GEC-RIZAL: THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL Section 2
LECTURE  1
REPUBLIC ACT 1425 (The Rizal Law)  libraries an adequate number of copies of the original and unexpurgated editions
 An Act to include in the curricula of all public and private schools,colleges and
universities.
 Courses on the life, works and writing of Jose Rizal, particularly his novels Noli
ME Tangere and El Filibusterismo, authorizing the printing and distribution
thereof, and for other purposes.
 Its primary aim is to inculcate in students an increased sense of nationalism at a
time when the Filipino identity is threatened by various factors.
WHEREAS, today, more than any other period of our history, there is a need for a
rededication to the ideals of freedom and nationalism for which our heroes lived and
died;
WHEREAS, it is meet that in honoring them, particularly the national hero and patriot,
Jose Rizal, we remember with special fondness and devotion their lives and works that
have shaped the national character;
WHEREAS, the life, works and writing of Jose Rizal, particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere
and El Filibusterismo, are a constant and inspiring source of patriotism with which the
minds of the youth,
WHEREAS, all educational institutions are under the supervision of, and subject to
regulation by the State, and all schools are enjoined to develop moral character, personal
discipline, civic conscience and to teach the duties of citizenship; Now, therefore,
Section 1
 Courses on the life, works and writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his novels Noli
Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, shall be included in the curricula of all schools,
colleges and universities, public or private: Provided, That in the collegiate
courses, the original or unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo or their English translations shall be used as basic texts.
The Board of National Education is hereby authorized and directed to adopt forthwith
measures to implement and carry out the provisions of this Section, including the writing
and printing of appropriate primers, readers and textbooks. The Board shall, within sixty
(60) days from the effectivity of this Act, promulgate rules and regulations, including those
of a disciplinary nature, to carry out and enforce the provisions of this Act. The Board shall
promulgate rules and regulations providing for the exemption of students for reasons of
religious belief stated in a sworn written statement, from the requirement of the
provision contained in the second part of the first paragraph of this section; but not from
taking the course provided for in the first part of said paragraph. Said rules and
regulations shall take effect thirty (30) days after their publication in the Official Gazette.
  It shall be obligatory on all schools, colleges and universities to keep in their
of Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, as well as of Rizal's other works and
biography. The said unexpurgated editions of Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo or their translations in English as well as other writings of Rizal
shall be included in the list of approved books for required reading in all public or
private schools, colleges and universities.
The Board of National Education shall determine the adequacy of the number of books,
depending upon the enrollment of the school, college or university
Section 3
 The Board of National Education shall cause the translation of Noli Me Tangere
and El Filibusterismo, as well as other writings of Jose Rizal into English, Tagalog
and the principal Philippine dialects; cause them to be printed in cheap, popular
editions, and cause them to be distributed, free of charge, to persons desiring to
read them, through the Purok organizations and Barrio Councils throughout the
country.
Section 4
 Nothing in this Act shall be construed as amendment or repealing section nine
hundred twenty-seven of the Administrative Code, prohibiting the discussion of
religious doctrines by public school teachers and other persons engaged in any
public school.
Section 5
 The sum of three hundred thousand pesos is hereby authorized to be
appropriated out of any fund not otherwise appropriated in the National
Treasury to carry out the purposes of this Act.
Section 6 
 This Act shall take effect upon its approval. 
Approved: June 12, 1956 Published in the Official Gazette, Vol. 52, No. 6, p. 2971 in June
1956.
a. The head of any public college or university charged with implementing
provisions of this act, who shall have been found guilty of violating, failing to
comply with, or circumventing the provisions. Therefore, shall be dismissed
immediately from public service and shall be disqualified from teaching in any
public or government recognized private school, college or university.

b. Government recognition of any private college or university found violating or
circumventing the provisions of this act shall be immediately withdrawn, and the
responsible head and professor or professor concerned shall be disqualified from
the teaching in any government recognized college or university.
Historical Context of the Rizal Law
 It was House Bill No. 5561 and Senate Bill No.438 that was written by Jose P.
Laurel, Jacobo Gonzales and Claro M. Recto respectively, denoted as Noli-Fili Bill. 
 Jose Rizal's vast role in the attainment of the nation's freedom led to the
issuance of Republic Act 1425 on June 12, 1956.  
 Commonly known as the Rizal Act, it was sponsored by Senator Claro M.Recto,
creating a decoration intended to perpetuate Rizal's memory, to be known as the
Rizal Pro Patria Award.
Claro M. Recto
 Filipino politician, jurist, poet.
 Father of the Rizal Law, he sponsored the Rizal bill together with fellow
lawmakers.
 Known as abogado milagroso(lawyer of miracles)
 Father of Philippine Constitution 
 He presided over the assembly that draft the Philippine Constitution;1934-1935
in accordance with the provision of Tydings McDuffie and a preliminary step to
independence and self-governance after a 10 year transitional period
Rizal Bill 
 The Rizal Bill has some controversial issues much as Rizal himself was.  this particular country is better than all the rest.
 The Principal author of the bill, Claro M. Recto, was called a communist and an
anti-Catholic for proposing the Rizal Bill.
Historical Controversy of Rizal Law
 Sen. Decoroso Rosales, Mariano Cuenco and Francisco Rodrigo opposed the idea
because it violates the religious freedom of the Filipino.
 Catholic groups averse the bill but were countered by organizations such as
freemasonry, knights and Alagad ni Rizal.
 Father Jesus Cavanna was one of the opposition to the bill.
 During the 1955 Senate election, the church charged Recto with being a
communist and an anti-Catholic. After Recto's election, the Church continued to
oppose the bill mandating the reading of Rizal's novels Noli Me Tángere and El
Filibusterismo, claiming it would violate freedom of conscience and religion
 Rizal Law was signed into a law by President Ramon Magsaysay and enacted on
June 12, 1956
Traits to be Acquired According to Jose P. Laurel in studying Rizal
Incorruptible
 Confidence
 Direction
 Courage and determination
 High sense of relationship
 Nationalism and Patriotism
Patriotism   VS.    Nationalism
Patriotism  
 Is the love someone feels for their country that is based on the idea that this
country itself is good and that good people live there 
Nationalism
 Also is the love and affection for one’s country, but it’s based on the idea that
Dr. Jose Rizal 
 He was chosen as the Greatest Philippine National Hero
 Also, a person of distinguished valor or enterprise in danger and an individual
honored after death by public worship because of laudable and exceptional
service to mankind.
  Dr. Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado Y Alonzo Realonda was a man of many talents. according to historians, should not be legislated. Their appreciation should be better left
 The Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo provided the ember that awakened to academics. Acclamation for heroes, they felt, would be recognition enough.
Filipino nationalism and paved the way for the Philippine Revolution of 1896.
 He proved that “Pen is Mightier than the sword” to redeem people from their On November 15, 1995, the Technical Committee after deliberation and careful
political slavery.  study based on Dr. Onofre Corpuz and Dr, Alfredo Lagmay’s selected the following nine
Filipino historical figures to be recommended as National Heroes.
Criteria for Choosing a National Hero

Dr. Otley H. Beyer, an anthropologist and technical member of the panel of the 1. Jose Rizal
Philippines Commission recommended the following criteria in choosing the national hero 2. Andres Bonifacio
1. The person must be a Filipino  3. Emilio Aguinaldo
2. Must be peace-loving and pacifist 4. Apolinario mabini
3. Must have great sense of patriotism 5. Marcelo H. Del Pilar
4. Must have die for the country as a martyr  6. Sultan Dipatuan Kudarat
7. Juan Luna
Rizal acquired the official title of Philippine National Hero in 1901 under the country's first 8. Melchora Aquino
American civil governor, William Howard Taft 9. Gabriela Silang  

Reason for Choosing Rizal as Philippine’s National Hero  National Heroes Committee 

On March 28, 1993, President Fidel Ramos issued Executive Order No. 75 entitled
1. He was the first Filipino to unite and awaken the Filipino people to peacefully rise “Creating the National Heroes Committee Under the Office of the President”
for independence The principal duty of the Committee is to study, evaluate and recommend Filipino
2. He is a model for being a peacemaker by his complete self-denial, his complete national personages/heroes in due recognition of their sterling character and
abandonment of his personal interest and to think only of his country and people remarkable.achievements for the country.
3. He was a towering figure in the propaganda campaign from 1882-1896
4. He was a martyr at Bagumbayan where he willingly died for our country.

Executive Summary
NCCA or National Commission for Culture and the Arts
No law, executive order or proclamation has been enacted or issued officially
proclaiming any Filipino historical figure as a national hero, However, because of their
significant roles in the process of nation building and contributions to history, there were  According to them the possible reason why there is no declared National
laws enacted and proclamations issued honoring these heroes. Philippine Hero is because it might trigger a flood of requests for proclamation
Even Jose Rizal, considered as the greatest among the Filipino heroes, was not and it may also trigger bitter debates over historical controversies about the
explicitly proclaimed as a national hero. The position he now holds in Philippine history is heroes. 
a tribute to the continued veneration or acclamation of the people in recognition of his
contribution to the significant  social transformation that took place in our country. Honors Accorded to Rizal as the Philippine National Hero 
Aside from Rizal, the only other given an implied recognition as a national hero is
Andres Bonifacio whose day of birth on Nov. 30 has been made a national holiday.
Despite the lack of any official declaration explicitly proclaiming them as national 1. The day of his birth and the day of his execution are fittingly commemorated by
heroes, they remain admired and revered for their roles in Philippine history Heroes, all classes of people throughout the country and other Filipinos abroad 
 2. No other Filipino hero can surpass Rizal in the number of monuments erected in district of Morong after Rizal was the first official recognition of the Americans to our
his honor, in towns, barrios and schools. hero. It was also William Howard Taft who first expressed the need to choose a national
   3. His name is by-word in every home and his picture is printed and used in postage hero to the members of the Philippine Assembly. The discussion of the commission
stamps resulted to the list of the following heroes from the Philippines namely: Marcelo H. del
   4. The paper money/coins with his image have the widest circulation that the Pilar, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Jose P. Rizal, Gen. Antonio Luna, Emilio Jacinto and Andres
poorest of   Bonifacio and among the list it was Jose P. Rizal who was chosen as the National hero
              the poor can take hold. because of his contribution in building the sense of nationhood and because of the extent
   5. Streets, boulevards, educational institutions and persons were named after of the influence of his writings to the Filipinos.
“Rizal” Aside from naming the province of Morong after his name, in 1913 the American
   6. His noble thoughts and teaching had been frequently invoked and quoted by government in the Philippines ordered the creation of his monument (Kilometer Zero) in
speakers  Luneta which marked the origin of the distance of the places in the Philippines
   7. The union of Manila and Morong to be a province was named after the
illustrious   The Hero for the Filipino Youth
              the Filipino hero thus the Rizal province was established.
The worth of a hero could not be known to different generations if the people
did not have a clear understanding of his life, struggles and writings. The life of Dr. Jose P.
The Hero of the Other Nationalities Rizal was well documented since he left numerous writings, a diary and a lot of
correspondence to his family and friends.
Jose P. Rizal was a well travelled hero; he lived in Europe for eight years and was
able to travel to Japan, America and North America. During his travels, he spent his time
In July 1936. Jose P. Laurel, Claro M. Recto, Jose B. Laurel Jr., Jacobo Gonzales,
inside the ship in conversation with other nationalities. Languages were not a hindrance
Lorenzo Tanada and other lawmakers sponsored the Republic Act 1995 that would
to him since he knew different languages. While in Europe, he attended different
enforce the teaching of the life and works of Jose P. Rizal in all public and private schools,
gatherings where intelligent and known people were involved. He wrote different novels,
colleges and universities. This law was implemented on August 10, 1956 by the National
essays and poems that were published in Europe and circulated in different parts of the
Congress of Education and was known as Rizal Law.
world. And on his death, the people who had the opportunity to witness his brilliance
gave tribute to his greatness. GEC-RIZAL: THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL
LECTURE  2
On November 20, 1897 at the initiative of Dr. Rudolph Virchow, the President of
the Anthropological Society of Berlin sponsored the scientific neurological services to The Philippine Condition During the 19th Century as Rizal’s Context 
honor Rizal. And the periodicals from different countries published the account of Rizal
martyrdom to pay tribute to his greatness. In 1902, congressman Henry Allen Cooper of
Wisconsin delivered a eulogy for Rizal and recited one of his work (Último Pensamiento)
 Before the conquest, Filipino had their own indigenious culture and government,
to prove to the Congress the capability of the Filipino people for self-government since
“barangay” is headed by a native chieftain called “datu” independent of each
the race was able to produce a brilliant personality like Rizal. The result of his appeal was
other and each had its own laws. 
the approval of the Cooper Law or the Philippine Bill of 1902 (De Ocampo).
 In 1565, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, established the first Spanish settlement in
Cebu.
During the American colonization in the Philippines, Jose Rizal was formally
 Spanish conquerors forced them to adopt foreign ways and Spanish Catholicism
recognized and the Americans gave importance to the contributions of Rizal, especially his
that they never understood. They lost their ancestral land to the
idea about social reform. The Americans used education as a method of pacification and
“conquistadores” by the “encomienda system” 
so with Jose Rizal who viewed education as means of attaining reform. The first American
 Spanish rule was imposed in the Philippines by conquest. The Philippines became
civil governor in the Philippines, William Howard Taft approved the Act No. 137 which
a colony of Spain and it belonged to the king of Spain.
organized the politico military district of Morong into the province of Rizal. Taft's action
was in line with their custom of naming the important localities in the memory of the
Political Condition during 19th Century: Political System
person who had a great influence in the community and in the country. The naming of the
Administrative Organization (National Government)
 The Spanish colonial government in the Philippines ran indirectly the viceroy of
Spain in Mexico.
Governor General, appointed by the Spanish Monarch, was the head of the Spanish
colonial government
 He is the president of Royal Audiencia (the chief executive in the whole
archipelago)
 Law enacted by the governor-general were called actos acordados
 He is the head of state and church (vice royal patron)
 He is the commander-in-chief in military  executive and judicial functions.
 He had the power of cumplace- the power to decide which law or royal degree
should be implemented or disregarded.
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
  was a Spanish navigator and governor who established the first Spanish
settlement in the East Indies when his expedition crossed the Pacific Ocean from
the Viceroyalty of New Spain in modern-day Mexico, arriving in Cebu in the
Philippine Islands in 1565. He was the first Governor-General of the Spanish East
Indies, which was governed and mainly located in the Philippines. It also
encompassed other Pacific islands namely Guam and the Mariana Islands. After
obtaining peace with various indigenous nations and kingdoms, he made Cebu
City the capital of the Spanish East Indies in 1565 and later transferred to Manila
in 1571. The capital city of the province of Albay bears his name.
 First Governor-General in the Philippines
Diego de los Rios
 In September 1898, he became the Governor-General of the Philippines during
the Spanish–American War after the United States of America took control of
Manila after the 1898 Battle of Manila. 
 Last Governor-General in the Philippines
The Governor-General and other government officials had so much power that it was
commonly abused. To investigate the abuses, there were bodies created:
1. Residensia
2. Visitador
3. Royal Audiencia
Administrative Organization (Local Government)
 The provinces during the Spanish regime were called alcaldias- each province
was headed by an Alcalde Mayor or Provincial Governor, who exercised
 Alcaldia, provinces under Spanish control
 Corregimiento (heade by corregidor),provinces that were not entirely under
Spanish control.
 He had the power and responsibilities like the Governor General but its power
was limited in the province.
 The provincial government was the most corrupt unit in local government then,
because of indulto de commercio- a right given to Alcalde Mayor to engage in
trading.
 The alcaldia or provinces were divided into towns or pueblo. Each pueblo was
headed by a gobernadorcillo or town mayor.
Gobernadorcillo: was the leader of a town or pueblo (people or population)
 At first, he was elected by all married males.
 In the 19th century, he was voted by 13 electors, chaired by the outgoing
gobernadorcillo.
 His principal responsibility was tax collection.
 He was required to mortgage his properties to the government at the beginning
of his term of office.
 Each town was divided into barrios or barangays. Each barangay was headed by a
cabeza de barangay.
Cabeza de barangay: also known as teniente del barrio, was the leader or chief of a
barangay or barrio
  His main function was the maintenance of peace and order and collection of
taxes and tributes in the barangay. Corrupt Spanish Official
 The Filipino was allowed to assume the position of Gobernadorcillo and Cabeza
de Barangay only and only given to a Filipino male, 23 years old, educated and The colonial officials were highly corrupt, incompetent and cruel
had a property of 500 pesos.
General Rafael de Izquierdo (1871-1873)
The Supremacy of the Friar over the Colonial Government  A boastful and ruthless governor general,aroused the anger of the Filipinos by
Friars  executing the Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora, the
“Martyrs of 1872”

 was the supervising representative of the Spanish government for all local affairs General Valeriano Weyler
 His approval was necessary on almost all acts of the local officials
 eventually, the friars became more powerful and influential that even civil
authorities feared them - this situation was what Lopez Jaena termed as  A cruel and corrupt governor general of Hispanic-German ancestry, arrived in
frailocracia Manila a poor man and returned to Spain a millionaire.
 Their advice (friars) on the proper management of governmental affairs was  The Filipino scornfully called him as “the butcher”
sought by every new governor-general.
 Different religious orders had great contributions in the establishment of the General Eulogio Despujol
Spanish Colonial Government in the country.
 For this reason, the monastic supremacy or frailocracia exist in the country
 They influence the Governor General, in effect becoming the rulers of   the governor who replaced Weyler. It was during his term when José Rizal,
municipalities and control the different aspects of the society like education, the leader of the Philippine propaganda movement, was sent to Dapitan.
trading, the haciendas and the economy.
 Filibusteros: enemies of the government General Fernando Primo de Rivera
 Erehes: enemies of the Catholic Church
 Judicial power of the government was vested on the Royal Audiencia-
The supreme court during that times  A governor general for two terms (1880-1883) and (1897-1898), 
 It did not only adjudicate appeals for civil and criminal cases, it also served as a  Enriched himself by accepting bribes from gambling casinos in Manila which he
forum for settling important issues on governance and an auditing agency of the scandalously permitted to operate.
finances.
General Camilo de Polavieja (1896-1897)
 Philippines representation in the Spanish Cortes was abolished in 1837.
 
Abuses of the Spanish Government Official
Governor General
 An able military but heartless governor general, was widely detested by the
Filipino people for executing Dr Jose Rizal. 
 The excessive power and villages made him weak and undisciplined
Alcalde Mayor
 His prerogatives often gave him the opportunity to rewards his favorites and
relatives and penalize those who displeased him
 He lack moral strength to resist corrupt for material advancement
 Was the most corrupt branch of the government
 He filled in some positions thus many officials exploit their offices to recover their
 He controlled the provincial trade
expenses and enriched themselves
  He bought people’s rice and other products at low prices and sold them to
natives at high prices
 He collected all the products to complete his needed quota even in the time of
poor harvest, failure, thus leaving the farmers with no seeds for the next planting
 More taxes were collected than required by the law and pocketed the excess of
the collection
No Equality Before the Law
 In the practice, the Spanish colonial authorities, who were Christians, did not
implement Christ’s precepts of the brotherhood of all men especially during the
last decades of Hispanic rule
 They arrogantly regarded the brown-skinned Filipinos as inferior beings, not their
Christian brothers to be protected but rather as their subjects to be exploited
 The Filipinos were abused, brutalized, persecuted, and slandered by the Spanish
masters.
 They cannot appeal to the law for justice because the law being dispensed was
only for the white Spaniards.
Maladministration of Justice
 During Rizal time, the courts of justice in the Philippines were notoriously
corrupt.
 The Spanish judges, fiscal (prosecuting atty.)and other court officials were inept,
venial and often corrupt
 To the Filipino masses, litigation in court was a calamity, the expense incurred
even in a simple lawsuit often exceeded the value of the property at issue,
litigants found themselves impoverished at the end of the long tussle.
 Criminal cases dragged on for many years
 Dr. Jose Rizal was a victim of Spanish injustices
 Twice in 1871 and in 1891 were Doña Teodora (Rizal mother) was unjustly
arrested and jailed on flimsy ground  magazines, and newspapers with liberal ideas from the West, which eventually impacted
 Rizal himself became a victim of injustice
The Political Landscape
The so-called political influences affecting the 19th century Philippines largely impacted
the locals, particularly Jose Rizal Under these political influences, worthy of mention are
Liberalism, the impact of the Bourbon reforms, the Cadiz constitution.
Liberalism
Liberalism is a worldview founded on ideas of freedom and equality. It includes a wide
range of political philosophies that consider individual liberty to be the most significant
political goal and underscore individual rights and equality of opportunity. Liberals
normally believe that government is necessary to protect individuals from being abused
by others though they are also aware that government itself can pose a threat to liberty.
The French revolution (1789-1799) started a political revolution in Europe and
consequently in some other parts of the globe. 'Having 'Liberty Equality, and Fraternity"
as its battle cry, this revolution became a period of fundamental change in the political
history of France as the French governmental structure was changed from absolute
monarchy (with feudal privileges for the rich and clergy) Into a more liberal government
system founded on the principles of citizenship and inalienable rights.
As an eventual repercussion of the French Revolution, Spain later experienced a
stormy century of political disturbances, which included numerous changes in parliaments
and constitutions, the Peninsular War, the loss of Spanish America, and the struggle
between liberals and conservatives' (Vallano, n.d.). The liberals in Spain considered the
Catholic Church as an enemy of reforms. They thus pursued curbing its influence in
political life and education. In the 19th century, this movement against the Catholic
Church, called anti-clericalism had gained some strength
Radical modifications in government form were also introduced by liberals in
Spain. These political changes had their repercussions in the Philippines, 'cracking the
fabric of the old colonial system and introducing through cracks perilous possibilities of
reform, of equality and even emancipation" (De la Costa, as cited in Vallano nd)
When the Philippines was opened to world trade in the 19th century, liberal ideas from
America carried by ships and people from foreign ports started to penetrate the country
and sway the ilustrados. These political thoughts included the ideologies of the American
and French Revolutions.
Furthermore, the opening of the Suez Canal eased the importation of books,
the thoughts of local reformists, such as Jose Rizal. The political views of liberal thinkers,
such as Jean Jacques Rousseau (Social Contract), John Locke (Two Treatises of
Government). Thomas Paine (Common Sense). Thomas Jefferson Montesquieu. Voltaire,
and some others thus entered the Philippines.
The valuable canal also encouraged more and more liberal Spaniards and
Europeans to come to the country and intermingle with the natives. The abbreviated
route has also stimulated the ilustrados like Rizal to pursue higher studies abroad and
learn liberal ideas in European universities. For sure, their social interaction with liberals
in foreign lands had affected their beliefs on politics and nationhood
Philippines' actual experience of liberalism came from the role modeling of the
"first liberal governor-general in the Philippines," Governor-General Carlos Maria De la
Torre. After the liberals in Spain had deposed Queen Isabela Il in the 1868 mutiny, a
provisional government was formed, and the new government extended to Spain's
colonies the reforms they implemented in the motherland The liberal
General Carlos Maria De la Torre was appointed by the provisional government
as Governor General of the Philippines. He held the position from 1869 to 1871. and is
widely considered to be the most beloved of the Spanish GovernorsGeneral ever assigned
in the country
General De la Torre's rule was essential in the dawn of national consciousness of
the locals in the 19th century. His liberal and democratic governance had provided Jose
Rizal and the others a preview of a democratic rule and way of life:
Gov. Gen. Carlos Maria De la Torre "De la Torre put into practice his liberal First
liberal governor general in the and democratic ways by avoiding luxury and the
Philippines." (kahlmyang.com) living a simple life. During his two-year term. Governor De
la Torre had many significant achievements. He encouraged freedom and abolished
censorship. He recognized the freedom of speech and of the press, which were
guaranteed by the Spanish Constitution. Because of his tolerant policy, Father Jose Burgos
and other Filipino priests were encouraged to pursue their dream of replacing the friars
with the Filipino clergy as parish priests in the country. His greatest achievement was the
peaceful solution to the land problem in Cavite. This province has been the center of
agrarian unrest in the country since the 18th century because the Filipino tenants who
lost their land had been oppressed by Spanish landlords. Agrarian uprisings led by the
local hero, Eduardo Camerino, erupted several times in Cavite. This agrarian problem was
only solved without bloodshed when Governor De la Torre himself went to Cavite and had
a conference with the rebel leader. He pardoned the latter and his followers, provided
them with decent livelihood and appointed them as members of the police force with
Camerino as captain. (Vallano, n.d.)
The Impact of the Bourbon Reforms
When the Spanish Bourbon King Philip V (b. 1700-1746) assented to the throne,
he and his successors, Ferdinand VI (r. 1746-1759). Charles III (r. 1759-1788). and Charles
IV (r. 1788-1807), advocated a century long effort to reform and modify the Spanish
empire. These policy changes, known jointly as the Bourbon Reforms, endeavored to
curtail contraband commerce, reclaim control over transatlantic trade, restrict reform
state finances to fill dwindling royal coffers, and found tighter administrative and political
control within the empire.
Ideally, the Bourbon reform policies were advantageous to the Philippines, which
was under Spain from 1565 to 1898. They surely impacted the way the colony was run by
Spanish administrators but only to a limited extent. For one thing, the Philippines was
practically far from Spain, and so it was hard for Bourbon advocates to check if reform
policies were properly implemented in Spain's colonies in the Far East.
Moreover, there were questionable matters as regards the effectiveness of the
Bourbon reform project. The policies lacked some ideological coherence, with the diverse
and frequently contradictory aims of Madrid policy makers, who struggled haltingly to
balance the crown's several commercial administrative, fiscal and military aims. The
reform process was also seen as so complex, much so that Spanish reformers sometimes
promoted distinctly different kinds of policies for provinces in its diverse empire.
Furthermore, there were instances when European conflicts forced Charles IV to go from
one policy to another by the mid1790s to meet the needs of financing Spain's wars.
As a consequence, there were very different impacts of reform in the diverse
Spanish empire, having deep consequences of colonial policy innovations in areas, such as
Mexico, while in some other regions, such as the Philippines, Chile, and New Granada, the
reforms had a much more limited impact. But while historians are questioning the overall
timing, impact, and effectiveness of the Bourbon Reforms, its impact at least is that it
gave people, especially the natives in the Philippines, the idea that colonization could be
done without much intervention from the Catholic Church.
The Cadiz Constitution
During the Napoleonic occupation of Spain, a liberal constitution was
promulgated in Cadiz in March 1812. Drafted by elected representatives, the Cadiz
Constitution was put in practice in almost all the areas of the Hispanic Monarchy still
under control of the Spanish crown.
This milestone constitution had an impact on many other European constitutions
as well as on the American states after independence. The Cadiz Constitution was the first
constitution in Europe to deal with national sovereignty. recognizing sovereignty as
coming from the people and not from the king. Unlike the French constitution, which
applied to all French-speaking citizens of France. this Spanish Constitution of 1812 had a
universal character as it included everyone from overseas, like the Italian kingdoms and
even the Philippines
During the occupation of almost all of the Iberian peninsula by the French army
in that fateful year, a group of around 300 deputies from Spain. Spanish America and the
Philippines promulgated a liberal constitution in the Mediterranean port of Cádiz. This
became possible especially because the city was protected by the British Navy.
The first delegates from the Philippines were Pedro Perez de Tagle and Jose
Manuel Coretto who took their oath of office in Madrid. The Cadiz Constitution which was
formally implemented in Manila soon after, established the principles of universal male
suffrage, national sovereignty, constitutional monarchy, and freedom of the press and interconnected and in which one society's problems are part of larger global problems. On
advocated land reform and free enterprise. Dealing with policies on Spain's colonies the other hand, those who have the sociological imagination can grasp history in the
including the Philippines, the constitution issued a decree granting all its colonies context of realities they face and the connections between the two. As will be discussed in
representation as provinces in the Spanish Cortes through deputies chosen by the various this book. Rizal had this quality-he knew his place in the greater scheme of things he
capital cities" (Pedrosa, nd). Under the Cadiz Constitution: understood the societal forces shaping his life, and thus able to respond in ways that
benefited others.
Governor General Manuel Gonzales Aguilar called for an election of Manila
officials which resulted in the selection of Don Ventura de los Reyes, a wealthy merchant
and member of the Royal Corps of Artillery of Manila, as the deputy The Vigan-born Don
Ventura de los Reyes was a son of poor Ilocano parents. He took part in the Ilocos revolt
led by Diego Silang in 1762. but later on engaged in the vegetable and indigo business. He
was one of the delegates who signed the Constitution but it was only after a year that Socio-cultural Condition
those in Manila knew about its decrees." (Pedrosa, nd) During the 19th Century: The Social Strata/Structure
The constitutional monarchy that the Cadiz Constitution attempted to put in
Peninsulares- the highest class, Spanish born in Spain and live in the Philippines
place did not come to fruition because in May of 1814. King Fernando VII declared it
Insulares- Spanish born in the Philippines
invalid and restored absolutism. However, Cádiz was a very significant period in the
Creoles- the third class, they are the mix blood or combination of Spanish and Filipino
political history of the Spanish-speaking world at least. On the part of the locals in the
 Illustrado- the well educated Filipino
Philippines, one crucial creed embodied in the constitution was the exemption of the
 Principalia- the land owners
natives from paying tributes and rendering public services based on its equality clause,
Indios- the last class, the unfortunate and discriminated class in the society.
For the freedom-loving people of the Philippines in the 19th century, the
constitution was very influential as it was a liberal constitution, which vested sovereignty
in the people, recognized the equality of all men and the individual liberty of the citizen,
and granted the right of suffrage.
Seeing Rizal's Life in His Society
In various social sciences, it is a widely accepted principle that we see the life of an
individual in his/her society, and society in the life of an individual. This is precisely the
reason that 19th century Philippines, as Rizal's society, is discussed here as a preliminary
in studying the hero's life and works.
One unique feature of Rizal, nonetheless, is that he did not only know the valuable
information about his society but also had a quality of mind that helped him use the
information in a way that he could think about what was going on in the world and of Socio-cultural Condition
what might be happening within himself. Sociologists quality of mind and sociological During the 19th Century: The Social Strata/Structure
imagination.”  The hispanization of the Filipinos is very evident in the different aspect of the
Having this sociological imagination people can view their inner life and career in society and Catholicism has an important role in the transformation of the
terms of larger historical forces. Those who possess this quality of mind can understand culture of the Filipinos
their own experiences by locating themselves in history, they can recognize the responses  The literature became theocentric (from epics, turns to awit, corrido, moro
available to them by becoming aware of all of the individuals who share the same moro, komedya, and pasyon,)
situation as themselves.  The baybayin was replaced by the Abecedario of the Spaniards
 The first printed book printed in the country was the Doctrina Christiana en letra
People who cannot locate their lives in history are unlikely to know how to y lengua china also centered on the spread of Catholicism in the country.
respond effectively to a world in which the lives of people around the globe are
Transformation of the Society and Culture 4. Sta Rita College (1719)
5. Colegio dela Inmaculada Concepción Concordia (1868)
6. Sta Rosa
 Painting was also secularized because of the Synod of Calasiao in 1773 which 7. Asilo de Lookan
ordered the painters to use the concepts of the church - only allowed to have  For females curriculum: rules of courtesy, vocal music, language and sewing
other subjects after 10 years.  The educational system is also used to pacify the Filipinos and train them in
 Simple dwelling the simple bahay kubo became a stone house with different Catholicism and to follow.
divisions and parts: sala for receiving of visitors, azotea, banguerahan for wash
room, komedor or the room for dining and the separate rooms for the members
of the family.  Important subject is religion
 The natives were constantly reminded that they had inferior intelligence and
Racial Discrimination  they were fit only for manual labors thus children attended classes on the ground
floor of the convert, in a stable in the “casa real” or in the darkest corner in the
pueblo’s town hall- friars maintained this to repress Filipino intellect rather than
 Racial prejudice was prevalent everywhere- in govt offices, in the court of cultivating and developing them.
justices, in the armed forces, in the social circles, and even in the educational  UST (1611) was the only institution of university level in Manila at the end of the
institutions and in the eccesiastical hierarchy  Spanish period.
 Father Jose Burgos (1837-1872)- one of the shining stars of Filipino clergy  Although the Colonial Administration issued the Educational Decree of 1863,
complained of the lack of opportunities for educated young Filipinos to rise in the starting that “that each major town in the Philippines should establish at least
service of God and country one primary schools for boys and another for girls, that the medium of
  He lamented “shall a young man strive to rise in the profession of law or instruction is Spanish”
of theology, when he can vision no future to himself  The friars did not implement the decree; because they say that if the Filipino will
be educated, it might be inspired by new ideas of freedom and independence as
Educational System During the Spanish Regime well as justice thus keeping them in the dark
 This explained the rigid censorship of book by church authorities as well as the
government
 Religion is still the center of educational system imposed by the Spaniards  Another noble intention of Spain to improve the Educational System in the
 Primary education- catered by friars, by teaching them Christian doctrine, Philippines was the Moret Decree of 1870- to secularize higher education in the
alphabet, language, customs, and policies. colony but was opposed by friars.
For males in secondary education schools:
1. Colegio Maximo de San Ignacio(1589) Economic Condition 
2. Colegio of San Ildefonso (1599) During the 19th Century: The Encomienda System
3. Ateneo de Municipal (1817)
4. San Juan de Letran College
5. (3 later on became) Ateneo de Manila  To solve the issue of governance, he converted the land of the indios into the
Encomienda.
For males curriculum includes: Spanish history, Latin, Philosophy, Canon, Civil law and  Encomienda comes from the Spanish encomendar which means “to entrust”
Rhetoric.  The encomienda is a grant of inhabitants living in particular conquered territory
 For females in secondary education schools: which Spain gave to Spanish colonizer as a reward for his services (Zaide, 1987)
1. Colegio of Santa Potencia (1591)
2. Sta Isabel (1632) Three (3) types of Encomienda
3. Sta Catalina de Sena (1696)

1. Royal - the taxes will go to the King of Spain
2. Ecclesiastical - the taxes will go to the church
3. Privado - the encomienda given to the friend of the king who had contribution
for the colonization
They abolished the encomienda and converted the land into haciendas.
The encomiendero have the right to collect taxes, monitor the peace and order and
govern the parcel of  land given to him.
Hacienda Owned by the Friars and Spanish Official
 During Rizal’s time, the friars were the richest landlords for they owned the best
hacienda (agricultural lands) in the Philippines
 Rural folks became tenants of the hacienda, they were the one who tended and
cultivated it for many generations.
 Friars were recognized as legal owners because they obtained royal titles of
ownership from the Spanish crown -later on, the friars’ haciendas became the
hotbed of agrarian revolts; agrarian upheaval in 1745-1746
The Abuses of Guardia Civil, Church Officials, and Political Leaders
 Guardia Civil was the last hated symbol of Spanish tyranny created by the Royal
Decree of 1852 amended by another Royal Decree of 1888 for the purpose of
maintaining peace and order in the Philippines.
 Later this decree became infamous for their rampant abuses such as maltreating
innocent people, looting their carabaos, chickens, and valuable belongings and
raping helpless women.
The Abuses of Guardia Civil, Church Officials, and Political Leaders
 Jose Rizal witnessed the atrocities committed by the Guardia Civil on the
Calamba folks for he and his mother had been victims of the brutalities of a
lieutenant of it.
 It was natural that Rizal directed his stinging satire against the hated Guardia
Civil. Through Elias in Noli Me Tangere, he exposed it as a bunch of ruthless
ruffians goon only “for disturbing peace and persecuting honest men”
Different Socio-Economic Policies Imposed by Spaniards
1. Reduccion: natives are forced to live in the place near the center and they could
hear the sound of the bell
 This policy was implemented so that govt and parish priest could easily monitor
them and the easy conversion to Catholicism
 The program of Father Juan de Plasencia lead to the creation of the center which
is composed of the church, the municipal hall, plaza, market and school of each
town.
2. Bandala: natives are obliged to sell their products to the Spaniards even at the lowest
price, and sometimes Spaniards will just issue promissory notes.
3. Polo y Servicios or forced labor: “polo” is a corruption of the tagalog “pulong”
meaning “meeting of persons and things” or “community labor”
 Drafted laborers were either Filipino or Chinese mestizos who were obligated to
give personal service to community projects, like construction and repair of
infrastructure, church construction, or cutting logs in the forests, for 40 days.
 All able-bodied males, from 16 to 60 years old, except chieftains and their elder
sons.
 This was instituted in 1580 and reduced to 15 days per year in 1884 
 The laborers called polista
 The only ways to avoid being forced to do polo y servicio was to pay the falla
Laws that regulated Polo y Servicio:
 The polista (person who renders the forced labor) will be paid a daily wage of ¼
real plus rice.
 Polista must not be brought from a distant place nor required to work during
planting and harvesting seasons.
 Despite restriction, still resulted to disastrous consequences: 
 Ruining of communities of men left behind 
 The promised wage was not given exactly as promised that led to starvation or
even death to some polistas and their families
The Effects of Polo y Servicio:
 1. The decrease in the production in agriculture because the time for Polo y  Boletas -the ticket for the galleon trade
servicios coincide with the planting and harvesting period.
2. The decrease in population because there were a lot of polista who died because Effects of Galleon Trade
of manual work in Polo
3. The rebellion of the natives.
1. The decrease in the production of the native industry because the Alcalde
4. Taxation: different types of taxes  Mayors who were part of the trading imposed the planting of coconut and abaca
fibers. If farmers could not meet the imposed quota they will pay a heavy fine.
2. The loss of profit of the local industry
a. Cedula- male and female 18 years old and above will pay 8 reales every year for 3. The intercultural exchange between the Philippines and Mexico. The products of
the cedula  Mexico like cocoa, sayote, tames, etc. entered the country while the mango of
b. sanctorum - tax for the church amounting to 3 reales the Philippines, rice, and textiles were able to reach Mexico.
c. Donativo de Zamboanga- one half real to finance the war in Mindanao against
the Muslims  Abandonment of Mercantilism
d. Tribute - paid in cash or in kind

5. Tributo or buwis:   Before the 19th century, Europeans practiced mercantilism- the country's wealth
and power can be measured in its stock of gold and silver.
 It also means that all trade should be conducted within a certain country and its
 Filipino paid tribute to the colonial government as a sign of vassalage to Spain  colonies
 In July 26, 1523, King Charles V decreed the Indians who had been pacified  By the 18th and 19th centuries, there was a shift towards laissez faire or free
should contribute a “moderate amount” in recognition of their vassalage  market trade-countries and their colonies began trading with one another.
 Miguel Lopez de Legazpi first order the payment of tribute both in Visayas and  Before, only the Spaniards benefitted from the Galleon trade, with free trade,
Luzon the growers and traders of Philippines products gained wealth.
 Middle class families were able to send their children to acquire higher
Buwis consist of two types  education 
 The opening of Suez canal in 1869 brought Europe closer to the Philippines and
the enlightenment ideas became more prevalent among the middle class-
a. Direct tax- came from customs duties and bandala taxes  became known as the illustrados or the enlightened ones.
b. Monopolies (renta encantadas)- of special crops and items GEC-RIZAL: THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL
  Buwis are collected either by specie (gold or money) and kind (like rice, LECTURE  3 
chicken, cloth, abaca, etc.)
Rizal Life (Family, Childhood and Early Education)

6. Galleon Trade- it is a trading system that existed in 1565 until 1815, and trading routed
from Canton in China, Acapulco in Mexico and Manila.

 This policy changed the system of free trading in the Philippines where other
nationalities are free to exchange their goods.
 A policy that a merchant could only participate in the trading if he can afford to
pay for the “boletas” or the ticket for the Galleon trade.

The Birth of Rizal
Dr. Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda
 June 19, 1861 - Rizal was born, Wednesday, between 11:00 and 12:00 midnight
in the town of Calamba, province of Laguna, Philippines
 June 22, 1861 - he was baptized in the Catholic Church in Calamba
 Father Rufino Collantes - the parish priest who baptized Rizal. He told them “Take
good care of this child, for someday he will become a great man”
 Father Pedro Casanas - Rizal’s godfather, and close friend of the Rizal family.
 Greatest Malayan who ever lived- the title he earned for the wisdom and
sacrifices for the country; up to this day, no Asian has surpassed Rizal’s ingenuity
and extreme intelligence
 Dr. Austin Craig was the first to trace Rizal’s family roots and discover his Chinese
ancestry.
 Dr. Jose Rizal was a 9th generation patrilineal descendant of a Chinese immigrant
and business tycoon Don Domingo Lamco  
Narciso Clavería y Zaldúa
 On the 21st of November 1849, the Governor General of the Philippines, Don
Narciso Claveria y Zaldua, issued a law (thereafter called the Claveria Decree)
requiring Filipinos to adopt Spanish and indigenous names from the Catalogo
Alfabetico de Apellidos for civil and legal purposes
The Birth of Rizal
Dr. Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda
 A linguist, he knows about 22 language 
 Traveler
 A talented, brilliant and genius man of honor 
 Ophthalmologist
 A poet, novelist, philosopher and historian
 He is also a farmer businessman
 Sculptor: “the triumph of science over death”
 Cartographer
 Bibliophile
 Greatest Malayan who ever lived- the title he earned for the wisdom and
sacrifices for the country; up to this day, no Asian has surpassed Rizal’s ingenuity
and extreme intelligence
 Dr. Austin Craig was the first to trace Rizal’s family roots and discover his Chinese
ancestry.
 Dr. Jose Rizal was a 9th generation patrilineal descendant of a Chinese immigrant
and business tycoon Don Domingo Lamco
Father Side
Don Domingo Lamco (Chinese name: Pinyin Ke Yinan)
 Rizal family’s paternal ascendant
 A full-blood Chinese from Amoy, China
 Lamco is originally from Amoy, China who came to the Philippines in the mid-
17th century and married a half-Chinese Inez dela Rosa
 Lam-Co was baptized in the Parian church of San Gabriel sometime in June 1697
when he was 35 years old
 He took the Christian name Domingo, based on the Spanish word for Sunday
He took the name Mercado in the early 17th century.
To avoid the conflict and hostility of the Spanish authorities; Lamco dropped his
surname and adopted that of the Spanish which is “Mercado” which means
market and started businesses of the clan, and became a successful entrepreneur
.
 He became a Chinese community leader, his son named Francisco Mercado and
grandson named Juan Mercado married Chinese Mestizas and served as
distinguished mayor of Biñan Laguna
  Lam-Co son named Francisco Mercado and grandson named Juan Mercado  A remarkable woman, possessing refined culture, literally talent, business ability
married Chinese Mestizas and served as distinguished mayor of Biñan, Laguna and the fortitude of Spartan women.
 Juan's wife, Cirila Alejandra was the daughter of an immigrant trader. They are  Is a woman of more than ordinary culture; she knows literature and speaks
parents of Rizal’s father. Spanish according to Rizal 
 Rizal’s father was born, they transferred to Calamba and have a house built with  Died in Manila on August 1, 1911 at the age of 85
two stories -a first stone house in the whole town
The Rizal Siblings

Mother side of Rizal

 Teodora’s great grandfather, Eugenio Ursua  was a descendant of Japanese

settlers.
 Eugenio Ursua married a Filipino named Benigna and their union produced
Regina Ursua.
 Atty. Manuel de Quintos a Sangle mestizo from Pangasinan married Regina and
their daughter is named Brigida. Brigida married a half-caste Spaniard named
Lorenzo Alberto Alonzo. They are the parents of Teodora and Rizal’s
grandparents.

  
Recent genealogical findings revealed that Rizal also had Spanish, Japanese, Chinese and
Filipino ancestry.

Francisco Mercado Rizal (Hero’s Father 

 Born in Biñan, Laguna on May 11, 1818

 He studied Latin and Philosophy at the College of San Jose in Manila.
 Became a tenant-farmer of the Dominican-owned hacienda
 He was hardworking, and independent-minded who talked less but worked more
and valiant spirit
 Died in Manila on January 5, 1898 at the age of 80
 Rizal affectionately called him “a model of fathers”
  2.
Teodora Alonso Realonda
 Born in Sta. Cruz Manila on November 8, 1826
 She studied at Colegio de Sta. Rosa in Manila  their surname from Mercado to Rizal.
1. Saturnina (1850-1913)
 Saturnina “neneng” Eldest child of the Rizal-Alonzo marriage. Married Manuel
Timoteo Hidalgo of Tanauan, Batangas.
 In 1909, Saturnina published Pascual Poblete Tagalog Translation of Noli Me
Tangere
Paciano (1851-1930)
 Second child, closest and oldest brother of Jose. Studied at San Jose College in
Manila; became a farmer and later a general of the Philippine Revolution.
 He lived and worked with Father Jose Burgos. Rizal’s brother Paciano was
identified with one of the martyred priests, Jose Burgos so the family changed
3. Narcisa (1852-1939)  Soledad “choleng” was the youngest of the Rizal children. Her husband,
 Narcisa “Sisa” was a musician and educator. She married Antonio Lopez. Pantaleon Quintero, hailed from Calamba.
 She could recite from memory almost all poems of Jose Rizal. The Rizal Family 

4. Olympia (1855-1887)
 Olympia “Ypia”the fourth of the Rizal children, married Silvestre Ubaldo, a  They belonged to the middle class or principalia class or creoles class 
telegraph operator who hailed from Manila.  They had a large 2 storey stone house
 She die giving birth in 1887  They had a vast private library home of 1,000 and more books 
 They owned a carriage and horses
5. Lucia (1857-1919)  All of them were educated in Manila and still their parents could afford to hire a
 Lucia married Mariano Herbosa, who was the nephew of Fr. Casanas, Jose Rizal private tutor.
godfather. Herbosa died of cholera he was denied of Christan burial being the  They were gracious and hospitable to all visitors and guest during town fiestas
brother-in- law of Rizal and other holidays
 Children Dalfina helped Marcela Agoncillo in making the First Philippine Flag in  The Rizal family had simple and happy life; they were intimately close
Hong Kong)  The parent’s never spoil them; they were strict and trained their children to love
God, to behave well, to be obedient and to respect people.
6. Maria (1859-1945)  When got to mischief, they were given good spanking because they believed that
 Maria “biang” married a man from Laguna, Daniel Faustino Cruz. “spare the rod and spoil the child”

7. Jose Protacio Mercado Y Alonzo Realonda Rizal Childhood Memories

 The second son and the seventh child. His nickname was “Pepe”. 
 Had a common law relationship with Josephine Bracken, an Irish girl from Hong
Kong. He had a son and died a few hours after death and named Francisco after  His parents employed an aya (nurse maid) who looked after his comfort. His aya
his father told him a lot of stories about the fairies, asuang, the nuno and the tikbalang
 He was executed by Spaniard on December 30, 1896.  Another childhood memory was the daily praying of Angelus. By nightfall, Rizal
related his mother gathered all the children at their altar to pay the Angelus
8. Concepcion (1861-1896)  Another memory of Rizal’s infancy was the nocturnal walk.
 Concepcion “concha” Jose’s youngest sister, died at the age of 3 when she fell  At the age of tree, he began to join religious processions, novena in the church 
severely ill. Her death was Rizal’s first sorrow in life.
 At the age of five, he was able to read the Spanish bible with the help of his
mother 
 At the age of five, Rizal began to make sketches with his pencil and to mold in
9. Josefa (1865-1945)
clay and wax objects which attracted his fancy.
 Her nickname was “panggoy” she was epileptic and died spinster at the age of
 Sa Aking Mga Kabata (To My Fellow Children- Rizal’s First poem in native
80. She became a member of Katipunan.
language at the age of eight, it reveals Rizal’s earliest nationalist sentiment.
10. Trinidad (1868-1951)
Rizal Childhood Memories 
 Her nickname was “trining” she was the last of the Rizal children to survive and
died as spinster too and died at the age of 83.
 Caretaker of “Mi Ultimo Adios”
 Un Cuerdo A Mi Pueblo (In memory of My Town) - a poem about Rizal’s beloved
11. Soledad (1870-1929) town written by Rizal in 1876 when he was 15 years old and was a student in the
Ateneo de Manila.
  The story of the Moth - made the profoundest impression on Rizal “died a martyr  Ateneo was the counterpart of Colegio de San Juan de Letrán
to its illusion.  His father decided not to send him at the Colegio de San Jose because of the
unhappy experience his brother Paciano had in the said school
Journey to his Early Education  Four months after the execution of Gomburza and Doña Teodora still in prison
 Rizal almost did not enroll by the school registrar Fr. Magin Fernando because of
two reasons:
 Maestro Celestino - Rizal’s first tutor
 Maestro Lucas Padua - second tutor
 Leon Monroy - a former classmate of Rizal’s father, he lived at the Rizal home 1.  He was late for registration
and instructed Jose in Spanish and Latin. Unfortunately, he did not live long. He 2.  He appeared to be frail and sickly
died five months later.
 June 1869 - at the age of eight, Rizal needed to leave his family to study in Biñan.
 With intercession of Perez Burgos, nephew of Father Burgos, he was located in
Intramuros
 Jesuits’ system of education was more advanced in which discipline was rigid and
The First Day to Biñan the methods were varied. Thus, as a religious institute, its principal purpose was
to mold the character and the will of the boys, to comply easily with the precepts
of the church.
 Maestro Justiniano Cruz - he had the reward and punishment as his method of  Through the intercession of Manuel Burgos, Jose was able to enter Ateneo.
teaching; he used corporal punishment to inculcate discipline to his students  Jose used the surname “Rizal” for the first time
 Pedro - he was challenged by Rizal to a fight  Jesuits’ system of education was more advanced in which discipline was rigid and
 Juancho - Rizal’s teacher in painting. the methods were varied. Thus, as a religious institute, its principal purpose was
to mold the character and the will of the boys, to comply easily with the precepts
Return to Calamba of the church.
 Fr. Jose Bech - first professor of Jose in Ateneo
 The class was divided into two groups:
 December 1870 - he received a letter from his sister Saturnina advising him to 1.Carthaginian (the non-boarder of Ateneo
ride the steamer Talim that would bring him back to Calamba. 2. Roman (the boarder inside Ateneo)
 December 17, 1870 1:00 in the afternoon, Saturday - he reached his home at  Rizal was placed at the bottom of the class and assigned with the Carthaginians.
Calamba.  Jose was called an “externo” or a living out student during his days in Ateneo
GEC-RIZAL: THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL Municipal.
LECTURE  4  Jesuit system of education encouraged competition among students

Rizal Higher Education (Education at the Ateneo) Each group had its rank:

The best students: Emperor

 June 10, 1872 - Paciano accompanied Rizal to take the entrance examination at The second best students Tribune
College of San Juan de Letran and passed it. The third best students Decurion
 June 1872 - Jose was sent to Manila to study at the Ateneo Municipal when he The fourth best students Centurion
was 11 years old. The fifth best students Standard Bearer
 Ateneo was the former Escuela Pia or charity school of Manila under the
supervision of Jesuits.
  Within the empire, the students fought for these position by challenging the one
holding the ranks to answer questions based on the day’s lesson In 1875;
 Jose Rizal progressed well in his studies after 1 month he became an “emperor”
and was considered the brightest pupils of the class
 He was awarded a prize namely “a religious picture” - the first prize he ever 1.
received. 2.
 He spent his leisure hours by taking private lessons to improve his Spanish at Sta
Isabel College - he paid 3 pesos .
 Historia Universal by Cesar Cantu  In 1876;
 In his second year (1873-1874), he received excellent grades in all subjects and a
gold medal as a diligent student and voracious reader.
 Rizal kept reading and novel like “The Count of Monte Cristo” by Alexandre 1.
Dumas and relate himself to the suffering of Edmond Dantes (the hero) 2.
 He also read “Travels in the Philippines” written by Dr. Feodor Jagor, a German
scientist-traveller who visited the Philippines in 1859-1860. The book consists of   3.
keen observation and defects of Spanish colonization and a prophecy that they            
will lose and be succeeded by America as a colonizer.            
 On his 4th year, he was inspired to study hard and to write poetry by one of his            
best professors, Father Francisco de Paula Sanchez, a great educator and scholar    4.
 Rizal’s formal lesson at the Ateneo gradually gained him proficiency both in the            
art of rhetoric and in the art of independent thinking.            
 He expressed his ideas on the value of education in his poem “Through Education            
The Country Receives Light”       5.
(April 1, 1876, Por la Educación Recibe Lustre la Patria)            
In this poem, he stressed that responsible education instills in the youth, noble            
ideas and sublime virtues. Learning infuses truth, and discipline brings peace,            
glory and tranquility to the nation. In addition, this poem shows Rizal’s high
regard for education, he strongly believed the important role which education In 1877;
must be placed with.
Other poem Rizal wrote while in Ateneo as inspired by Father Sanchez: “to make full use 1.
of his God-given talents in poetry and to open his mind to the rich influence of the world’s
literature” 2.
In 1874;
3.
1. Mi Primera Inspiration (My First Inspiration) - poem dedicated to his mother on 4.
her birthday; he wrote it when he was 14 years old. He felt overjoyed that his
mother was released from prison.
2. Al Niño Jesus (To the Child of Jesus) Achievements of Rizal in Ateneo
3. A La Virgen Maria (To the Virgin Mary)
Felicitation (Felicitation)
El Embarque: Himno A la Flota de Magallanes (The Departure: Hymn to
Magellan’s Fleet)
La Tragedia de San Eustaquio (The tragedy of St. Eustace)
Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo (In memory of My Town)- a tender poem in honor of
Calamba, the hero’s natal town
Alianza Íntima Entre la religión y la Buena Education (Intimate Alliance   
 between Religion and Good Education) - this poem shows the importance 
 of religion in  education; education without God is not education at all for  
 Rizal. 
Por la education Recibe Lustre la Patria (Through Education the Country  
   Receives Light) - it was a poem which reflects his highest regard for 
   education. Education has a significant role which plays in the molding of a 
   nation, the attainment of its progress and welfare.
La Entrada Triunfal de los Reyes Católicos en Granada (The Triumphal Entry 
 of the Catholic Monarchs into Granada) -this poem relates the victorious 
 entry of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabel into Grada, last Moorish 
 stronghold in Spain
El Heroísmo de Colon (The Heroism of Columbus) - this poem praises Columbus,
the discovery of America.
Colon y Juan II (Columbus and John II) - this poem related how King John II  of
Portugal missed fame and riches by his failure to finance the projected
expedition of Columbus to the New World.
Gran Consuelo en la Mayor Desdicha (Great Solace in Great Misfortune)- this is a
legend in verse of the tragic life of Columbus.
Un Diálogo Alusivo a la Despedida de los Colegiales (A Farewell Dialogue of the
students for Colleges)
  He excelled in all subject and won five medals at the end of school term
 Considered the most brilliant Atenean of his time - the “Pride of the Jesuits”
 During his stay, his grades were all Sobresaliente (excellent)
 March 23, 1877; he received his degree of Bachelor of Art with honors
 The academic  excellence of Rizal and his literary skills qualified him for
membership in two exclusive organizations at the Ateneo namely: He became
the perfect candidate for *The academic of Spanish Literature and The Academy
of Natural Science  method of instruction at UST.
 He also joined Marian Congregations (Solidarity of our Lady and Apostleship of
Prayers) - where he became the secretary.
Rizal’s Studies at the University of Santo Tomas (UST)
 Rizal’s completion of the Bachiller en Artes at Ateneo Municipal entitled him for
admission to higher studies at a university.
 After Rizal completed his education at Ateneo, his mother wanted him to return
home and look after the family business.
 April 1877 - Rizal was 16 years old, enrolled at the UST taking Philosophy and
letters.
 Rizal was still unsure of what course to take 
 Rizal considered going into literature, law or medicine
 His brother Paciano discouraged him to pursue law, owing to his belief that Rizal
will not be able to practice the profession later due to the political conditions in
the country during those times.
 He tried to seek guidance from Fr. Pablo Ramon but since he was in Mindanao.
 For his first term, Rizal studied at the Philosophy program
 In the following term he decided to shift to medicine. This was brought about by
two factors.
He was advised by Father Pablo Ramon to pursue the course (medicine)
Owing to his mother’s failing eyesight, Rizal felt that he should finish medicine so that he
could cure his mother’s physical ailment.
Academic Performance at UST
 Rizal’s academic performance at UST was not comparable with how he fared in
Ateneo.
 His unhappiness at UST  can be traced to three factors
1. The hostility of Dominican professor to Rizal 
2. Racial discrimination against Filipino students; and obsolute and repressive
 From Rizal’s scholastic records, it was obvious that he was not a good material
for a medical course. His grades in most of his medical subjects were generally
average, indicating that medicine was not his vocation but in the arts.
 Rizal’s unsatisfactory performance can also be attributed to the exciting
distractions of youth he experienced as a student in Manila. Rizal became
fascinated with women during his student days at UST
 At first, he became infatuated with Segunda Katigbak of Batangas, whom he
visited often in her boarding house frequently 
 In fact, there was a time that he was courting Leonor “Orang” Valenzuela and
Leonor Rivera. After learning that Orang was already engaged with another, Rizal
concentrated his efforts on Leonor Rivera.
Liberalism and Filipino Students at UST
 The influx of liberal ideas can be attributed to the opening of the Suez Canal, and
the opening of the Philippines to world trade.
 To encourage the production of literary works in Manila, the Liceo Artistico
Literario de Manila, an organization of art lovers in the city, conducted regular
competition in literary writing.
 Rizal joined the contest. His entries, A La Juventud Filipina (To the Filipino Youth)
and El Consejo de los Dioses (The Council of the Gods) were adjudged as the best
entry in the said competition.
Important Literary Works as a University Student
 A La Juventud Filipina - was a classic in Philippine literature for two reasons. 
 1. It was the first great poem in Spanish written by a Filipino, recognized by
the Spanish authorities.
2. It was the first expression of the nationalistic concept that the Filipinos
were the fair hope of the motherland
 Another important point that Rizal stressed in the poem relates to the role of the
youth in nation building. From the poem, he called the youth. The Fair Hope of
the Motherland.
 Junto al Pasig - it is a play written by Rizal at the request of the Jesuits and was
staged at Ateneo, in connection with the celebration of the Feast Day of
Immaculate Conception.
 A Filipinas - this sonnet was written by Rizal in 1880 not only to praise the
Philippines for its beauty but to encourage Filipino artists to glorify the country
through their art works.
 Rizal challenged the youth of his day to do three things:
 To cultivate their talents in the arts
 To develop their knowledge of the sciences
 To look forward and break their chain of bondage
 El Consejo de los Dioses - it was an allegory in praise of Cervantes as a co-equal
of Homer and Virgil. The entry was judged the best entry in the competition that
year. The jury, however, upon discovering that its author was a Filipino decided
to confer the grand prize to a Spaniard
 Junto al Pasig - it is a play written by Rizal at the request of the Jesuits and was
staged at Ateneo, in connection with the celebration of the Feast Day of
Immaculate Conception.
 A Filipinas - this sonnet was written by Rizal in 1880 not only to praise the
Philippines for its beauty but to encourage Filipino artists to glorify the country
through their art works.
Student Activism at UST
 In order to show their Spanish detractors that Filipino students were united, Rizal
organized a secret society of Filipino students. This society came to be called
Compañerismo. The members called themselves Companions of Jehu. Rizal
naturally became the president of this secret society, with Galicano Apacible as
secretary.
 He criticized the humiliating treatment of brown Filipino students, who were
often insulted by their Dominican mentors.
 He described comically the teaching of Physics devoid of laboratory
experiments. Students could not even touch the different laboratory
apparatus and equipment.
 Moreover, favoritism and skin color, not meritocracy and intellectual
brilliance, were the criteria for judging the actual academic performance of
students.
First Taste of Spanish Brutality
 He first tasted the Spanish brutality when he was in Calamba spending summer
vacation after a long tedious study as a medical student of UST.
 One night while he was walking alone down the dark street Rizal failed to pass
the Spanish civil guard, passing by his side, thus, he did not bow, salute or greet
the man. At a striking distance, the civil guard (guardia civil) whipped Rizal
mercilessly at the back with a stingray tail (buntot ng pagi)
 Rizal suffered from the wounds inflicted on his back that lasted for two weeks
before it was completely healed. He could not accept such brutal treatment.
When the incident was reported to the Governor General Primo de Rivera about
the incident. Nothing positive came out from this complaint, considering that he
was an Indio.
Decision to Go to Europe
 After completing his fourth year in the medical course, Rizal decided to leave the
country for Europe. While obviously, Rizal was to leave the country to complete
his medical course in Barcelona, Spain, this was not the real reason for his
sudden departure.
 There were hidden purposes for his voyage to a new world. It can be inferred
from Paciano’s letter to Rizal that the following were the real purposes of Rizal’s
voyage to Europe: to make a name for himself in the realm of journalism; to
observe and study European society; and to prepare himself for the task of
liberating the Filipino from Spanish tyranny.
GEC-RIZAL: THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL
LECTURE  5
Rizal First Travel
Decision To Go Abroad
  Finishing the fourth year of his medical course, Rizal decided to study in Spain.
He could no longer endure the rampant bigotry, discrimination, and hostility in
the University in Santo Tomas
 He did not seek his parent’s permission and blessing to go abroad; and even his
beloved Leonor
His Trip Abroad: Motive
 He must get the best education he could find and answer his life question: What
could he do to help his oppressed Motherland?
 Rizal has his “secret mission” was to observe keenly the life and culture, language
and customs, industries and commerce, and government and laws of the
European nations in order to prepare himself in the mighty task of liberating his
oppressed people from Spanish tyranny.
May 1,1882 - Rizal began writing farewell letters to his friends and family  
 Paciano gave him money for his allowance
 Saturnina gave him a diamond ring
May 3, 1882 - Rizal left for the Philippines for the first time to Spain boarded on the SS
Salvador bound for using a passport of Jose Mercado
Donato Lecha - the ship captain from Asturias, Spain befriended Rizal.
Rizal described him as an affable man, “much more refined than his other countrymen
and colleagues that I have met”.
May 1,1882 - Rizal began writing farewell letters to his friends and family 
 Paciano gave him money for his allowance
 Saturnina gave him a diamond ring
May 3, 1885 - Rizal left for the Philippines for the first time to Spain boarded on the SS
Salvador bound for using a passport of Jose Mercado
Donato Lecha - the ship captain from Asturias, Spain befriended Rizal.
Rizal in Singapore
 May 8, 1882 - while the steamer was approaching Singapore, Rizal saw a
beautiful island, fascinated by its scenic beauty, he remembered “Talim Island
with the Susong Dalaga”
 May 9,1882 - SS Salvador docked in Singapore (First stop over)
 Hotel de la Paz - Rizal registered here and spent two days on a sightseeing soiree
of the city, which was a colony of England
 In Singapore, Rizal transferred to another ship Djemnah, a French streamer,
which left Singapore for Europe on May 11,1882.
Rizal in Colombo
On May 17, 1882, they reached Point Galle and he was unimpressed by this town
Rizal wrote on his travel diary: “The general appearance of Point Galle is
picturesque but lonely and quiet and at the same time sad”
 It was important for him to improve his knowledge of the French language while
he was on board the French ship, Djemnah because the majority of the
passengers were French speaking.
 Rizal was enamoured by Colombo because of its scenic beauty and elegant
buildings 
 Aden - city hotter than Manila
 Rizal was amused to see the camels, for the first time.
 According to Rizal, Colombo is more beautiful, smart and elegant than Singapore,
Point Gale and Manila.
Rizal in Suez Canal
 June 2,1882 - he arrived at the Suez Canal en route to Marseilles, Rizal was
impressed by the beautiful moonlight which reminded him of Calamba and his
family.
 City of Suez - the Red Sea terminal of the Suez Canal.
 Rizal was impressed in the beautiful moonlight which reminded him of Calamba
and his family
 Suez Canal - was built by Ferdinand de Lessep (French diplomat-engineer) which
was inaugurated on November 17, 1869.
  Port Said - the Mediterranean terminal of the Suez Canal.
Rizal in City of Naples (Italy)
 On June 11, 1882, Rizal reached Naples.
 Rizal disembarked and, accompanied by a guide, went around the City of Naples
for one hour.
 This was the first European ground he set foot on.
 Rizal was pleased with his Italian City because of its business activity, its lively
people and its panoramic beauty.
Rizal in Marseilles (France)
 June 12, 1882 - At 10 o’clock in the evening, the boat anchored at Marseilles. He
slept on board.
 Rizal visited the famous Chateau d’if, where Dantes, hero of the Count of Monte
Cristo, was imprisoned. Rizal stayed two and a half days in Marseilles.
June 15, 1882 in the afternoon, Rizal left Marseilles for Barcelona in an express
train (the last trip to Spain)
Rizal crossed the Pyrenees and stopped for a day at the frontier of Port Bou.
Rizal in Barcelona (Spain)
 June 16, 1882, at 12:00 noon, Rizal arrived at Barcelona and boarded the Fonda
De España. Rizal’s first impression of Barcelona, the greatest city of Cataluña and
Spain’s second largest city was unfavorable.
 Las Ramblas - the most famous street in Barcelona
 Rizal received sad news about cholera that was ravaging Manila and the
provinces according to Paciano’s letter, dated September 15, 1882.
Cholera pandemics have occurred in the past 200 years, with the first pandemic
originating in India in 1817.
 In one of his letters (dated May 26, 1882), Paciano advised his younger brother to
finish his medical course in Madrid.   He even composed a lovely poem dedicated to her: A La Senora C.O y P (To miss
Life in Barcelona
 He wrote an essay entitled “Amor Patrio” (Love of Country)
A nationalistic essay (Rizal’s first article written on Spain’s soil, under his pen
name “Laong Laan”
It was published in two texts: Spanish and tagalog.
The Spanish text was originally written by Rizal in Barcelona. While the tagalog
text was a tagalog translation made by Marcelo H. Del Pilar.
 August 20,1882 - His article “Amor Patrio” was published in the Diariong Tagalog,
a Manila newspaper edited by Basilio Teodoro. This was the first article he wrote
abroad.
Basilio Teodoro Moran - friend in Manila and the publisher of Diariong Tagalog
where Rizal sent this article.
Diariong Tagalog was the first bilingual newspaper.
 His next article was entitled “Los Viajes” (Travels) and followed by “Revista de
Madrid (Review of Madrid) but the latter was returned because the publication
was ceased because of lack of funds.
On September 2, 1882, Rizal moved to Madrid to continue his medical studies.
 November 3, 1882, Rizal enrolled at the Universidad Central de Madrid. In two
courses - Medicine and Philosophy and Letters.
He also studied painting and sculpture in the Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando; took
lessons in French, German, and English under private instructors; and assiduously
practiced fencing and shooting in the Hall of Arms of Sanz y Carbonell.
Life in Madrid
 Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando - Rizal studied painting and sculpture
 He took  lesson in French, German and English under private instructors
 He practiced fencing and shooting at the Hall of Arms in Sanz y Carbonell.
 Rizal joined the Circulo-Hispano Filipino. It is an association formed by Filipino
students in Spain composed of both Filipinos and Spaniards.
 Mi Piden Versos (They Ask Me for Verses) - upon the request of the members of
this society, Rizal wrote this poem which he personally declaimed during the
New Year’s Eve reception held in the evening of December 31, 1882.
 He was attracted by Consuelo’s beauty and vivacity
C.O.Y p). He expressed his admiration for her and found solace and joy in her
company.
However, before his romance with Consuelo could blossom into a serious affair, he
suddenly backed out for two reasons:
 1. He was still engage to Leonor Rivera
2. His friend and co-worker in the Propaganda Movement, Eduardo de Lete, fell in
love with Consuelo and he had no wish to break their friendship because of a
pretty girl.
 March 1883 - he joined the Masonic Lodge called Acacia. His reason for was to
secure Freemasonry’s aid in his fight for the Philippines
 November 1883 - He transferred to Lodge Solidaridad, where he become a
Master Mason
 In June 1884, Rizal finished his medical education. He was conferred the degree
of Licentiate in Medicine.
The next year, he passed all his subjects leading to Doctors of Medicine but was
only able to get his Doctor’s Diploma in 1887 for he wasn’t able to pay
corresponding fees.
 June 1885, Rizal was awarded the degree of Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters
by the Universidad Central de Madrid with the rating of Excellent (Sobresaliente)
Paris to Berlin
 Rizal went to Paris and Germany in order to specialize in Ophthalmology - Rizal
chose this branch of medicine because he wanted to cure his mother’s eye
ailment.
 Dr. Louis De Wecker, he was the leading French Ophthalmologist during this
period. He is the leading authority among the oculist of France, who found Rizal
such a competent student and make him as his clinical Assistant
 During this time, he visited his fellow countrymen - Pardo de Taveras (Trinidad,
Felix and Paz) and Juan Luna. Rizal posted in Luna’s canvas like, “The Blood
Compact” in which he posed as Sikatuna and Trinidad as Legazpi. He also posed
for a group picture called “The Death of Cleopatra” wherein he dressed as an
Egyptian.
February 1, 1886, he left Paris to Germany and arrived on February 3, 1886 in Heidelberg -
a historical city in Germany, famous for its old university and romantic surroundings
 Dr. Otto Becker, distinguished German Ophthalmologist where Rizal worked -
University Eye Hospital
Rizal's reason in staying in Berlin
1. To gain further knowledge in Ophthalmology;  people under the lash of Spanish tyrants.
2. To improve further his studies of sciences and languages
3. To observe the economic and political conditions of the German nation
4. To associate with famous German scientists and scholars
5. To publish his novel, Noli Me Tangere
Noli Me Tangere (published in Berlin 1887)
The bleak winter of 1886 in Berlin was Rizal’s darkest winter because no money arrived
from Calamba and he was flat broke. The diamond ring which his sister, Saturnina, gave
him was in the pawnshop. It was memorable in the life of Rizal for two reasons:
1. It was a painful episode for he was hungry, sick and despondent in a strange city;
2. It brought him great joy after enduring so much suffering, because his first novel,
Noli Me Tangere came off the press in March, 1887.
Financial Worries
The harvest of the rice and sugarcane failed on account of drought and locusts.
The Dominican-owned hacienda increased the rental of the lands cultivated by 
Rizal’s family.
Dreadful pest killed most of the turkeys who were Rizal’s father's business.
Due to hard times in Calamba, the monthly allowances of Rizal in Madrid were late in
arrival and there were times when they never arrived, causing much suffering to him.
At one time Paciano was forced to sell his younger brother’s pony in order to send money
in Madrid.
A touching incident in Rizal’s life in Madrid occurred on June 24, 1884.
He was unable to take breakfast that day. With an empty stomach, he attended his class
at the university, participated in a contest in Greek language and won the gold medal.
In the evening of the same day, he was able to eat dinner, for he was guest speaker in a
banquet held in honor of Juan Luna and Felix Ressurrection Hidalgo at restaurant ingles,
Madrid.
Uncle Tom's Cabin (Harriet Beecher Stowe)
 It inspired Dr. Rizal to prepare a novel that would depict the miseries of his

Maximo Viola
 Rizal’s friend from Bulacan, arrived in Berlin at the height of Rizal despondency
and loaned him the needed funds to publish the novel; savior of Noli
 February 21, 1887, the Noli was finally finished and ready for printing
 Berliner Buchdruckerei- Action- Gesellschaft
 A printing shop which charged the lowest rate, that is, 300 pesos for 2,000 copies
of the novel
 February 21, 1887, the Noli was finally finished and ready for printing
 Berliner Buchdruckerei- Action- Gesellschaft
 A printing shop which charged the lowest rate, that is, 300 pesos for 2,000 copies
of the novel
Rizal Grand Tour of Europe with Viola
 Exposition of the Philippines in Madrid, Spain - Rizal was outraged by this
degradation of his fellow countrymen, the Igorots of Northern Luzon.
 Italy, June 27, 1887 - Rizal reached Rome the “Eternal City” and also called the
“City of the Caesars.” Rizal was thrilled by the sights and memories of the Eternal
City
 Describing to Blumentritt, the “grandeur that was Rome,” he wrote on June 27,
1887.
 June 29, 1887 - the Feast Day of St Paul and St. Peter, Rizal visited for the first
time the Vatican, the “City of the Popes” and the capital of Christendom.
 Every night, after sightseeing the whole day, Rizal returned to his hotel, very
tired. “I am tired as a dog,” he wrote to Blumentritt, “but I will sleep as a God.”
 After a week of wonderful sojourn in Rome, Rizal prepared to return to the
Philippines. He had already written to his father that he was coming home.

 May 21, 1887, Rizal and viola left Berlin by train going to Dresden, one of the best
cities in Germany
 Prometheus Bound - a painting wherein Rizal was deeply impressed
 Teschen (now Decin, Czechoslovakia)
 Leitmeritz at 1:30 pm of May 13, 1887 - the train, with Rizal and Viola on board,
arrived at the railroad station of Leitmeritz, Bohemia for the first time, the two
great scholars - Rizal and Blumentritt - met in person
 Professor Ferdinand Blumentritt - a kind hearted, old Austrian professor
 Arrived in Vienna, May 20, 1887 - Rizal and Viola arrived in the beautiful city of
Vienna, capital of Austria- Hungary
 Vienna was truly the “Queen of Danube” because of its beautiful building,
religious images, haunting waltzes and majestic charm
 Rheinfall, the Cathedral of Ulm - the largest and tallest Cathedral in Germany.
From Ulm, they went to Stuttgart, Baden and then Rheinfall
 At the Rheinfall, they saw the waterfalls, “the most beautiful waterfall of
Europe.”
 June 2 to 3, 1887 - stayed at Schaffhausen, Switzerland
 Geneva, the Swiss City is one of the most beautiful cities in Europe, visited by
world tourists every year
 June 19, 1887 - Rizal treated Viola to a blow-out. It was his 26th birthday. Rizal
and Viola spent fifteen delightful days in Geneva.
 Geneva, June 23, 1887 - Viola and Rizal parted ways - Viola returned to Barcelona
while Rizal continued the tour to Italy