QUESTIONSHEET 2

(a) (i) coleoptile bending to left;

taller than in B; 2
(ii) tip is secreting auxin;
diffuses down into the agar gel; 2
(iii) right hand side of coleoptile receives auxin/more auxin than left hand side;
thus cells on right hand side exhibit greater elongation causing bending to left; 2
(b) (auxin) loosens the rigid cellulose framework/cellulose microfibrils of the cell wall;
osmotic uptake of water then enables swelling/elongation; 2
TOTAL 8

QUESTIONSHEET 5
1. ethene;
2. cytokinin;
3. auxin;
4. abscisic acid;
5. abscisic acid;
6. auxin/gibberellin;
7. cytokinin;
8. auxin;
9. gibberellin;
10. gibberellin;
TOTAL 10

QUESTIONSHEET 9
(a) (i) slow transportation in plants + rapid transportation in animals;
transported by diffusion/in phloem + transported in blood;
synthesised in many cell sites + synthesised in specific endocrine glands;
slow acting/sustained effect + usually fast acting/short term effect; max 3
(ii) ripe bananas produce (large quantities of gaseous) ethene;
ethene stimulates ripening; 2
(b) (i) when the presence of one substance enhances the effects of another substance;
gibberellins enhance the effect of auxins in causing shoot growth; 2
(ii) when the presence of one substance inhibits the effects of another substance;
cytokinins/ethene break bud dormancy whereas abscisic acid promotes bud dormancy/any other valid
example; 2
(c) (i) the presence/growth of the apical bud suppresses the growth of axillary buds; 1
(ii) auxin promotes apical dominance and inhibits lateral growth;
gibberellin acts synergistically with auxin to increase apical dominance/suppress lateral growth;
cytokinins inhibit apical dominance/enhance lateral growth; max 2
TOTAL 12

NERVOUS COORDINATION

QUESTIONSHEET 2
(a) A = cerebral hemisphere; B = cerebellum; C = pons; D = medulla oblongata; 4
(b) A. conscious thought/speech/storing memory/intelligence/any other valid example;
B. coordinating balance/posture and movements;
C. forms a ‘bridge’ between the medulla and the midbrain enabling relaying of impulses;
D. entry and exit of cranial nerves/ contains cardiac control centre/breathing control centre/any other valid
example; 4
(c) increases area and volume of cerebral cortex;
thus more nerve cells can be contained;
thus increasing abilities/control powers/intelligence; max 2
TOTAL 10

QUESTIONSHEET 3
(a) (i) A = grey matter; B = white matter; C.= dorsal root ganglion; 3
(ii) A consists of non-myelinated relay neurones running across the spinal cord;
B consists of myelinated relay neurones running up and down the spinal cord; 2
(b) (i) X = motor neurone; Y = sensory neurone; Z = relay neurone;
direction = y to z to x; 4
(ii) a tap on the patella tendon/sudden pressure on the patellar tendon/hammer blow or equivalent; 1
(c) Any three of: blinking/pupil reflex/accommodation/ coughing/sneezing/salivation/tear secretion/any
other valid example;;;
3
TOTAL 13

QUESTIONSHEET 5
(i) medulla (oblongata); (ii) hypothalamus; (iii) cerebellum; (iv) thalamus/optic areas of cerebral cortex;
(v) corpus callosum; (vi) hypothalamus; (vii) hypothalamus;
TOTAL 7

QUESTIONSHEET 12
(a) (i) sympathetic stimulation increases the frequency of the heart beat;
by increasing the signal/output frequency of the sino-atrial node/accept alternative wordings if clear;
and by reducing the delay of impulse passage through the atrio-ventricular node;
also increases the force of contraction of the cardiac muscle;
increases coronary blood flow/dilates coronary arteries/arterioles, thus improving blood supply to cardiac
muscle;
max 4
(ii) parasympathetic/vagal stimulation reduces frequency of heart beat;
by suppressing/reducing signal/output frequency of sino-atrial node;
and by increasing delay of impulse passage through atrio-ventricular node;
decreases force of contraction of the cardiac muscle;
decreases coronary blood flow/constricts coronary arteries/arterioles since heart muscle does not need to
work as hard;
max 4
(a) voluntary nervous system can stimulate muscular movements/activity of skeletal muscles/physical
activity;
resulting increased CO2 concentration in blood stimulates cardiac output;
voluntary nervous system can be conscious of stress which can result in adrenaline secretion;
adrenaline will increase cardiac output; max 2
TOTAL 10

QUESTIONSHEET 14
(a) (i) 1 - H line;
2 = isotropic/I disc;
3 = anisotropic/A disc;
4 = Zobie’s/Z line; 4
(ii) X = actin filaments;
Y = myosin filaments; 2

(iii) drawing with I discs much narrower;

and H line almost non existent; 2
(b) (i) ATP provides energy for the formation of cross bridges between actin and myosin filaments/provides
energy for
the change in angle of the cross bridges;
ATP provides energy to pump back calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum/T tubules; 2
(ii) when calcium ions leak from the endoplasmic reticulum/T tubules they displace tropomyosin from the
binding
sites allowing cross bridges to form;
when calcium ions are reabsorbed the tropomyosin returns (to cover the binding sites); 2
(iii) resting muscle produces too much ATP which cannot be stored (as such);
reacts with creatine to form (energy rich) creatine phosphate which can be stored until a sudden surge of
energy is needed;
2
TOTAL 14