQi
Qvov kÖwgK‡ì cÖK…Z Mo Avq µ‡gB K‡g Gj|
1930 Gi `k‡K hy³iv‡óª kÖwgK gvwjK m¤úK© wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ National Labour Relations Board
¯’vcb Kiv nq| †cªwm‡W›U †iMv‡bi cÖkvmb GB ms¯’vi gva¨‡g kÖwgK ¯^v‡_©i AbyK~j †h mg¯Í wbqg Kvbyb
Kiv n‡qwQj Zvi cÖvq A‡a©K evwZj K‡i w`j| Office of Management and Budget Gi mg¯Í
wbqš¿K bxwZ hvPvB K‡i cuywRcwZ‡ì ¯^v_©we‡ivax bxwZ¸‡jv Zz‡j †bIqv nj| Ki ‡Ìqvi wbqg KvbybI
cuywRcwZ‡ì ¯^v‡_© ms‡kvab Kiv nj| D”P Av‡qi e¨w³‡ì K‡ii nvi kZKiv 78 †_‡K Kwg‡q 28 Kiv
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Z_¨m~Î:
1. Klein N. The Shock Doctrine. Picador, New York, 2007, p. 66.

2. Klein N. p. 61.
3. Clements K. W., Larry Sjaastad. The Last Chicagoan. Journal of International Money and Finance. 2005,
24:867-869.
4. Central Inteligence Agency. Notes on Meeting with the President on Chile. September 15, 1970, declassified.
www.gwu.edu/~nsaarchiv.
5. Subcommittee on Multinational Corporations, The International Telephone and Telegraph Company and
Chile, 1970-71, Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate by the Subcommittee on
Multinational Corporations, June 21, 1973, 13.
6. Subcommittee on Multinational Corporations. Ibid.
7. Klein N. p. 80.
8.Valdes J. G. Pinochet’s economists: The Chicago School in Chile. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,
1995, p. 250.
9. United States Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence
Activities. Covert Action in Chile 1963-1973. Washington DC: US Government Printing Office, December 18,
1975, p. 30.
10. Frank A. G. Economic Genocide in Chile. Monetarist Theory versus Humanity. Nottingham, Spokesman
Books, 1976, p. 81.
11. Klein N. p. 98.
12. Friedman M and Friedman R. D. Two Lucky People. Chicago University Press, 1998, p. 593-594.
13. Hirschman A. O. The Political Economy of Latin American Development: Seven Excercises in
Retrospection, Latin American Research Review, 1987, 12:15.
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109
14. Constable P and Valenzuela A. A Nation of Enemies, Chile Under Pinochet. New York, www.Norton and
Company, 1999, p. 197-198.
15. Constable P and Valenzuela A. p. 214.
16. Central Inteligence Agency. Field Listing- Distribution of Family Income-Gini Index. World Factbook,
2007. www.cia.gov.
17. Klein N. p. 108.
18. McCaughan M. True Crimes. Rudolpho Walsh. London, Latin American Bureau, 2002. p. 284-290.
19. Feitlowicz M. A Lexicon of Terror: Argentina and the Legacies of Torture. New York. Oxford University
Press, 1998, pp. ix, 149, 165.
20. Sanchez A. Council on Hemispheric Affairs. ‘Uruguay: Keeping the Military in Check’: November 20,
2006. www.coha.org.
21. United States Senate, Select Committee to Study Government Operations with Respect to Intelligence
Activities, Covert Action in Chile 1963-1973. Washington DC. US Government Printing Office, December
18, 1975, p. 40.
22. Klein N. p.112-115.
23. Klein N. p.129-130.
24. Weschler L. A Miracle, a Universe. Settling Accounts with Torturers. New York, Pantheon Books, 1990,
p.152.
25. World Bank. Economic Memorandum: Argentina, Washington DC. World Bank, 1985, p. 17.
26. O’Hara T. 6 US Banks, Held Pinochet’s Accounts. The Washington Post, March 16, 2005.
27. Klein N. p. 122.
28. Gunder Frank A. Economic Genocide in Chile: Monetarist Theory versus Humanity, Nottingham,
Spokesman Books, 1976, p. 42.
29.Klein N. p. 163-164.
30.Getler M. Dockers’ Union Agree to Settle Strike in Britain, Washington Post, July 21, 1984.
31. Harvey D. A Brief History of Neoliberalism, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 59.
32. Harvey D. p. 15.
36. Angell M. The Truth About Drug Companies: How They Deceive Us and What to Do About it. New York,
Random House, 2004, p. 53
38. https://www.conservapedia.com//Neoconservatism. Accessed 24 April, 2019.
39. Havey D. p.82
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¯^v¯’¨, cÖ‡qvRbxq `ªe¨vwì Rb¨ fZ©ywK I fwel¨r DbœZZi Rxe‡bi cÖwZkÖæwZi wewbg‡q kÖgRxwe gvbyl
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†mme †`‡ki miKvi¸‡jv A‡bK my‡hvM myweav w`‡Z eva¨ n‡q‡Q| †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb I mgvRZvwš¿K
wek¦ _vKvi Kvi‡YB cuywRev`x †`k¸‡jvi `Lj Kiv Dcwb‡ek¸‡jv‡Z gyw³ Av‡›`vjb kw³ cvq I
¯^vaxbZv jvf K‡i| mvgwMÖKfv‡e gvbemgvR‡K gyw³i c_ †`Lvq ivwkqvi A‡±vei wecøe I mgvRZvwš¿K
wek¦|
1990 mv‡j mgvRZvwš¿K †`k¸‡jv‡Z miKvi cwieZ©b nq| Gi wcQ‡b A‡bK KviY wQj| GKUv eo
KviY nj A_©bxwZi ¯’weiZv I KwgDwb÷ cvwU© I RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ `yiZ¡ m„wó nIqv| Gici A‡b‡KB
†NvlYv w`‡q‡Qb ‡h mgvRZ‡š¿i Avi †Kvb fwel¨r bvB| 1992 mv‡j Av‡gwiKvi ivR‰bwZK A_©bxwZwe`
d«vwÝm dzKzBqvgv ʺThe End of History and the Last Manʺ cÖKvk K‡ib| wZwb ej‡jb,
cuywRev`x mgvR eë¯’v (Zuvi g‡Z cwðgv D`vi MYZš¿) ¯’vqxfv‡e Rqx n‡q‡Q Ges GLv‡b cwieZ©b †kl|
Zuvi gZ GLb, GgbwK cuywRev`x ZvwË¡K‡ì ØvivI, e¨vcKfv‡e mgv‡jvwPZ| dzKzBqvgv wb‡RI cieZ©x‡Z
mePvB‡Z eo I kw³kvjx cuywRev`x †`k gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi Aeÿq n‡”Q e‡j eY©bv K‡ib|15
gyjavivi wPšÍvq gvK©‡mi e³e¨ Abgbxq e‡j A‡bKvs‡k cÖwZwôZ| wKš‘ Avm‡j gvK©‡mi wPšÍvaviv ÔeÜÕ
bq (open-minded)| wZwb wb‡R Zuvi ZË¡MZ aviYv¸‡jv‡K bxwZi wb‡`©kbv e‡j (guiding
principles) 1859 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ ÔContribution to critique of Political EconomyÕ Gi
f~wgKvq wn‡m‡e eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| gvK©‡mi Kv‡Q BwZnvm GKUv ‡Lvjv cwieZ©bkxj cÖwµqv, †hLv‡b
gvbeRvwZ mgvR‡K cwieZ©b K‡i P‡j‡Q| fwel¨r mgvR m¤^‡Ü Zuvi me e³‡e¨ wZwb †`Lv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb
gvbeRvwZi msMÖv‡gi ga¨ w`‡q BwZnvm Mov GgbwK cuywRev`x mgv‡Ri c‡i D”PZi mgvR eë¯’v ˆZwi|16
gvK©‡mi RxeÏkvq Zuvi ÔcuywRÕ MÖ‡š’i cÖ_g LÛ cÖKvwkZ nq| wØZxq I Z…Zxq LÛ Zuvi g„Zzï c‡i G‡½jm
Zuvi ˆZwi Lmov †_‡K cÖKvk K‡ib| Marxs-Engels-Gesamtausgabe (MEGA) bvgK
Avg÷viWvgwfwËK AvšÍR©vwZK cÖKí gvK©m I G‡½j‡mi me †jLv cÖKvk Kivi D‡`¨vM wb‡q‡Q| G ch©šÍ
65wU LÛ cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q| Abygvb Kiv n‡”Q me©‡gvU 114wU LÛ n‡e|17 Gi †_‡K gvK©m I G‡½j‡mi
ivR‰bwZK A_©‰bwZK wPšÍvi e¨vcKZv m¤ú‡K© aviYv cvIqv hvq| KviI KviI g‡Z mgvRZvwš¿K we‡k¦i
cZ‡bi ci cuywRev` †_‡K mgvRZ‡š¿ DËi‡Yi m¤¢vebvI †kl| G m¤^‡Ü cÖL¨vZ HwZnvwmK nemeg
wj‡L‡Qb, †mvwf‡qZ mgvRZ‡š¿i cZ‡bi A_© GB bq †h, Ab¨ ai‡bi mgvRZš¿ m¤¢e bq|18 mgvR
cwieZ©b K‡qK `k‡KB N‡U bv| `vm cÖ_vi wfwË‡Z MwVZ wMÖK †ivgvb mv¤ªv‡Rï cZ‡bi A‡bK kZK
mgq bvwn †i
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c‡i mvgšÍ mgvR c~Y©Zv cvq| mvgšÍ mgv‡Ri cZ‡bi ci K‡qK kZK a‡i ax‡i ax‡i cuywRev`x mgvR
M‡o I‡V|19
A_©‰bwZK am bvgv, Zvici Avevi Pv½v nIqv GB PµvKvi cÖeYZv cuywRev`x mgvR eë¯’vi ïiæ †_‡KB
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mgvavb †Ìqvi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| cuywRev`x eë¯’vi evav¸‡jv `~i Kiv hv‡e G Avkvq wewfbœ ai‡bi
ms¯‹v‡ii mycvwik ‡Ìqv n‡q‡Q| HwZn¨MZ A_©bxwZ weÁvb †Rvi w`‡q e‡j Avm‡Q †h Pvwn`vi NvUwZ
_vKv m¤¢e bq| cuywRev`x evRvi eë¯’vq Gi Pvwn`v I Drcv`b mgš^q Kivi eë¯’v _v‡K| cY¨ wewµ
K‡i †h A_© cvIqv hvq LiP †gUvbi ci Zvi evwK Ask m¤ú~Y© wewb‡qvM Kiv nq, Kv‡RB Pvwn`vi NvUwZ
n‡e bv| A_©bxwZi †Kvb †Kvb As‡k mvgwqK fvimvg¨ bó n‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ g~j¨ I gybvdvi cwieZ©b n‡q
†gvU Pvwn`v I †gvU Dcv`v‡bi mvgÄm¨ eRvq iv‡L| g›`vi Rb¨ cuywRev`x eë¯’v‡K `vqx bv K‡i
cÖwZev‡iB bxwZwba©viK‡ì fzj wm×všÍ A_ev †K›`ªxq e¨v‡¼i fzj c`‡ÿc‡K `vqx Kiv n‡”Q|
wesk kZvãxi wÎ‡ki `k‡Ki gnvg›`vq gvby‡li A‡bKUv †gvnf½ n‡jv| cÖvq me cuywRev`x †`k GB
g›`vi Ke‡j coj| mgv‡Ri me ¯Í‡ii gvbylB †Kvb bv †Kvbfv‡e g›`vi dj ‡fvM Kij| wecyj msL¨K
gvbyl †eKvi n‡q †Mj| hviv PvKzwi‡Z _vKj Zv‡ìI gRywi K‡g †Mj| †QvU eëmvqx, K…lK A_©K‡ó
coj| A‡b‡Ki eëmv eÜ n‡q †Mj| cuywRev`x †`‡ki miKvi¸‡jv wewfbœ c×wZ‡Z Gi †_‡K DËi‡Yi
†Póv Ki‡Z _vKj| wKš‘ ZvwË¡K A_©bxwZwe‡ìv Gi †Kvb e¨vL¨v ev mgvavb w`‡Z cvij bv|
GB †cÖÿvc‡U wfbœg‡Zi Avwef©ve NUj| 1936 mv‡j Rb †gBbvW© †KBb‡mi ÔGeneral Theory of
Employment, Interest and MoneyÕ eB‡qi gva¨‡g| GUv `ªæZ gvby‡li g‡a¨ mvov RvMvj
K‡qKwU Kvi‡Y| cÖ_g, GUv Gj GK weL¨vZ wkÿvcÖwZôv‡bi (‡Kw¤^ªR wek¦we`¨vjq) GKRb cÖw_Zhkv
cwÛ‡Zi KvQ †_‡K| wØZxq, Gi mycvwik¸‡jv A‡bKUv wfbœag©x n‡jI GUv cZ‡bv¤§yL GKUv A_©‰bwZK
eë¯’v‡K iÿv Kivi MÖnY‡hvM¨ c_ wb‡`©k Kij| Z…Zxq, msKU †gvKv‡ejvi Rb¨ wewfbœ †`‡ki miKvi
†h eë¯’v wb‡Z eva¨ nw”Qj Zvi GKUv ZvwË¡K KvVv‡gv ùvo Kiv‡bv †Mj| PZz_©, we`¨gvb A_©‰bwZK
wPšÍvavivi m‡½I GB Z‡Ë¡i mgš^q Kiv ‡Mj|
evRvi eë¯’v ¯^qswµqfv‡e †gvU Pvwn`v I ‡gvU Drcv`‡bi mgZv m„wó K‡i bv-GUvi ¯^xK…wZ wQj
†KBb‡mi Z‡Ë¡i ‡K‡›`ª| GUv Kvj© gvK©‡mi Abymvix‡ì Kv‡Q bZzb wQj bv| †KBbm ej‡jb, GB
AmgZvi KviY Pvwn`vi ¯^íZv| cuywRcwZiv †h gybvdv cvq Zvi m¤ú~Y© gybvdv memgq bZzb ¯’vcbv ev
hš¿cvwZ µ‡q wewb‡qvM K‡i bv| d‡j AmgZv m„wó nq| mgZv wdwi‡q Avbvi Rb¨ miKv‡ii e¨q evov‡Z
n‡e| †KBb‡mi Z‡Ë¡i GB w`KUv e¨vcKfv‡e Rvbv _vK‡jI Zuvi Z‡Ë¡i Avi GKUv w`K ZZUv cwiwPwZ
cvqwb| GB w`KUv mgm¨vi AviI Mfx‡i we‡kølY‡K wb‡q †M‡Q| Zuvi eB‡qi †kl Aa¨v‡q wZwb cuywRev‡ì
gyj ÎæwU¸‡jv mbv³ Kivi ‡Póv K‡i‡Qb| evievi A_©‰bwZK g›`v QvovI mevB‡K KvR w`‡Z bv cviv,
A_©‰bwZK Amvg¨, evRvi `L‡ji cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi hy×, AvšÍR©vwZK evRvi‡K eënvi K‡i †`‡ki mgm¨v
Ab¨ †`‡ki Nv‡o Pvcvb BZ¨vw` mgm¨v cuywRev‡` †`Lv hvq| Zuvi g‡Z cuywRev‡ì KZK¸‡jv cÖwZôv‡b
ax‡i ax‡i cwieZ©b G‡b G¸‡jv mgvavb Kiv hvq| cuywRcwZ‡ì jvf Kwg‡q wb‡q Avmv A_©vr wkí-cuywR
Kg jv‡f cwiPvjbv Kiv, cuywRgvwjK I abx‡ì Dci †ewk Ki avh© K‡i êlg¨ Kwg‡q wb‡q Avmv Gi
GKUv c_| Ômgwš^Zfv‡e cuywR wewb‡qv‡Mi mvgvwRKxKiYB GKgvÎ mevi Rb¨ Kv‡Ri eë¯’v Ki‡Z
cv‡iÕ| miKvi cuywR wewb‡qvM wbqš¿Y I jv‡fi nvi wbqš¿Y Ki‡j cuywRev`x A_©bxwZ myôzfv‡e Pj‡Z
cv‡i| Aímg‡qi g‡a¨ †KBbwmqvb wPšÍvaviv ÿgZvmxb‡ì Av`‡k© AšÍf©~³ nj| wØZxq wek¦hy‡×
†mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi Abb¨ Ae`vb, cwðg BD‡iv‡c Rvg©vb `Lj`vi evwnbxi weiæ‡× cÖwZ‡iva hy‡×
KwgDwb÷‡ì AMÖYx f~wgKv Ges wØZxq wek¦h‡y ×i c‡i mgvRZvwš¿K we‡k¦i `ªæZ A_©‰bwZK AMÖMwZ
mgq bvwn †i
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cuywRev`x †`‡ki RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q mgvRZ‡š¿i AvKl©Y evwo‡q Zzjj| Dcwb‡e‡ki †`k¸‡jv‡Z wØZxq
wek¦h‡y ×i mgq †_‡KB ¯^vaxbZv Av‡›`vjb Ges †Kvb †Kvb ‡`‡k mk¯¿ msMÖvg ïiæ n‡qwQj| wek¦h×y
†kl nIqvi c‡iB wekvj Rb‡Mvôxm¤úbœ †`k Px‡b KwgDwb÷‡ì weRq cuywRcwZ‡ì fxZ K‡i Zzjj|
cwðgv †`‡ki RbMY‡K Zviv my‡hvM myweav w`‡Z ivRx nj| abx‡ì Ki evovb nj, kÖwgK gRywi evoj,
kÖwgK msMVb Kivi AwaKvi †Ìqv nj, mvgvwRK myiÿv Kg©m~Px¸‡jv‡Z (¯^v¯’¨, wkÿv) miKv‡ii e¨q
evovb nj| wfbœ Kvi‡Y wKQz wKQz †KBbmxq bxwZ cuywRev`x †`k¸‡jv‡Z †bIqv n‡jI cieZ©x cÖvq `yB
`k‡Ki cÖe„w×i Rb¨ †KBbmxq wPšÍvaviv ¯^xK…wZ †cj|
BwZnv‡m `xN©Zg mgq a‡i evo‡Z _vKv A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× 1940 Gi `kK †_‡K 1970 Gi `k‡Ki cÖ_g
w`K ch©šÍ ¯’vqx nq| GB mgqKv‡j Av‡gwiKvi †gvU RvZxq Avq wØ¸Y n‡q hvq| Rvg©vwbi †gvU wkí
Drcv`b ev‡o cuvP¸Y| ÿwqòy e„wUk A_©bxwZI ev‡o wZb¸Y|20 cÖvq me †`‡ki A_©bxwZwe‡ìv g‡b
K‡iwQ‡jb A_©bxwZ‡K w¯’wZkxj †i‡L Ae¨vnZ Dbœqb Kivi c_ cvIqv †M‡Q| gvK©m ewY©Z am I mg„w×i
Pµ fzj cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q| †KBbmxq A_©bxwZi aviYv ‡h wKQzUv gy`vª ùxwZi wewbg‡q Ae¨vnZ A_©‰bwZK
mg„w× I by¨bZg †eKviZ¡ cvIqv hvq GUv mwVK| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ GB mgqKv‡ji Af~Zc~e© cÖe„w×i GKUv
KviY wQj hy×weaŸ¯Í BD‡ivc I Rvcv‡bi cybM©Vb| Gi wØZxq KviY wQj wØZxq wek¦h× y Kvjxb cuywRev`x
21
†`k¸‡jvi RbM‡Yi cY¨ I †mevi Ae`wgZ Pvwn`v hy‡×i ci c~iY|
mË‡ii `k‡Ki cÖ_gw`‡KB ¯^cœf½ nj| 1966 mvj †_‡K DbœZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z G‡Ki ci GK Pvwn`vi
Zzjbvq †ewk Drcv`b nw”Qj| we`¨gvb Drcv`b ÿgZvi eënvi G Kvi‡Y µ‡gB K‡g Avmj| 1970
Gi `k‡K Drcv`b ÿgZvi eënvi wQj cÖvq kZKiv 85 fvM, 1980 Gi `k‡K GUv wQj kZKiv 80
fvM, cieZ©x eQi¸‡jv‡Z (2013 ch©šÍ) Zv wQj kZKiv 75 fvM| wk‡í cuywR wewb‡qvM Kg‡Z _vKj|
1960 I 70 Gi `k‡K wkí ¯’vcbvq wewb‡qv‡Mi e„w× wQj †gvU RvZxq Av‡qi 4.7 kZvsk| 1980 †_‡K
1990 Gi `k‡K Zv K‡g nj 1.3 kZvsk|22 gvwK©b K‡c©v‡ikb¸‡jvi cÖK…Z jvf 1965 †_‡K 1971
mvj ch©šÍ mg‡q 17 kZvsk K‡g †Mj| wf‡qZbvg hy‡×i e¨q enb Kivi Rb¨ gvwK©b miKv‡ii FY
evo‡Z _vKj| g~j¨ùxwZ evoj, gvwK©b Kg©Rxwe gvby‡li Mo cÖK…Z Avq K‡g †Mj|23 1971 mv‡j gvwK©b
miKv‡ii †`bv cÖvq 70 wewjqb Wjv‡i ‡cuŠQvj| wKš‘ ¯^Y© gRyZ wQj gvÎ 12 wewjqb Wjv‡ii mgvb|
d‡j 1971 mv‡ji 15 AvM÷ †cÖwm‡W›U wb·b Wjvi I ¯^‡Y©i wbw`©ó wewbgq g~j¨ evwZj †NvlYv Ki‡jb|
‡KBbmxq A_©bxwZ AšÍnxb A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× G‡b w`‡q‡Q, GB ¯^cœ †f‡½ ‡Mj| wØZxq wek¦h‡y ×i c‡i
cÖ_gev‡ii gZ cÖvq me cuywRev`x †`‡k 1970-71 mv‡j ¯^í¯’vqx g›`v nj| wKQzw`b weiwZi c‡i 1973
mv‡ji b‡f¤î gvm †_‡K 1975 mvj ch©šÍ Zxeª g›`v nj hv Av‡Mi 35 eQ‡i †`Lv hvqwb| Gici g›`v
†_‡K †ei n‡q Avm‡jI cÖe„w× wQj Lye Kg Avi m‡½ wQj gy`vª ùxwZ| 1980 mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi gv‡m
A_©bxwZ‡Z Avevi g›`v †`Lv w`j| GB cy‡iv mgqUv‡ZB ‡eKvi‡Z¡i nvi wQj wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i c‡i †h
A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× nq †m mg‡qi PvB‡Z A‡bK †ewk|24
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m‡½ aªæc`x D`vibxwZi A‡bK cv_©K¨ Av‡Q| GUv ïay D`vibxwZ‡Z wd‡i hvIqv bq| be¨D`vibxwZ‡Z
evRvi †gv‡UB gy³ bq ev MwZkxj bq, hv aªæc`x D`vibxwZi Av`k© wQj| be¨-D`vibxwZi aviYvq GKUv
kw³kvjx ivóª _vK‡e, hv ïay abx‡ì ¯^v_©iÿv Ki‡e| wbi‡cÿZvi fvb ev Qj Zvi †bB, hv aªæc`x
A_©bxwZ‡Z wQj|25 be¨-D`vibxwZ Abyhvqx evRvi ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©, Zv wbqš¿Y ev cwiPvjbvi ìKvi bvB|
evRviB gvby‡li Kj¨v‡Yi wbðqZv w`‡Z cv‡i| hv wKQz evRvi eë¯’vq DbœwZ K‡i ‡hgb, A_© I cuywRi
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evRvi ej‡Z hv †evSvZ be¨-D`vibxwZi evRvi Zv bq| wg‡kj duy‡Kv 1979 mv‡j be¨-D`vibxwZi
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gy³ bq Zvi E`vniY 1930 Gi gnvg›`vi mgq †_‡K Av‡Q| 1929 mv‡j gnvg›`v ïiæ nIqvi ci gvwK©b
Ks‡MÖm ¯§yU I njx (Smoot and Hawley) cÖ¯ÍvweZ wej cvm K‡i| G‡Z cÖvq 900 c‡Yï Avg`vwbi
Dci ïé Av‡ivc Kiv nq| Ab¨vb¨ †`kI gvwK©b c‡Yï Dci cvëv ïé Av‡ivc K‡i|28 2002 mv‡j
gvwK©b cÖkvmb B¯úvZ Avg`vwbi Dci 8 †_‡K 60 kZvsk ch©šÍ ïé emvq| 1981 mv‡j hy³ivóª Rvcv‡bi
Mvwo Avg`vwb Kgvbi Rb¨ Rvcvb‡K Voluntary Export Restriction Pzw³ Ki‡Z eva¨ K‡i|29
mv¤úªwZK mg‡q gvwK©b cÖkvmb evwYR¨ êlg¨ Kwg‡q Avbvi D‡Ï‡k¨ 2018 mv‡ji gvP© gv‡m B¯úvZ
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Wjv‡ii gvwK©b c‡Yï Dci ïé emvq|30
miKv‡ii f~wgKvI A_©bxwZ‡Z µgea©gvb| 1915 mv‡j hy³iv‡óªi miKv‡ii e¨q †gvU RvZxq Drcv`‡bi
2 kZvsk wQj, 2018 mv‡j Zv nq 37.9 kZvsk|31 2018 mv‡j †gvU RvZxq Drcv`‡bi miKvwi e¨‡qi
Ask Rvg©vwbi wQj 43.7 kZvsk Avi d«v‡Ýi wQj 56.8 kZvsk|32
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ejv hvq K‡c©v‡ikbmg~‡ni AvwacZ¨| Dbwesk kZvãxi gy³evRv‡ii m‡½ Gi †Kvb wgj bvB| Gi e`‡j
GLb hv cvIqv hv‡”Q Zv n‡”Q cuywRev‡ì bZzb iƒc| ivóª‡K wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q eo K‡c©v‡ikb¸‡jv| RbM‡Yi
cÖwawbwaZ¡ K‡i Ggb ms¯’v¸‡jv‡K K‡c©v‡ikbmg~n `Lj K‡i wb‡q‡Q ev wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q| ivóª¸‡jvi †K›`ªxq
e¨v¼ ev A_© gš¿Yvjq GLb iæ×Øvi K‡ÿ A_©‰bwZK wm×všÍ MÖnY †bq, †hLv‡b cuywRcwZ I wkígvwjK‡ì
¯^v_©iÿv Kiv nq| †mLv‡b mvaviY gvby‡li cÖ‡ekvwaKvi bvB| wek¦ cwim‡i wek¦ e¨v¼, AvšÍR©vwZK gy`ªv
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Av‡jvPbvi g‡a¨ mxgve× _vK‡j Lye ÿwZ e„w× nZ bv| wKš‘ ev¯Í‡e gy³evRvi A_©bxwZi Z‡Ë¡i Avov‡j
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†KvwU Wjvi fZ©ywK cvq K‡c©v‡ikb¸‡jv|35 abx‡ì wekvj Ki †iqvZ I mvgvwRK Kg©m~Px KvUQuvU K‡i
abx‡ì Kv‡Q m¤ú` n¯ÍvšÍi Kiv nq| Ki AvBb Gfv‡e Kiv nq, hv‡Z cuywRcwZ I K‡c©v‡ikb¸‡jv †KvwU
†KvwU Wjvi ÒK‡ii wbivc` AvkÖ‡qÓ (tax heaven) cvPvi Ki‡Z cv‡i|36 cwi‡ek `~lY I aŸs‡mi
djvdj I Zvi SuywK enb Ki‡Q mvaviY gvbyl| wKš‘ `~lYKvix K‡c©v‡ikb¸‡jvi Rb¨ AvBb cÖ‡qvM Kiv
nq bv|37 c„w_exi †gvU Kve©b wbtmi‡Yi Rb¨ cÖvq GKkÕwU eo K‡c©v‡ikb `vqx|38
cuywRev`x A_©bxwZ evi evi NU‡Z _vKv A_©‰bwZK g›`v †_‡K gy³ nqwb, eis Zv AviI evo‡Q| 1945
mvj †_‡K 1971 mvj ch©šÍ †gvU 38 evi A_©‰bwZK g›`v (recession) nq cuywRev`x †`k¸‡jv‡Z|
1973 mvj †_‡K 1990 mvj ch©šÍ g›`v nq 139 evi|39 G m‡Ë¡I K‡c©v‡ikb¸‡jvi jvf evo‡Q| †gvU
RvZxq Drcv`‡bi Ask wnmv‡e K‡c©v‡ikb¸‡jvi jvf ga¨ 1980 †_‡K 2012 mvj ch©šÍ 4 kZvsk †_‡K
†e‡o 9 kZvsk n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ †gvU RvZxq Drcv`‡bi Ask wnmv‡e wewb‡qvM GKB mg‡q 6 kZvsk †_‡K
K‡g 2 kZvsk n‡q‡Q| GB mg‡q A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×i nviI K‡g †M‡Q|40
GKwesk kZvãxi wØZxq `k‡Ki †kl w`‡K G‡m GUv †`Lv hv‡”Q mvgvwRK eë¯’v wnmv‡e cuywRev` I Zvi
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financial instrument) Xvjv n‡”Q| G‡Z evievi A‡_©i eyØy` (financial bubble) m„wó n‡”Q,
Avevi Zv †d‡UI hv‡”Q| 2001 mv‡j GB eyØy` wQj B‡j±ªwbK Z_¨ msµvšÍ bZzb †Kv¤úvwbi, 2007-
2008 mv‡j GUv wQj M„nFY msµvšÍ| Drcv`‡bi Kvh©KvwiZv evo‡jI weMZ 40 eQ‡i gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi
kÖwgK‡ì cÖK…Z Avq ev‡owb|42 †eKvi‡Z¡i nviI µ‡gB evo‡Q, hwÌ bZzb c×wZ cÖ‡qvM K‡i cÖK…Z
†eKvi‡ì msL¨v K…wÎgfv‡e Kg †`Lvb nq|43 kÖwgK msMVb¸‡jv‡K `gb K‡i Zv‡ì wbtkw³ K‡i
†Ìqv n‡q‡Q| mgvRZvwš¿K we‡k¦i cZ‡bi c‡i BD‡iv‡ci kÖwgK I mvaviY gvby‡li ¯^v_© †h me
ivR‰bwZK `j Zz‡j aiZ †m¸‡jvi kw³ K‡g †M‡Q| †mLv‡b cuywR I K‡c©v‡ik‡bi ¯^v_©iÿvKvix
`wÿYcš’x I d¨vwmev`x ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi kw³ µ‡gB evo‡Q| cÖK…Z †eKvi‡Z¡i nvi GZ †ewk †h
kÖwg‡Kiv †eZb evovbi `vex Kivi mvnm cvq bv| miKvwi wnmv‡e †eKvi‡Z¡i nvi Kwg‡q †`Lvb nq,
cÖK…Z nvi Zvi wØ¸‡YiI †ewk| 1982 mv‡j miKvwi wnmv‡e kZKiv 9.7 kZvsk †eKvi wQj| wKš‘
Avm‡j kÖwgK‡ì cÖvq 24 kZvsk eQ‡ii †Kvb bv †Kvb mg‡q †eKvi wQj|44 kÖwgK‡ì Avq bv evo‡jI
cuywRcwZ‡ì m¤ú` I Avq evo‡Q| gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi †mbmvm ey¨‡ivi 2013 mv‡ji Avq I `vwi`ª wi‡cv‡U©
†`Lv hvq GB mv‡j Mo M„ncÖwZ Avq 2007 mv‡ji PvB‡Z 8 kZvsk Kg wQj Ges Zv 20 eQi Av‡Mi
1994 mv‡ji mgvb wQj| wKš‘ c„w_exi mePvB‡Z abx 200 †Kv¤úvwbi jvf 1983 mvj †_‡K 2000 mvj
ch©šÍ cÖvq 362 kZvsk †e‡owQj|45
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n‡”Q| G‡Z Drcv`b LiP Kwg‡q jvf AviI evovb n‡”Q| `wi`ª †`‡ki gvbyl `wi`ªB †_‡K hv‡”Q|
eûRvwZK K‡c©v‡ikb¸‡jv wekvj m¤ú` AvniY Ki‡Q| cÖvq 21 wUªwjqb Wjvi K¨vwiweqvb ØxccyÄ I
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gnvKv‡k hy×cÖ¯‘wZ ïiæ Kiv n‡”Q| ey‡jwUb Ad GUwgK mv‡qw›U÷m Zv‡ì Wzgm'†W (Doomsday)
Nwo GwM‡q gaïv‡Zi `yB wgwbU Av‡M wba©viY K‡i‡Q cvigvYweK hy× I Rjevqy wech©‡qi gnvwec`
we‡ePbvq wb‡q| GUv 1953 mv‡ji ci †_‡K m‡e©v”P wec‡ì m~PK w`‡”Q|51
‡fwbRy‡qjv, wbKvivMyqv, Bivbmn Z…Zxq we‡k¦i A‡bK †`‡ki Dci A_©‰bwZK Ae‡iva Av‡ivc K‡i
†mme †`k‡K Aw¯’wZkxj K‡i miKvi cwieZ©‡bi †Póv Kiv n‡”Q| Gme †`‡ki gvbyl‡K AeY©bxq `ytL
K‡ói g‡a¨ †djv n‡”Q| hy×, Rjevqy wech©q, `vwi`ª Gm‡ei d‡j cÖvq 25 †KvwU gvbyl c„w_ex‡Z cÖv‡Yi
SuywK wb‡q kiYv_©x n‡Z eva¨ n‡”Q| hy× †_‡K euvPv I ÿzavgyw³i Rb¨ jÿ jÿ gvbyl abx †`k¸‡jv‡Z
hvIqvi †Póv Ki‡Q| A‡bK gvbyl mvnviv giæf~wg, f~ga¨mvMi I ga¨ Av‡gwiKvq hvÎvc‡_ gviv hv‡”Q|
abx †`k¸‡jv Zv‡ì mxgvbvq cvnviv ewm‡q ev †Ìqvj Zz‡j Zv‡ì AvUKv‡”Q|52,53 kiYv_©x Avmvi
cÖwZwµqvq abx‡`k¸‡jv‡Z d¨vwmev`x kw³i Afz¨`q NU‡Q|
c„w_exi †gvU RbmsL¨vi GK-`kgvsk A_©vr cÖvq GKk †KvwU gvbyl `xN©¯’vqx Acywó‡Z fzM‡Q| †Lv`
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mePvB‡Z abx GK kZvsk gvby‡li Avq MZ 20 eQ‡i 60 kZvsk †e‡o‡Q| cÖwZw`b Pwjøk nvRvi gvbyl
`vwi`ª RwbZ Kvi‡Y gviv hvq| ïay 2012 mv‡j c„w_exi mePvB‡Z †ewk abx GKk Rb AwZwi³ 241
wewjqb Wjvi Avq K‡ib| GB AwZwi³ Av‡qi GK-PZz_©vsk w`‡q c„w_exi GK eQ‡ii `vwi`ª `~i Kiv
hvq|55 mviv we‡k¦ hZ m¤ú` Av‡Q Zvi A‡a©K GLb GK kZvsk †jv‡Ki nv‡Z|56 e„nr K…wl K‡c©v‡ikb,
e¨w³ cuywR I Sovereign Wealth Fund ¸‡jv c„w_ex‡Z cÖvwšÍK K…lK‡ì f~wgQvov Ki‡Q| c„w_exi
BwZnv‡m Af~Zc~e©fv‡e f~wgnxb gvbyl RxweKv I AvkÖqnviv n‡q kn‡i ew¯Í M‡o Zzj‡Q|57
wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i †klw`‡K Rvcv‡bi wn‡ivwkgv kn‡ii Dci 1945 mv‡ji 6 AvM÷ I bvMvmvwK‡Z GKB
eQi 9 AvM÷ hy³ivóª AvYweK †evgv †d‡j| Gi d‡j 129000 †_‡K 226000 gvbyl gviv hvq| G‡ì
AwaKvskB wQj AmvgwiK bvMwiK| wek¦hy× †kl nIqvi ci 1949 mv‡j †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb Zvi cÖ_g
AvYweK †evgvi we‡ùviY NUvq| 1951 mv‡ji g‡a¨ †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb‡K AvYweK ‡evgvi ¯’vcbv w`‡q
wN‡i †d‡j hy³ivóª| 1952 mv‡ji 1 b‡f¤î hy³ivóª nvB‡Wªv‡Rb †evgvi we‡ùviY NUvq hvi kw³ AvYweK
†evgvi PvB‡Z A‡bK †ewk| †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb 1953 mv‡ji AvM÷ gv‡m nvB‡Wªv‡Rb †evgvi we‡ùviY
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I †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi DËim~ix ivwkqvi nv‡Z| 1983 mv‡ji 1 b‡f¤î kxl©¯’vbxq Av‡gwiKvb I
†mvwf‡qZ êÁvwb‡Kiv AvYweK hy‡×i m¤¢ve¨ cwiYwZ m¤^‡Ü Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| ZvrÿwYKfv‡e cÖwZwU
AvYweK we‡ùvi‡Yi Pviw`‡K GKUv eo GjvKvi me ¯’vcbv aŸsm n‡q hv‡e Ges jÿ jÿ gvby‡li g„Zz¨
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NU‡e| kZ kZ AvYweK †evgv we‡ùvi‡Yi d‡j wecyj cwigvY a~wjKYv I a~¤ªKYv ˆZwi n‡e, Zv
evqygÛ‡ji Dc‡ii w`‡Ki ¯Í‡i †cuŠ‡Q hv‡e| m~‡h©i Av‡jv I Zvc f~c„‡ó †cuŠQv‡Z cvi‡e bv| ïiæ n‡e
AvYweK kxZKvj (nuclear winter)| GB kxZKvj Kgc‡ÿ K‡qK `kK ¯’vqx n‡Z cv‡i| ZvcgvÎv
K‡g hvIqvi Rb¨ I m~‡h©i Av‡jv bv _vKvi Rb¨ Lv`¨ Drcv`b n‡e bv| cïcvLx gviv hv‡e, jÿ jÿ
gvbyl Abvnv‡i gviv hv‡e, mf¨Zv aŸsm n‡q hv‡e|58
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wek¦we`¨vj‡qi †hŠ_ M‡elYvq cvwK¯Ívb I fvi‡Zi g‡a¨ AvYweK hy‡×i djvdj wK n‡Z cv‡i Zv wbY©q
Kivi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| GKkÕwU wn‡ivwkgv AvKv‡ii (16 wK‡jvUb) AvYweK †evgvi we‡ùviY n‡Z cv‡i
e‡j a‡i †bIqv nq| G‡Z 4 †_‡K 5 †KvwU gvbyl ZvrÿwYK gviv hv‡e A_ev ¸iæZifv‡e AvnZ n‡e|
Z‡e a~wj I ay¤ªKYv evqygÛ‡ji Dc‡ii ¯Í‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i GB GjvKvq mxwgZ _vK‡e bv| GUv c„w_exi
A‡bK AÂj‡K †X‡K †dj‡e| ÔAvYweK kxZKvjÕ cÖvq eid hy‡Mi ZvcgvÎv wb‡q cÖvq 25 eQi ¯’vqx
n‡e| Gwkqvq Liv †`Lv †`‡e, dm‡ji Drcv`b cÖvq 20 kZvsk Kg‡e| `yBk †KvwU gvbyl hviv GLb
Aa©vnv‡i w`b KvUv‡”Q Zviv Abvnv‡i gviv hv‡e|59,60
1983 mv‡ji 26 †m‡Þ¤î mKv‡j GKRb mvaviY †mvwf‡qZ wWDwU Awdmvi ¯Ívwb¯øvf †cÎ‡fÕi Dci
c„w_ex aŸsm n‡q hv‡e wKbv †m wm×všÍ †bevi `vwqZ¡ coj| †m †h Kw¤úDUv‡ii `vwq‡Z¡ wQj Zv †`Lvj
hy³ivóª Kgc‡ÿ cuvPwU AvšÍtgnv‡`kxq †ÿcYv¯¿ †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb‡K ZvK K‡i †Q‡o‡Q Ges Zv cuwPk
wgwb‡Ui g‡a¨ AvNvZ nvb‡e| wbqg Abyhvqx GB evZ©v Da©ŸZb KZ©„cÿ‡K Rvbvbi K_v| wKš‘ †jt K‡b©j
†cÎf Zv Ki‡jb bv| c‡i Rvbv †Mj GUv wQj Kw¤úDUvi †Mvj‡hv‡Mi d‡j fyj evZ©v| †cÎf GKUv
gnvmsKU †_‡K c„w_ex‡K euvPv‡jb| wKš‘ wbqg bv gvbvi Rb¨ †cÎ‡fi kvw¯Í n‡qwQj|61
GiKg A‡bK¸‡jv wech©‡qi KvQvKvwQ hvIqvi NUbvi K_v cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q| mvgwiK †MvcbxqZvi Kvi‡Y
A‡bK NUbv ARvbv i‡q †M‡Q| hy³iv‡óª GKUv 18 gvm mg‡q AvYweK A‡¯¿i wbivcËvq eëüZ
hš¿cvwZ‡Z 151 evi †Mvj‡hvM n‡qwQj|62 wbivcËvi Rb¨ eëüZ hš¿cvwZ K‡qK `k‡Ki cyi‡bv|63
cvigvYweK hy×we‡ivax Av‡›`vjb I bxwZwba©viK‡ì g‡a¨ GB hy‡×i fqvenZvi Dcjwäi Kvi‡Y A¯¿
wbqš¿‡Yi K‡qKwU Pzw³ nq| †ÿcYv¯¿ we‡ivax wgmvBj wbwl×KiY Pzw³ (Anti-Ballistic Missile
Treaty) hy³ivóª I †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb 1972 mv‡j g‡¯‹v‡Z ¯^vÿi K‡i| G‡Z `yB kw³ Zv‡ì wb‡R‡ì
†`‡k ïay `yBwU GjvKvq †ÿcYv¯¿ we‡ivax wgmvBj ¯’vcb Ki‡Z cvi‡e| †cÖwm‡W›U eyk 2002 mv‡ji
13 Ryb GB Pzw³ †_‡K †ewi‡q Av‡mb| 1987 mv‡j GB `yB †`k ga¨g cvjøvi cvigvYweK kw³i Pzw³i
gva¨‡g 500 †_‡K 5500 wK‡jvwgUvi ch©šÍ jÿ¨gvÎv m¤úbœ †ÿcYv¯¿ wbwl× K‡i| 2019 mv‡ji 2
AvM÷ hy³ivóª GB Pzw³ evwZj K‡i|64,65
cuywRev`x †`k¸‡jv µ‡gB †hme †`k Zv‡ì AbyMZ bq Zv‡ì cÖwZ kÎæZv evwo‡q P‡j‡Q| A_©‰bwZK
msK‡Ui d‡j mvaviY gvbyl‡K mgm¨vi g~j KviY †_‡K Ab¨Î `„wó †div‡Z gymwjg we‡ivwaZv, Awfevmx
we‡ivwaZv, wn¯úvwbK we‡ivwaZv, ivwkqv I †hŠb we‡ivwaZv BZ¨vw` ARynvZ m„wó K‡i d¨vwmev`x D¤§v`bv
evov‡”Q| †_‡imv †g e„wUk cÖavbgš¿x nIqvi Av‡M cvj©v‡g‡›U GK cÖ‡kœi DË‡i e‡jb, cvigvYweK A¯¿
eënvi K‡i jÿ jÿ gvbyl‡K nZ¨v Ki‡Z wZwb ivwR Av‡Qb|66 †cÖwm‡W›U Uªv¤ú eZ©gvb cigvYy A‡¯¿i
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fvÛvi AvaywbKxKiY| ivwkqvi cwðg mxgv‡šÍ †ÿcYv¯¿ weaŸsmx wgmvBj †gvZv‡qb K‡i wN‡i †djv
n‡q‡Q| ivwkqv GB wgmvBj¸‡jv aŸsm Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv Ggb A¯¿ ˆZwi Ki‡Q| cvigvYweK hy‡×i m¤¢vebv
†e‡oB P‡j‡Q|67
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‰eÁvwb‡Kiv ÔRjevqy cwieZ©bÕ (climate change) kãwU eënvi K‡ib eZ©gvb mg‡q c„w_exi
AvenvIqv I Rjevqy‡Z †h RwUj cwieZ©b NU‡Q Zv eY©bv Kivi Rb¨| Z‡e GUv‡K A‡b‡KB Rjevqy
cwieZ©b bv e‡j Rjevqy msKU (climate crisis) GgbwK Rjevqy wech©q AvL¨v w`‡q‡Qb- KviY Gi
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