Human Physiology From Cells To Systems 8th Edition Lauralee Sherwood Test Bank Download

Human Physiology From Cells to Systems 8th Edi-
tion Lauralee Sherwood 9781111577438 1111577439

Download full solution manual at:
https://testbankpack.com/p/solution-manual-for-human-physi-
ology-from-cells-to-systems-8th-edition-lauralee-sherwood-
9781111577438-1111577439/
Download full test bank at:

https://testbankpack.com/p/test-bank-for-human-physiology-from-
cells-to-systems-8th-edition-lauralee-sherwood-9781111577438-
1111577439/
Chapter 8—Muscle Physiology
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The striated appearance of skeletal muscle is due to the

a. orderly arrangement of the T tubules
b. orderly arrangement of the lateral sacs of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
c. orderly arrangement of the thick and thin filaments into A and I bands
d. orderly arrangement of the motor units
e. presence of white and red muscle fibers within the muscle
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
2. Muscle fibers develop tension by

a. contraction of sarcomeres
b. shortening
c. the pushing of myosin by actin
d. all of the above
e. both a and b
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
3. Myosin
a. is found in the A band
b. is found in the I band
c. is in the thin filaments
d. shortens during muscle contraction because it is one of the contractile proteins
e. is found in the Z line
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
4. Myosin is
a. found in the I band
213
b. attached to tropomyosin
c. a regulatory protein
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
5. Actin
a. has ATPase activity
b. are spherical
c. forms a helical chain that forms the main structural component of the thin filaments
d. has characteristics a and b
e. has characteristics b and c
6. Actin
a. does not perform a power stroke during muscle contraction
b. contains a globular head that forms a cross bridge between the thick and thin filaments
c. is not found within A bands
d. is inhibited by Ca2+
e. does not attach to the Z lines
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
7. Thick filaments in skeletal muscle are composed of

a. actin
b. troponin and tropomyosin
c. myosin
d. all of the above
e. only b and c
8. Sarcomeres are arranged end to end as

a. Z lines
b. myofibrils
c. T tubules
d. myofilaments
e. cross bridges
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
9. Each I band in a skeletal muscle fiber includes

a. overlapping thin and thick filaments
b. thick filaments and one Z disc
c. thin filaments and one Z disc
d. thin filaments and two Z discs
e. actin, troponin, tropomyosin and two Z discs
214
10. Z lines
a. are formed by the T tubules
b. extend down the middle of the I band
c. are formed by cross bridges
d. are part of the thin filaments
e. extend down the middle of the sarcomere
11. Cross bridges

a. bind to actin during muscle contraction
b. are globular heads made of myosin
c. do not bend during muscle contraction
d. have characteristics a and b
e. have characteristics b and c
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
12. Order the following muscle cell components from larger to smaller
1. troponin
2. myofibril
3. sarcomere
4. thin filament
5. muscle fiber
a. 3, 4, 1, 5, 2
b. 1, 2, 3, 5, 4
c. 5, 4 ,3 , 1, 2
d. 5, 2, 3, 4, 1
e. 3, 4, 5, 2, 1
13. Skeletal muscle fibers

a. have T tubules within their sarcomeres
b. have Z lines extending down the middle of the I bands
c. contain gap junctions
d. have all of the above characteristics
14. The region between two Z lines is a

a. muscle fiber
b. myofibril
c. myofilament
d. sarcomere
e. sarcoplasmic reticulum
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
215
15. Skeletal muscle fibers
a. are some of the longest cells in the body
b. are attached end-to-end within a muscle
c. contain Z lines within their A bands
d. contain only one nucleus
e. exhibit characteristics b and c
16. Identify the characteristic(s) shared by all types of muscle tissues?

a. They are neurogenic.
b. They have T tubules.
c. They have tropomyosin.
d. They attach to tendons.
e. They have neuromuscular junctions.
17. The functional unit of skeletal muscle

a. is the smallest contractile component of a muscle fiber
b. is the area between two Z lines
c. is the sarcomere
d. contains only one A band
e. exhibits all of the above characteristics
18. Troponin
a. binds with calcium to allow sarcomere shortening
b. breaks down myosin cross bridges
c. is an enzyme in the sarcomere
d. forms the boundaries of a sarcomere
e. has an ATPase site
19. During contraction of a sarcomere,

a. the Z discs move farther apart
b. the A bands become thicker
c. the I bands become narrower
d. the thin filaments become shorter
e. events c and d occur
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
20. A function of tropomyosin is

a. to bind Ca2+
b. to form attachments with myosin cross bridges
c. to prevent myosin cross bridges from attaching to the thin filaments
d. to act as an ATPase
216
21. According to the sliding-filament mechanism, the
a. A bands slide between the I bands
b. thin filaments slide inward toward the center of the A band
c. Z lines slide between the T tubules
d. contractile proteins shorten, thus shortening the sarcomere
e. filaments slide past the lateral sacs of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
22. During contraction of skeletal muscle fibers, the

a. contractile proteins shorten
b. thin filaments slide inward toward the A band's center as a result of cycles of cross-bridge
binding and bending
c. thick and thin filaments become tightly coiled, thus shortening the sarcomere
d. I bands slide in between the A bands
e. lateral sacs of the sarcoplasmic reticulum shorten, pulling the Z lines closer together
23. Which of the following are involved in the regulation of cross bridge attachment activity?
a. calcium ions
b. troponin
c. tropomyosin
d. all of the above
e. only b and c
24. During muscle contraction,

a. the Z lines move farther away from the thick filaments
b. the A band becomes narrower
c. the H zone becomes narrower or disappears
d. the I band remains unchanged
e. both b and c occur
25. The H zone

a. is the area within the middle of the A band where the thin filaments do not reach
b. shortens or disappears during contraction
c. contains only thick filaments
d. does not contain cross bridges
e. is all of the above
26. Which of the following changes in banding pattern occur during muscle relaxation?
a. Thin filaments move away from the Z lines.
b. I bands get wider.
c. H zones get narrower.
d. Thick filaments become longer.
e. Both b and c occur.
217
27. During contraction, asynchronous cycling of cross bridges
a. prevents tetany
b. prevents thick filaments from slipping backwards
c. prevents thin filaments from slipping backwards
d. utilizes less ATP
e. does not do any of the above
28. During excitation-contraction coupling,

a. the action potential travels down the T tubules
b. Ca2+ is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
c. Ca2+ is taken up by the sarcoplasmic reticulum
d. both a and b occur
e. both a and c occur
29. The T tubules

a. store Ca2+
b. provide a means of rapidly transmitting the action potential from the surface into the
central portions of the muscle fiber
c. store ATP
d. run longitudinally between the myofibrils
e. have expanded lateral sacs
30. Sequence the following events involved in muscle cell contraction:
1. Sodium channels open and sodium flows in.

2. Impulse reaches the axon's terminal.
3. ACh binds to receptors on the muscle cell membrane.
4. Synaptic vesicles fuse with neuron's membrane and release ACh via exocytosis.
5. If enough sodium moves in to the muscle cell, an impulse (action potential) develops.
a. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
b. 2, 1, 3, 4, 5
c. 2, 4, 3, 1, 5
d. 3, 4, 5, 1, 2
e. 3, 5, 2, 1, 4
31. The T tubules

a. store Ca2+
b. provide a means of rapidly transmitting ACh to the central portions of the muscle fiber
c. provide attachment sites for ACh
d. perform b and c
e. do not do any of the above
218
32. An action potential rapidly spreads to the central portions of a muscle cell by means of
a. Z lines
b. sarcoplasmic reticulum
c. T tubules
d. lateral sacs
e. both a and c
33. Binding of ____ to myosin permits the cross-bridge to ____.

a. ATP; bind with actin
b. ATP; detach from actin
c. calcium; bind with actin
d. calcium; detach from actin
e. None of the above correctly complete the sentence.
34. The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores ____ when a muscle is relaxed and releases it for binding to ____
during contraction.
a. calcium; troponin
b. calcium; tropomyosin
c. sodium; tropomyosin
d. potassium; tropomyosin
e. sodium; troponin
35. Of the steps in excitation-contraction below, which step occurs before the others?
a. Exposed actin sites bind with myosin cross bridges.
b. Sodium channels open in the fiber's membrane.
c. Calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
d. Troponin binds calcium.
e. Attachment of ATP allows for cross bridge detachment.
36. Which statement is not true about cross bridges?

a. They are a component of thin filaments.
b. They are comprised of myosin.
c. They have an actin binding site.
d. They have an ATPase binding site.
e. They provide power stroking.
37. Foot proteins

a. span the gap between a lateral sac of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and a T tubule
b. are believed to serve as Ca2+ channels
c. bind to and pull the thin filaments inward toward the A band's center during contraction
d. have characteristics a and b
e. are none of the above
219
38. Which statement is incorrect about cross bridges?
a. They are globular myosin heads that protrude from the thick filaments.
b. They bend during muscle contraction.
c. They attach and detach from actin during muscle contraction.
d. They are not found in the I band.
e. They bind with troponin during contraction.
39. During a cross-bridge cycle in skeletal muscle,

a. the cross bridge is energized when it splits ATP into ADP and P
b. the cross bridge must bind with ATPase before a power stroke will occur
c. Ca2+ causes tropomyosin to move off of the myosin’s actin-binding sites
d. ADP binds to the cross bridge at the end of the power stroke
e. both a and b occur
40. Cross bridge interaction between actin and myosin in skeletal muscle is directly blocked by
a. acetylcholine
b. triads
c. Z lines
d. calcium
e. tropomyosin
41. The energy for cross bridge cycling during muscle contraction is provided by:
a. acetylcholine
b. Ca2+
c. ATP
d. myosin
e. actin
42. Which of the following is involved in the relaxation of a muscle cell?

a. Synthesis of ACh by acetylcholinesterase
b. Initiation of action potentials
c. The troponin-tropomyosin complex slipping back into its blocking position
d. Detachment of actin from tropomyosin
e. T tubules actively absorbing Ca2+
43. A lack of ATP in a contracted skeletal muscle cell would most likely cause
a. cross bridges to detach from actin
b. the sarcomeres to remain shortened
c. an inability to relax
d. both a and c
e. both b and c
220
44. Which of the following is involved in muscle relaxation?
a. Acetylcholinesterase removes ACh and the muscle cell returns to resting potential.
b. Ca2+ is actively taken up by the lateral sacs when there is no longer an action potential.
c. The cross bridges pull the filaments back to their original resting positions.
d. Both a and b
e. Both b and c
45. Whole muscle tension depends on all of the following except

a. number of muscle fibers contracting
b. tension produced by each contracting fiber
c. extent of motor-unit recruitment
d. frequency of stimulation
e. the proportion of each motor unit used at any given time
46. A motor unit refers to

a. a single motor neuron plus all of the muscle fibers it innervates
b. a single muscle fiber plus all of the motor neurons that innervate it
c. all of the motor neurons supplying a single muscle
d. a pair of antagonistic muscles
e. a sheet of smooth muscle cells connected by gap junctions
47. In twitch summation, the muscle fiber

a. is stimulated again before the fibers returns to resting potential.
b. is stimulated again before it completely returns to resting position.
c. contracts stronger but stronger action potentials do not occur.
d. experiences a and b
e. experiences b and c
48. Twitch summation

a. is a means by which gradation of muscle contraction may be accomplished
b. results from the additional release of Ca2+ within the cytosol of muscle fibers
c. results from increasing the frequency at which motor units are firing within a muscle
d. results from more cross bridges binding to actin within muscle fibers
e. has all of the above characteristics
49. Twitch summation

a. results from increases in cytosolic calcium levels
b. results from pumping of calcium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
c. can be enhanced by allowing a cell to completely relax
d. rarely results in tetany
e. is not characterized by any of the above
221
50. To pick up something heavier than your pencil, your nervous system could
a. stimulate larger motor units
b. decrease the frequency of stimulation to allow a more prolonged contraction to occur
c. decrease the refractory periods
d. block acetylcholinesterase at the neuromuscular junction to allow acetylcholine to function
longer
e. do all of the above
51. Based on the length-tension relationship,

a. stretching a skeletal muscle 30% longer than the lo results in a greater contraction
b. varying the amount of overlap of thick and thin filaments does not greatly affect
contraction force as long as tension remains the same
c. more tension develops if a muscle is 30% shorter than its resting length
d. muscle tension remains the same as long as the muscle's length is not more than 30% of
the resting length.
e. a resting muscle that is shorter or longer than its lo will generate less tension at the onset of
contraction.
52. Picking up a book at a constant speed requires that

a. muscle tension be equal to the book's weight
b. the muscle perform an eccentric contraction
c. the muscle perform an isometric contraction
d. the muscle perform a concentric contraction
e. both a and d occur
53. Muscle tension

a. is created when tension generated by sarcomeres is transmitted via the connective tissue
and tendons to the bones
b. is the force exerted on a muscle by the weight of an object
c. is greater than the load during an isometric contraction
d. is all of the above
e. is none of the above
54. The origin of a muscle is its

a. main, thickest part
b. middle, thinner part
c. movable end of attachment
222
d. source of development in the fetus
e. stationary end of attachment
55. During an isotonic contraction,

a. sarcomeres do not shorten in the muscle
b. movement does not occur inside the muscle
c. the muscle does not change length
d. the muscle's tension does not overcome a load
e. the muscle's tension remains constant
56. During an isometric contraction, the muscle

a. maintains a constant tension
b. shortens
c. moves a body part
d. maintains a constant length
e. tension is greater than the load
57. With eccentric muscle contractions,

a. development of tension occurs at constant muscle length
b. muscles lengthen while contracting
c. muscles shorten while contracting
d. muscle length and tension vary throughout a range of motion
e. none of the above occur
58. Submaximal isometric contractions are important for

a. moving large objects
b. walking
c. maintaining posture
d. writing
e. both a and b
59. Muscles developing tension while lengthening are performing ____ contractions.
a. concentric
b. eccentric
c. isometric
d. fatiguing
e. oscillating
223
60. In a muscle fiber undergoing maximal tetanic stimulation, the velocity of shortening ____ as the load
____.
a. decreases; decreases
b. decreases; increases
c. increases; increases
d. remains constant; increases
e. remains constant; decreases
61. If the load on a muscle is increased, eventually a load will be reached at which the velocity of
shortening becomes zero. At this point, the muscle contraction is referred to as
a. concentric
b. eccentric
c. isotonic
d. isokinetic
e. isometric
62. Energy sources available to form ATP in muscle fibers in the absence of oxygen include
a. creatine phosphate
b. chemiosmosis
c. glycolysis
d. creatine phosphate and glycolysis
e. chemiosmosis and glycolysis
63. The first means by which ATP is produced at the onset of contractile activity is
a. transfer of energy and phosphate from creatine phosphate to ADP
b. oxidative phosphorylation
c. glycolysis
d. degradation of myoglobin
e. none of these
64. During aerobic exercise, the primary means for ATP production in muscle fibers involves
a. creatine phosphate
b. fermentation
c. oxidative phosphorylation
d. glycolysis
e. myoglobin
65. Myoglobin
a. can store small amounts of O2
b. increases the rate of O2 transfer from the blood into muscle fibers
c. is abundant in fast-glycolytic fibers
d. can perform a and b
e. has characteristics a and c
224
66. Select the correct statement about the summation of simple twitches.
a. They can occur because of the long duration of the action potential in a muscle fiber.
b. They reduce the tension in a muscle.
c. They result from the slow stimulation of a muscle fiber.
d. The effect is unrelated to the refractory periods of action potentials.
e. The twitches resulting from separate action potentials.
67. Which of the following statements about the different types of muscle fibers is incorrect?
a. The higher the ATPase activity, the faster the speed of contraction.
b. Muscles with a high glycolytic capacity and large glycogen stores are more resistant to
fatigue.
c. Muscles with high ATP-synthesizing ability are more resistant to fatigue.
d. Oxidative types of muscle fibers contain myoglobin.
e. Muscle fibers containing large amounts of myoglobin have a dark red color in comparison
to the paler fibers, which have little myoglobin.
68. Fast-glycolytic (type IIx) muscle fibers

a. have high myosin-ATPase activity
b. can carry out oxidative phosphorylation
c. fatigue rapidly
d. contain myoglobin
e. have all of the above characteristics
69. Fast-oxidative (type IIa) fibers

a. contain very few mitochondria
b. can be converted into fast-glycolytic fibers by regular resistance activities
c. are most abundant in muscles specialized for maintaining low-intensity contractions for
long periods of time without fatigue
d. have characteristics b and c
e. have none of the above characteristics
70. The muscle cells of a marathon runner's legs would exhibit all these characteristics except
a. high resistance to fatigue
b. low myoglobin content
c. low glycogen content
d. many mitochondria
e. slow speed of contraction
225
71. Fatigue is the failure of a muscle fiber to maintain ____ as a result of previous contractile activity.
a. excitability
b. muscle mass
c. tension
d. sarcomere number
e. mitochondria
72. Muscular fatigue can be caused by

a. lactic acid accumulation
b. depletion of ATP
c. depletion of ACh
d. only two of the above
e. a, b, or c
73. Which of the following does not directly influence motor neurons?
a. primary motor cortex
b. cerebellum
c. brain stem
d. afferent neurons (through intervening interneurons)
e. None of the above
74. When a muscle atrophies, its muscle fibers

a. split lengthwise
b. decreases in mass and becomes weaker
c. increase in diameter
d. undergo mitotic cell division
e. dissolve and are replaced by fibrous scar tissue
75. In the body's lever systems, the fulcrums are represented by the
a. joints
b. long bones
c. tendons
d. short bones
e. skeletal muscles
226
76. With the type of lever system exemplified by flexion of the elbow joint, when an object is held in the
hand, the
a. power arm of the lever is the distance between the elbow joint and the insertion of the
biceps muscle
b. load arm of the lever is the distance between the elbow joint and the hand
c. velocity and distance moved by the hand is amplified at the expense of the biceps muscle
having to exert considerably greater force than the actual load that is moved
d. answers a, b, and c are correct
e. answers a and b are the only correct answers
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Application
77. Which statement below is characteristic of most of the body's lever systems?
a. They work at mechanical advantage.
b. They work at a mechanical disadvantage.
c. Muscles must exert greater forces than the load.
d. Both a and b
e. Both b and c
78. Enlargement of muscle due to weight lifting is primarily a result of

a. enlargement of individual myofilaments
b. hyperplasia
c. increased production of actin and myosin
d. increases in the number of cells
e. Both b and d
79. The corticospinal system

a. consists of fibers originating in the primary motor cortex and terminating on motor
neurons
b. involves the motor regions of the cortex, cerebellum, basal nuclei, and thalamus
c. is primarily concerned with regulation of body posture
d. has characteristics a and b
e. has characteristics b and c
80. Conscious initiation of muscle contraction is controlled by

a. the spinal cord
b. the brain stem
c. the cerebral cortex
d. the thalamus
227
81. Spastic paralysis occurs when
a. descending excitatory pathways are destroyed
b. excitatory inputs to motor neurons are unopposed because of disruption of an inhibitory
system in the brain stem
c. muscle spindles are destroyed
d. the cerebellum is damaged
e. the motor neurons are destroyed
82. During coactivation,

a. all muscle fibers in a skeletal muscle are activated simultaneously
b. the gamma motor-neuron and alpha motor-neuron systems to a skeletal muscle are
activated simultaneously
c. all cross bridges within a single skeletal muscle are activated simultaneously
d. the primary (annulospiral) and secondary (flower-spray) endings within a muscle spindle
are activated simultaneously
e. none of the above occur
83. Intrafusal muscle fibers

a. are supplied by alpha motor neurons
b. are found within muscle spindles
c. contain sensory nerve endings that are activated by stretch
d. have characteristics a and c
84. The stretch receptors in the central portion of the muscle spindle can be activated by
a. passive stretch of the whole muscle, including stretch of the muscle spindle
b. contraction of the end portions of the muscle spindle
c. gamma motor neuron stimulation of the muscle spindle
d. all of the above
85. Stretch reflexes are important for

a. maintaining balance and posture
b. providing afferent information to the primary motor cortex
c. determining which skeletal muscles will be used for a certain activity.
d. both a and b
e. both b and c
228
86. Calcium turns on cross bridges by physically repositioning the troponin-tropomyosin complex to
uncover the actin cross-bridge binding sites in
a. skeletal muscle
b. cardiac muscle
c. smooth muscle
d. striated muscle
e. all of the above except c
87. Choose the false statement about smooth muscle.

a. It is under involuntary control.
b. It does not have troponin.
c. Its contraction is initiated neurogenically only.
d. It is found in walls of hollow tube-like organs.
e. It is innervated by the ANS.
88. Cardiac muscle tissue

a. has well developed sarcoplasmic reticulum
b. has fast myosin ATPase activity
c. contracts only when stimulated neurogenically
d. has gap junctions
e. stores calcium in its T tubules
89. The regulation of smooth muscle contraction is mediated by the phosphorylation of ____ in response
to calcium binding to ____.
a. myosin; calmodulin
b. actin; calmodulin
c. troponin; calmodulin
d. myosin; troponin
e. actin; troponin
90. Select the correct statement regarding smooth muscle.

a. It composes the walls of the heart.
b. It is absent in the walls of hollow organs.
c. Its cells are multinucleated.
d. Its cells are spindle-shaped.
e. Its cells lack actin and myosin.
229
91. ____ is not required for contraction of smooth muscle fibers.
a. Calcium
b. Calmodulin
c. Phosphate
d. ATP
e. Troponin
92. Calcium that enters the cell during smooth muscle excitation binds with
a. calmodulin
b. inactive myosin kinase
c. troponin
d. myosin
e. actin
93. Which of the following muscle types are myogenic?

a. cardiac muscle
b. single-unit smooth muscle
c. multi-unit smooth muscle
d. Both a and b
e. Both b and c
94. Multi-unit smooth muscle is

a. neurogenically activated
b. under ANS control
c. found in the iris of the eye
d. all of the above
95. Single-unit smooth muscle

a. contains an abundance of gap junctions
b. is self-excitable
c. is found in the walls of the digestive, reproductive, and urinary tracts and small blood
vessels
d. forms functional syncytia
e. has all of the above characteristics
96. A functional syncytium

a. is a pair of antagonistic muscles causing a joint to move in opposite directions
b. is able to contract as a unit because action potentials move between adjacent cells through
gap junctions
c. is a functional junction between a smooth muscle fiber and an autonomic nerve ending
d. is all of the above
e. is none of the above
230
97. What is responsible for initiating contraction of smooth muscle?

a. Stimulation by motor neurons
b. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase
c. Membrane potential drifting to threshold as a result of automatic changes in ion movement
across the membrane
d. Excitation of the gap junctions by a transmitter substance
e. Stimulation by the autonomic nervous system
98. Repaying the oxygen deficit after strenuous exercise involves

a. formation of lactate in the muscle cells
b. replenishing stores of creatine phosphate and glycogen
c. unloading oxygen from myoglobin
d. all of the above
e. both b and c
99. Pacemaker activity refers to spontaneous depolarizations resulting from

a. shifts in passive ionic fluxes accompanying
b. cyclical changes in Na+-K+ pump activity
c. automatic changes in channel permeability
d. both a and b
e. both a and c
100. Which statement is incorrect about smooth muscle?

a. It develops less tension per unit cross-sectional area compared to skeletal muscle.
b. It can maintain tension with comparatively less ATP consumption than skeletal muscle.
c. It lacks troponin.
d. The range of lengths over which it can develop near maximal tension is greater than for
skeletal muscle.
e. In the walls of a hollow organ it can accommodate variable volumes with little change in
the pressure exerted on the organ’s contents.
101. A functional syncytium of cardiac muscles cells means that they

a. are striated
b. exhibit muscle tone
c. have a short refractory period
d. lack the stimulation of a pacemaker
e. work as a unit mechanically and electrically
231
102. Which one of the following statements about cardiac muscle is incorrect?
a. It contains gap junctions.
b. It is found only in the heart
c. It is self-excitable.
d. It is striated with intercalated disks.
e. It lacks tropomyosin.
103. Dihydropyridine receptors are most closely associated with

a. neuromuscular junctions
b. axon terminals
c. T tubules
d. myosin-binding sites
e. ATPase sites
104. Which of the following is most closely associated with a skeletal muscle fiber’s latent period?
a. hyperpolarization
b. relaxation
c. diffusion of calcium out of the SR’s lateral sacs
d. development of tension
e. shortening of the muscle fiber
105. Considering muscles, bones, and joints as lever systems, a calculated “moment” for the load would be
a. force times load arm
b. force times power arm
c. load arm divided by force
d. either a and b
e. either b and c
TRUE/FALSE
1. Skeletal muscle cells contain intracellular contractile proteins, including troponin and tropomyosin.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
2. All skeletal muscles are attached to the skeleton.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
3. Skeletal muscle fibers are formed during embryonic development by the fusion of many smaller cells.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
4. A single muscle cell is known as a myofibril.
232
5. The H zone of the sarcomere consists of myosin but does not contain actin.
6. The M line is formed by a flattened disc-like cytoskeletal protein that connects the thin filaments of
two adjoining sarcomeres.
7. Thin and thick filaments overlap in the A band.
8. The thick filaments in a sarcomere contain cross bridges.
9. Myosin is considered to be a regulatory protein because it plays an important role in the regulation of
muscle contraction.
10. Tropomyosin covers the cross bridge binding sites on the thick filaments when a sarcomere is not
contracting.
11. All cross bridges within a sarcomere stroke in unison when pulling the actin filaments.
12. Foot proteins link the actin molecules together within a thin filament.
13. The functional unit of skeletal muscle is the myofibril.
14. According to the sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction, the thick filaments slide in closer
together to shorten the sarcomere.
15. The T tubule is lined with the muscle cell's membrane.
16. According to the sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction, the muscle fibers of one motor
unit slide in closer together between the muscle fibers of adjacent motor units.
233
17. The thick filaments within a myofibril have ATPase activity.
18. Cross bridges have actin binding sites that are normally covered by troponin and tropomyosin except
during excitation-contraction coupling.
19. During muscle contraction, the A band becomes shorter.
20. Muscle relaxation does not take place until all of the ATP is used up.
21. In order for relaxation to occur, ACh must be removed from the muscle cell's receptors.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
22. Acetylcholinesterase removes ACh from receptors.
23. A muscle cell’s twitch last longer than the cell’s refractory period.
24. Rigor mortis occurs when Ca2+ links actin and the myosin globular head together in a rigor complex.
25. Muscle cells require ATP in order to relax, following a contraction.
26. More tension is developed during twitch summation than during a single twitch because the duration
of elevated cytosolic Ca2+ concentration increases during summation, thus increasing the availability of
cross-bridge binding sites.
27. Gradation of muscle contraction can be accomplished by stimulating variable portions of each muscle
fiber.
28. Summation events result from increasing amounts of cytoplasmic calcium levels.
234
29. A motor unit is a single muscle plus all of the motor neurons that innervate it.
30. Muscles that have a fine degree of control have small motor units.
31. The larger the motor units within a muscle, the more precisely controlled the gradations of contraction.
32. Increasing the number of recruited motor units in a muscle increases its force or strength of
contraction.
33. With twitch summation, the muscle fiber is stimulated so rapidly that it does not have an opportunity
to return to resting potential between stimuli.
34. Tetanus occurs when a muscle fiber is stimulated so rapidly that it is not allowed to relax between
stimulations, resulting in a smooth, sustained contraction.
35. The shorter a muscle fiber is before the onset of a contraction, the greater the force that can be
developed upon the subsequent contraction because the thin filaments are already partially slid inward.
36. The metabolic capability of a muscle fiber can affect the degree of tension it can develop.
37. Denervated muscle fibers become progressively smaller and their content of actin and myosin
decreases.
38. A skeletal muscle produces motion by pulling the origin toward its insertion.
39. Bones serve as fulcrums for muscle action.
40. Most muscle-lever systems work at a mechanical disadvantage.
235
41. Muscle tension does not change in isometric contractions.
42. The skeletal muscle shortens during concentric, isotonic contraction.
43. In an isotonic contraction, about 50 percent of the energy consumed is realized as external work and
the remaining 50 percent is converted to heat.
44. The work performed by a muscle is the force it develops divided by distance.
45. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs within the mitochondria of muscle cells.
46. Repaying the oxygen deficit involves the formation of lactate in fatigued muscles.
47. Anaerobic exercise is endurance-type exercise.
48. Central fatigue of a muscle directly results from the accumulation of lactic acid in the muscle.
49. Slow-oxidative muscle fibers have high resistance to fatigue.
50. Fast-oxidative muscle fibers have a high concentration of mitochondria.
51. Fast-glycolytic muscle fibers do not require as much oxygen use as slow-oxidative fibers.
52. Slow-oxidative muscle fibers would be found in high density in the leg muscles of Olympic sprinters.
53. A skeletal muscle undergoes hypertrophy mainly by producing many more muscle fibers.
236
54. Atrophy can develop in a muscle by either denervation or disuse.
55. Skeletal muscles are capable of limited repair after injury.
56. Single-unit smooth muscle has no innervation.
57. The lever system at the elbow joint provides a mechanical advantage so that when the biceps muscle
contracts to flex the elbow joint and lift an object in the hand, the force developed in the biceps can be
considerably less than the actual load that is moved.
58. The corticospinal system controls fine, discrete, voluntary body movements.
59. The two types of fast twitch fibers are interconvertible depending on the type of conditioning they
receive.
60. Single-unit smooth muscle and cardiac muscle are both self-excitable.
61. Both multi-unit and single-unit smooth muscle are under motor control from the autonomic nervous
system.
62. All smooth muscle is myogenic.
63. The strength and rate of contraction of the heart can be influenced by the autonomic nervous system.
64. The heart initiates its own action potentials without any external stimulation.
65. When considering the muscle as part of a lever system, a calculated “moment” for the muscle would
be force times power arm length.
237
66. Asynchronous recruitment gives motors units that have been active an opportunity to rest while others
are firing.
67. Creatine kinase donates one of its own phosphates to creatine to convert the creatine to creatine
phosphate.
68. Red muscle fibers contain myoglobin, but white muscle fibers do not.
69. Part of the excess postexercise oxygen consumption is due to increased speed of chemical reactions
resulting from an increase in body temperature.
70. Flaccid paralysis in a condition in which skeletal muscles receive an increase in inhibitory input from
higher brain centers.
71. Sarcopenia is a type of muscular atrophy that involves the body’s immune system attacking certain
skeletal muscles.
72. Following muscle damage, a limited number of satellite cells located near a skeletal muscle’s surface
can develop into myoblasts that fuse together to form new skeletal muscle cells.
73. Slow-wave potentials are common in multiunit smooth muscle located in the walls of organs in the
digestive system.
74. Phasic smooth muscle is abundant in the walls of hollow organs of the digestive system and contract in
bursts of contractile activity.
75. The latch phenomenon in which myosin cross bridges hold onto thin myofilaments for a relatively
long period is not a characteristic of skeletal muscle cells.
238
COMPLETION
Complete each of the following statements.
1. The three types of muscle tissue are ____________________, ____________________, and

____________________.
ANS: skeletal, smooth, cardiac
PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
2. Thick filaments are made up of the protein ____________________, whereas thin filaments are
composed of the three proteins ____________________, ____________________, and
____________________.
ANS: myosin, actin, tropomyosin, troponin
3. ____________________ and ____________________ are referred to as contractile proteins, whereas

____________________ and ____________________ are referred to as regulatory proteins.
ANS: Myosin, actin, tropomyosin, troponin
4. After the power stroke, ____________________ binds with the cross bridge, which causes the cross
bridge to detach from the ____________________, which is part of the thin filament.
ANS: ATP, actin
5. The neurotransmitter called ____________________ stimulates skeletal muscles to contract.
ANS: ACh
6. ____________________ refers to the series of events linking muscle excitation to muscle contraction.
ANS: Excitation-contraction coupling
7. ____________________ proteins function as calcium-release channels in the muscle cell.
239
ANS: Foot
8. ____________________ ions function as the intracellular signal for contraction.
ANS: Calcium
9. The ____________________ stores calcium ions inside muscle cells.
ANS: sarcoplasmic reticulum (or SR)
10. If a muscle cell is excited adequately, ____________________ is released from the sarcoplasmic
reticulum.
ANS: calcium
11. The functional unit of skeletal muscle is a(n) ____________________, and these units attach end-to-
end to form a(n) ____________________.
ANS: sarcomere, myofibril
12. The gradation of whole-muscle tension depends on the number of ____________________ that are
stimulated.
ANS: muscle fibers or motor units
13. The contractile response of a muscle fiber to a single action potential is called a(n)
____________________.
ANS: twitch
14. A(n) ____________________ is a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it recruits.
ANS: motor unit
15. The only energy source that can be used directly by the contractile machinery of a muscle fiber is
____________________.
240
ANS: ATP
16. In a state of ____________________, a muscle cannot maintain any kind of tension.
ANS: fatigue
17. Twitch summation is similar to the ____________________ summation of EPSPs.
ANS: temporal
PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
18. The immediate source for supplying additional ATP at the onset of exercise is
____________________.
ANS: creatine phosphate
19. For every muscle there is an optimal length at which maximum ____________________ is achieved.
ANS: force (or tension)
20. The _________-__________ component is the noncontractile tissue part of a muscle.
ANS: series-elastic
21. During a(n) ____________________ isotonic contraction, the contraction resists the stretching of the
muscle.
ANS: eccentric
22. The additional oxygen that must be taken into the body after strenuous exercise in order to return the
tissues to pre-exercise conditions is called the ____________________.
ANS: excess postexercise oxygen consumption (or EPOC)
23. The metabolic process called ____________________ (a two-word answer) provides the most ATP
molecules for use by muscle fibers contracting over a long period of time.
ANS: oxidative phosphorylation

241
24. The most common need for additional oxygen after rigorous exercise is for the repayment of the
____________________, when activity was being supported by creatine phosphate and glycolysis.
ANS: oxygen deficit
25. ____________________ fatigue in a muscle occurs when acetylcholine is no longer available in

adequate amounts to stimulate muscle fibers.
ANS: Neuromuscular
26. ____________________ is the pigment that can store small amounts of oxygen in the skeletal muscle.
ANS: Myoglobin
27. Slow-oxidative fibers are type ____________________ fibers; fast glycolytic fibers are type
____________________ fibers; and fast, oxidative fibers are type ____________________ fibers.
ANS: I, IIx, IIa
28. The ____________________ system is the descending motor pathway that mediates performance of
fine, discrete voluntary movements of the hands.
ANS: corticospinal (pyramidal)
29. ____________________ system is the descending pathway that is primarily concerned with regulation
of posture involving involuntary movements of the trunk and limbs.
ANS: Multineuronal (extrapyramidal)
30. ____________________ refers to paralysis of the legs resulting from lower spinal cord injury.
ANS: Paraplegia
31. The ____________________ is the extensor muscle found in the thigh that contracts during the
patellar tendon reflex.
242
ANS: quadriceps femoris
32. In smooth muscle, Ca2+ binds with the protein ____________________, which is structurally similar
to troponin.
ANS: calmodulin
33. The major source of calcium in smooth muscle is from the ____________________.
ANS: extracellular fluid (or ECF)
34. The loss of excitatory stimulation of skeletal muscles by higher brain centers is called ______
paralysis.
ANS: flaccid
35. A special sensory receptor called a __________ lies within a muscle’s tendon and respond to a change
in muscle tension.
ANS: Golgi tendon organ
36. The ability of stretched smooth muscle to rearrange its cross bridge attachments so that muscle tension
decreases is called the __________ response (a two-word answer)
ANS: stress relaxation
37. Smooth muscle can be classified as either _______ or _______, depending on its pattern of contractile
activity and how its cytosolic Ca2+ increases
ANS: phasic, tonic
38. Calcium-calmodulin complexes activate enzymes called ___________, which add a phosphate to
specific parts of the thick myofilaments in smooth muscle cells.
ANS: myosin light chain kinase (or MLC kinase)
243
39. An exercising muscle’s inability to respond to stimulation due to a buildup of inorganic phosphate or a
depletion of glycogen is called _______, whereas, it is called ______ (two words) if it results from a
lack of muscle stimulation by the nervous system.
ANS: fatigue, central fatigue
40. Muscle spindles consists of specialized muscle fibers called _______ fibers, which lie parallel to
ordinary contractile muscle fibers called ______ fibers.
ANS: intrafusal, extrafusal
MATCHING
Indicate which of the muscle proteins in skeletal muscle is associated with the item in question by
writing the appropriate letters in the blanks using the answer code below:
a. actin only
b. myosin only
c. actin and myosin
d. troponin-tropomyosin complex
e. actin, troponin, and tropomyosin
f. actin, myosin, troponin, and tropomyosin
1. Found in the A band
2. Found in the I band
3. Contractile protein(s)
4. Found in the H zone
5. Regulatory protein(s)
6. Found in thin filament
7. Spherical
8. Possess cross bridges
9. Shape consists of two globular heads attached to a tail
10. Found in thick filament
11. Has (Have) ATPase capacity
12. Can bind with myosin during muscle contraction
13. Lie(s) near the groove of the thin filament helix
14. Found in the sarcomere
15. Can bind with Ca2+ during contraction
16. Form(s) a helical chain
1. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge

2. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
3. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
4. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
5. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
244
7. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
Indicate which bands are being described in each statement by writing the appropriate letter in the
blank using the answer code below:
a. A band
b. I band
c. H zone
d. I band and H zone
17. Composed of thin filaments only
18. Composed of thick filaments only
19. Composed of thick and thin filaments
20. Shortens during muscle contraction
21. Remains the same size during muscle contraction

20. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
21. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
Match the sarcomere component with the correct characteristic.

a. Z line
b. A band
c. I band
d. H zone
22. Dark band
23. Light band
24. Contains only thick filaments
25. Contains only thin filaments
26. Contains partially overlapping thick and thin filaments
27. Joins adjacent sarcomeres together
28. Runs down the middle of the A band
29. Runs down the middle of the I band

245
29. ANS: A PTS: 1
Indicate which of the characteristics in question apply to each of the muscle fiber types by using the
following answer code:
a. Slow-oxidative fiber
b. Fast-oxidative fiber
c. Fast-glycolytic fiber
d. Slow-oxidative fiber and fast-oxidative fiber
e. Fast-oxidative fiber and fast-glycolytic fiber
f. Slow-oxidative fiber, fast-oxidative fiber and fast-glycolytic fiber
30. Has myosin ATPase activity
31. Do not readily fatigue
32. Most readily fatigues
33. Has numerous mitochondria
34. Can be transformed into another fiber type by specific training
35. Contains considerable myoglobin
36. Found predominantly in muscles designed for endurance
37. Has the largest diameter
38. Has abundant glycolytic enzymes
39. The most powerful fiber
40. Found predominantly in muscles adapted for short-duration, high-intensity activities
41. Produces the most lactic acid
42. Hypertrophies in response to weight training
43. Uses up considerable glycogen
44. Has a relatively high oxygen requirement

Indicate which characteristic applies to the specific type of muscle contraction:

a. isometric
b. isotonic
c. eccentric
d. concentric
e. isometric and eccentric
246
f. isotonic and concentric
g. isotonic, eccentric, and concentric
45. Muscle tension exceeds the load
46. Load exceeds muscle tension
47. Length changes
48. Length remains constant
49. Tension remains constant
50. Important in maintaining posture
51. Used to accomplish movement
52. Does not accomplish any work
45. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension

46. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
47. ANS: G PTS: 1 DIF: Knowledge
51. ANS: G PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
52. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension
Indicate the characteristics of the muscle-tension receptors using the following answer code:
a. muscle spindle
b. Golgi tendon organ
c. both of these receptors
53. Monitors change in muscle length
54. Detects change in muscle tension
55. Is activated by muscle stretch
56. Initiates a monosynaptic reflex
57. Unless compensatory measures are taken, this receptor becomes slack
58. Is involved in negative feedback
59. Provides information to motor regions of the brain

Indicate which type of muscle is associated with the property in question by writing the appropriate
letter in the blank using the answer code below:
a. skeletal muscle only
b. single-unit smooth muscle only
c. cardiac muscle only
d. skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle
e. skeletal muscle and single-unit smooth muscle
f. single-unit smooth muscle and cardiac muscle
g. skeletal, single-unit smooth, and cardiac muscles
247
60. Contains actin, myosin, troponin, and tropomyosin
61. Contains gap junctions
62. Is innervated by motor neurons
63. Is self-excitable
64. Maintains a constant resting membrane potential unless stimulated
65. Is innervated by the autonomic nervous system
66. Is attached to bones
67. Is considered to be involuntary
68. Thick and thin filaments are highly organized into a banding pattern
69. Is found in the heart
70. Can exist over a variety of lengths with little change in tension
71. Is striated
72. Is found in the walls of hollow organs such as the stomach
73. Behaves as a functional syncytium
74. Is under voluntary control
75. Has a clear-cut length-tension relationship
76. Basis of contraction is cross bridge interaction between actin and myosin
77. Contraction is triggered as Ca2+ causes troponin to move tropomyosin from its blocking position over
actin's binding sites for the cross bridges
78. Myosin must be phosphorylated before it can bind with actin
79. Contains T tubules
80. Displays pacemaker potentials and slow-wave potentials
81. Is neurogenic

Match muscle type with the correct characteristics.

248
a. voluntary, neurogenic, and striated
b. voluntary, neurogenic, and nonstriated
c. involuntary, myogenic, and striated
d. involuntary, neurogenic and nonstriated
e. involuntary, myogenic, and nonstriated
82. Cardiac muscle
83. Multi-unit smooth muscle
84. Single-unit smooth muscle
85. Skeletal muscle

Match muscle term with the correct characteristic.

a. a storage form of glucose used in muscle cells requiring rapid energy release
b. a molecule that can quickly provide materials to make ATP
c. an oxygen-storing protein that makes muscle tissue appear red
d. a fuel molecule for cell respiration or fermentation
e. a fermentation product when our cells become anaerobic
86. Creatine phosphate
87. Myoglobin
88. Glycogen
89. Lactic acid
90. Glucose
86. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Comprehension

ART-BASED QUESTIONS
249
Use this figure to answer the corresponding questions. Some questions may have more than one
answer.
1. The structure labeled ____ contains only three different proteins.
ANS:
2
2. Number ____ identifies the functional unit of skeletal muscle.
ANS:
3
3. Actin is not found in the parts labeled ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___.
ANS:
1, 6, 7, 8, 9
4. Which two labeled parts serve as anchoring sites for the body's largest protein molecule? ____
ANS:
7 and 9
250
5. Which region(s) marked by arrows or brackets do not change length during normal contraction and
relaxation of the muscle fiber? ____
ANS:
4
6. Calcium ions must bind specifically to part ____ in order for the muscle fiber to contract.
ANS:
2
ESSAY
1. Describe calcium's role in the contraction of the sarcomere in skeletal and cardiac muscle tissues.
Include the following in your answer: sarcomere, myosin, actin, myosin-binding sites, cross bridge,
sarcoplasmic reticulum, ATP, ADP and Pi, troponin, tropomyosin, and Ca2+ channels.
ANS:
In skeletal and cardiac sarcomeres, tropomyosin covers up myosin-binding sites on actin. Ca2+ ions
bind to troponin and cause it to move tropomyosin off the binding sites. Myosin cross bridges, which
are bound with ADP and Pi, attach to the actin. The ADP and Pi then detach, causing the cross bridge
to pull on the actin in a power stroke. At the end of the power stroke, ATP attaches to the cross bridge,
causing it to detach from actin. The myosin then hydrolyzes the ATP to form ADP and Pi, causing the
cross bridge to bend back and prepare for another power stroke. Ca2+ ions are stored inside the
sarcoplasmic reticulum and are released when an impulse causes special Ca2+ channels to open.
Cardiac muscle also receives some Ca2+ ions directly from the ECF through other Ca2+ channels.
2. Describe how glycolysis, creatine, and mitochondria are important to a skeletal muscle fiber's ability to
obtain energy for contraction.
251
ANS:
Working skeletal muscles obtain ATP for contraction from three main sources. Glycolysis is a series of
reactions occurring in the cytoplasm and it represents the early stages of glucose breakdown. Only a
small amount of ATP is formed in glycolysis, but the final product (pyruvate) can be used in aerobic
respiration to release more energy. In aerobic respiration, the mitochondria use oxygen in the process
of liberating more energy from food compounds than is possible in glycolysis alone. After ATP is
made, some of the excess ATPs can temporarily donate one of their phosphates (Pi) to a compound
called creatine to make creatine phosphate (CP). When needed, the CP can quickly donate the Pi back
to ADP to make ATP, but this provides ATP for only a few seconds of maximum exertion.
3. Distinguish between twitch summation and motor recruitment in a skeletal muscle.
ANS:
Twitch summation occurs when a muscle cell is repeatedly stimulated in rapid succession. All of the
Ca2+ ions released during the first stimulation do not have time to be pumped back into the
sarcoplasmic reticulum before more Ca2+ are released in response to a subsequent stimulation.
Therefore, repeated rapid stimulation causes more Ca2+ availability to free up more binding sites on
actin. The result is that the effects of subsequent twitches are summed, resulting in a stronger
contraction, known as twitch summation. A motor unit is a single neuron and all the muscle cells
innervated by that neuron. A single muscle has numerous motor units. When needed, the brain can
stimulate (recruit) more motor units resulting in a stronger contraction; this is called motor unit
recruitment.
4. Compare and contrast the different types of muscle contractions. Include the following in your answer:
isotonic, concentric, eccentric, isometric, load, force, and tension. You may want to create a table as
part of your answer.
ANS:
Isotonic contractions involve a change in muscle length even though the tension in the muscle does not
change. The muscle is getting either shorter or longer but maintains the same tension. In concentric,
isotonic contractions, the contracting muscle provides enough force to overcome the load and is able
to shorten. In eccentric, isotonic contractions, the muscle's force is less than the load being moved,
and the contracting muscle is getting longer. In isometric contractions, there is no change in muscle
length, but tension may or may not vary. However, the force exerted by the muscle is always less than
the load when performing an isometric contraction; therefore, the muscle will not change length.
5. How does contraction of smooth muscle differ from that of skeletal muscle? Include the following in
your answer: Ca2+ ions, troponin, tropomyosin, calmodulin, myosin-binding sites, light-chain region,
actin, myosin, and cross bridge cycling.
ANS:
252
In skeletal muscle, tropomyosin covers up the binding sites on actin. Binding Ca2+ ions to troponin
causes tropomyosin to move off the myosin-binding sites on actin, allowing myosin to grab hold of the
actin to initiate cross bridge cycling. There is no troponin in smooth muscle. Instead, Ca2+ ions bind to
a protein called calmodulin, which activates an enzyme that phosphorylates a light-chain region on
the myosin. This allows the myosin to become phosphorylated with an additional Pi, which allows
cross bridge cycling. The Ca2+ ions cause an effect on the actin in skeletal muscles, whereas they
cause an effect on the myosin in smooth muscle.
253

Human Physiology From Cells To Systems 8th Edition Lauralee Sherwood Test Bank Download

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Human Physiology From Cells To Systems 8th Edition Lauralee Sherwood Test Bank Download

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Human Physiology From Cells to Systems 8th Edi-

tion Lauralee Sherwood 9781111577438 1111577439

Download full test bank at:

Chapter 8—Muscle Physiology

1. The striated appearance of skeletal muscle is due to the

2. Muscle fibers develop tension by

7. Thick filaments in skeletal muscle are composed of

8. Sarcomeres are arranged end to end as

9. Each I band in a skeletal muscle fiber includes

11. Cross bridges

13. Skeletal muscle fibers

14. The region between two Z lines is a

16. Identify the characteristic(s) shared by all types of muscle tissues?

17. The functional unit of skeletal muscle

19. During contraction of a sarcomere,

20. A function of tropomyosin is

22. During contraction of skeletal muscle fibers, the

24. During muscle contraction,

25. The H zone

28. During excitation-contraction coupling,

29. The T tubules

30. Sequence the following events involved in muscle cell contraction:

1. Sodium channels open and sodium flows in.

31. The T tubules

33. Binding of ____ to myosin permits the cross-bridge to ____.

36. Which statement is not true about cross bridges?

37. Foot proteins

39. During a cross-bridge cycle in skeletal muscle,

42. Which of the following is involved in the relaxation of a muscle cell?

45. Whole muscle tension depends on all of the following except

46. A motor unit refers to

47. In twitch summation, the muscle fiber

48. Twitch summation

49. Twitch summation

51. Based on the length-tension relationship,

52. Picking up a book at a constant speed requires that

53. Muscle tension

54. The origin of a muscle is its

55. During an isotonic contraction,

56. During an isometric contraction, the muscle

57. With eccentric muscle contractions,

58. Submaximal isometric contractions are important for

68. Fast-glycolytic (type IIx) muscle fibers

69. Fast-oxidative (type IIa) fibers

72. Muscular fatigue can be caused by

74. When a muscle atrophies, its muscle fibers

78. Enlargement of muscle due to weight lifting is primarily a result of

79. The corticospinal system

80. Conscious initiation of muscle contraction is controlled by

82. During coactivation,

83. Intrafusal muscle fibers

85. Stretch reflexes are important for

87. Choose the false statement about smooth muscle.

88. Cardiac muscle tissue

90. Select the correct statement regarding smooth muscle.

93. Which of the following muscle types are myogenic?

94. Multi-unit smooth muscle is

95. Single-unit smooth muscle

96. A functional syncytium

97. What is responsible for initiating contraction of smooth muscle?

98. Repaying the oxygen deficit after strenuous exercise involves

99. Pacemaker activity refers to spontaneous depolarizations resulting from

100. Which statement is incorrect about smooth muscle?

33. Binding of to myosin permits the cross-bridge to .