Fins and Unsteady Heat Transfer

6 (Conduction and Convection)

process between body and its

at transfer (c) Fourier number <0.1
governed by an Internal Conductive (d) Fourier number >0.1
bientis
ambie

Resistance
(CR and an External Convective [2001:1 Mark]
sistance (ECR). The body can be considered
6.6 The value of Biot number is very small (less than
lumped heat capacity system is
o be a 0.01), when
(a) ICR> ECR
(a) The convective resistance of fluid is negligible
smaller than ECR
()ICR is marginally (b) The conductive resistance of fluid is negligible
C) ICR= ECR (c) The conductive resistance of solid is negligible
ICR is negligible (d) None of the above
(d)
[1989 1 Mark] [2002 1 Mark]
number signifies
6.2 Biot 6.7 A spherical thermocouple junction of diameter
heat convected
a)The ratio of heat conducted to 0.706 mmis to be used for the measurement of
conducted
(b) The ratio of heat convected to heat convective heat
temperature of a gas stream. The
C)The ratio of external convective resistance to W/m?K.
transfer coefficient on bead surface is 400
internal conductive resistance
Thermophysical properties of thermocouple
resistance to
(d) The ratio of internal conductive material are k= 20 W/mK, c= 400 JkgK and p=
external convective resistance
8500 kg/ms.If the thermocouple initially at 30°C
[1991 1 Mark] the time taken
is placed in a hot stream of 300°C,
by the bead to reach 298°C, is
6.3 Two rods, one of length L and the other of length (b) 4.9 s
(a) 2.35 s
2L are made of the material and have the
same
(c) 14.7 s (d) 29.4 s
same diameter. The two ends of
the longer rod
(2004 2 Marks]
are maintained at 100°C. One end
of the shorter
end is diameter at 500 K is
rod is maintained at 100°C while the other 6.8 A small copper ball of 5 mm
whose temperature is
Insulated. Both the rods are exposed to
the same dropped into an oil bath
insulated of copper is
environment at 40°C. The temp at the 300 K. The thermal conductivity
its specific
end of the shorter rod is measured to
be 55°C. 400 W/mK, its density 9000 kg/m3and
transfer coefficient is
ne temp at the mid point of the longer
rod would heat 385 J/kgK. If the heat
is assumed to
be. 250 W/mK and lumped analysis
of the temperature of the
(a) 40C (b) 50°C be valid, the rate of fall
will be, in K/s,
(d) 100°C ball at the beginning of cooling
(c)55C (a) 8.7
(b) 13.9
[1992 2 Marks]
(d) 27.7
(c) 17.3
6.4 thermal time [2005 2 Marks]
Whenthe fluid velocity is doubled the
the
of a thermometer used of measuring coefficient on a thin hot
stant
uid temperature reduces by a factor of 2 ( 6.9 The average
heat transfer
in still air can be
[1994 1 Mark] vertical plate suspended
the change in
determinedfrom observations of
B5 solid object with time as it
cools. Assume
ped heat transfer analysis of a
plate temperature
different instant
to be uniform at any
Suddenly exposed to a fluid medium at a the plate temperature
with the
temp is valid when radiation heat exchange
of time and
The ambient temperature
a)Biot number< 0.1 surroundings negligible.
) Biot number > 0.1
 438 GATE Previous Years Solved Papers: ME Transfer
Heat 439
MADE EASY EEASY
MADE
s 25C, the plate has a total surface area of 0.1 (a) large because conduction
lindrical shafts A and
Bat the same initial 6.19 The heat loss from a fin is 6W. The effectiveness
resistane
me and a mass of 4 kg. The specific heat of the higherthan the convective resistanc fa are simultaneously placed in a and efficiency of the fin are 3 and 0.75
2rature
tempera respectively.
plate material is 2.5 kJ/kgK. The convective heat (b) large because conduction resistancai The surfaces
of the shafts remain at the he heat loss (in W) from the fin,
keeping the
transfer coefficient in W/m?K, at the instant when than the convective resistance. ce is tar less furnace.
temperature at all times after they entire fin surface at base temperature is
rnace gas
the plate temperature is 225°C and the change in (c) small because conduction resistan into tne Turnace. The temperature 2017:1 Mark, Set-2]
higher than the convective resistanco r are
introduced
plate temperature with time dT/dt= -0.02 K/s, is the axlal
airecton or the shafts can be 6.20 Ametal ball of diameter 60 mm is initially at 220°C.
(d) small because conduction resistance is f ariation in
(a) 200 (b) 20 to be negligible.
Ihe data related to The ball is suddenly coled by an air jet of 20°C.
(c) 15 (d) 10 [2007: 2 Marks] than the convective resistance. assum
and Bis given in the following Table. The heat transfer coefficient is 200 W/m?K. The
shafts A
6.10 Consider steady-state heat conduction across the
thickness in a plane composite wall (as shown in
2011:2 Marka
6.13 Which one of the following configurations ha Quantity
Shaft A Shaft B
specific heat, thermal conductivity and densityof
the metal ball are 400 Jkgk, 400 W/mk and
the figure) exposed to convection conditions on highest fin effectiveness? has the .
0.4 0.1 9000 kg/m, respectively. The ball temperature
Diameter (m)
both sides. (a) Thin, closely spaced fins (in °C) after 90 seconds will be approximately
Thermal Conductivity 20
Given: h, = 20 W/m2K; h = 50 W/m (b) Thin, widely spaced fins a) 141 (6) 163
T 20°C; T = -2°C; k 20 W/mK; (Wimk) (C) 189 (d) 210
() Thick, widely spaced fins 2 x 10
ka = 50 W/mK; L, = 0.30 m and L = 0.15 m.
Volumetric heat capacity
2x10
(d) Thick, closely spaced fins (J/mK). 2017 2 Marks, Set-2
ASSuming negligible contact resistance between temperature at
tne centerline of the shaft A
6.21 A small metal bead (radius 0.5 mm), initially at
the wall surfaces, the interface temperature, [2012:1 Mark The
hours. The time required
reaches 400°C after two 100°C, when placed in a stream of fluid at 20°C,
T(in °C), of the two wals will be 6.14 A steel ball of diameter 60 mm is initially in thermal the centerline of the shaft B to attain
(in hours) for attains a temperature of 28°C in 4.35 seconds.
equilibrium at 1030°C in a furnace. It is suddenl of 400°C iss The density and specific heat of the metal are
thetemperature
removed from the furnace and cooled in 2016:2 Marks, Set-2] 8500 kg/m3 and 400 J/kgK, respectively. If the
ambient
air at 30°C, with convective heat transfer
coeficient bead is considered as lumped system, the
0.01 m in diameter and
h 20 W/m?K. The thermo-physical 6.18 A cylindrical steel rod, convective heat transfer coefficient (in W/m?K)
steel are:
properties of 0.2 m in length is first heated to 750°C and then
density p 7800
=
kg/m, conductivity between the metal bead and the fluid stream is
immersed in a water bath at 100°C. The heat
k = 40 W/mK and specific heat c 600 J/kgk.
= (a) 149.9 (b) 449.7
transfer coefficient is 250 W/m-K. The density.
The time required in seconds to cool the steel ball (c) 283.3 (d) 299.8
specific heat and thermal conductivity of steel
-l2- in air from 1030°C to 430°C is
are p 7801 kg/ms, C = 473 J/kgK, and
[2020: 2 Marks, Set-1]
(a)-0.50 (b) 2.75 (a) 519 (6) 931
(C) 3.75 (d) 4.50 (C) 1195 (a) 2144 k= 43 W/mK, respectively. The time required for
the rod to reach 300°C is . seconds.
[2009 2 Marks] [2013: 2 Marks
[2016:2Marks, Set-3]
6.11 Afin has 5 mm diameter and 100 mm length. The 6.15 Biot number signifies the ratio of
thermal conductivity of fin material is
400 Wm "K-1, One end of the fin is maintained at
(a) convective resistance in the fluid to conductive
Answers Fins and Unsteady Heat Transfer (Conduction and Convection)
resistance in the solid .1
130°C and its remaining surface is exposed to (d) 6.2 (d) 6.3 (c) 6.4 (False) 6.5 (a) 6.6 (c) 6.7 (b)6.8 (c)
(b) conductive resistance in the solid to
ambient air at 30°C. If the convective heat transfer convective resistance in the fluid 6.9 (d) 6.10 (C) 6.11 (b) 6.12 (d) 6.13 (a) 6.14 (d) 6.15 (b)
coefficient is 40 Wm-2K1, the heat loss (in W) from (c) inertia force to viscous force in the fluid 6.16 (42.23) 6.17 6.20 (a) 6.21 (d)
the fin is
(d) buoyancy force to viscous force in the fluid
(2.5) 6.18 (43.5) 6.19 (8)
(a) 0.08 (b) 5.0 [2014 1 Mark,Set-1
(c) 7.0 (d) 7.8 planations Fins and Unsteady Heat Transfer (Conduction and Convection)
6.16 A steel ball of 10 mm diameter at 1000 K is requle
[2010 2 Marks] 1 d
6.12 A spherical steel ball of 12 mn diameter is initially
to be cooled to 350 K by immersing it in a walt
62
environment at 300 K. The convective heat transie Lumped heat capacity is applicable Biot number,
at 1000 K. It is slowly cooled in a surrounding of when Bi < 0.1
coefficient is 1000 W/m?K. Thermal conducu hlA 1kAcond
300 K. The heat transfer coefficient between the Bi
of steel is 40 W/mK. The time constant ro
steel ball and the surroundings is 5 W/mK. The jin s) Bi I/kA ICR KA 1hA Rconv
cooling process tis 16s. The time required
thermal conductivity of steel is 20 WmK. The k 1 / hA ECR
to reach the final temperature is For
temperature difference between the centre and the desired condition i.e., Bi 0.1
2 Marks, Set-1
<
Surface of the steel ball is 2016 kshould be greater than h.
Iherefore ICR should be very small
 Heat Transfer 44
GATE Previous Years Solved Papers: ME MADE
EASY
440 MADE EASY 250 =F - 20-T
The value of Biot number is very small
63 ( 0.01), when the conductive resistanceh a n
Given data:
20 20
4 kg
A =0.1 m;
m=
of solid is
negligible.
2 . 5 kJ/kgk
250x = 20-T
= 40°C 20
T 100 C T = 100°C
67 transfer 16.25 = 20- T
heat
ot
Given data: rate
2 Net = Rate of change of internal energy T= 20-16.25
emperature distribution along the rod is givenn h= 400 W/m-K; k = 20 W/mK; C= = 3.75°C
400
p 8500 kg/m; T() =
298°C Jkgk d
T-T.
hA(T- 7 dt 6&.11 (b)
6, sinhm(-x)+02sinhmx
Now, L= V-1/6-= 0.706 x103 6 hx0.1 (225-25)
= -4x 2.5 x 1000x(-0.02)
Given data:
8 = = 1.76 x 10-* m Diameter of fin,
Sinhmi
Biot number, 4 x 2.5x1000 x 0.02 d 5 mm = 0.005 m
where X = L; l= 2L
h 0.1x 200
and 8, =
100-40 60°C Bi =400x1.76x 104 .Cross-sectional area,
60°C = 10 W/mK
e =
100-40 20 A= = x (o.o05
= 0.0023
.6.,
Since Bi< 0.1 1.96x 10- m
Sinhml+sinhml 610 (
Sinh2m Lumped system analysis can be used Given d a t a : Length of fin,
50 W/m-K; 20°C
9,2Sinhm h =
20 W/m-K; h 50 W/mK;
L= 100 mm = 0.1 m
0 61 sinh2m 20 k2
Wimk;
=
Thermal conductivity,
k =
m k = 400 W/mK
For rod of length / with insulated fip temperature
400x6xt L =0.30 m;2=0.15
distribution 298-300 e 8500x0.706x10x400 130°C
30-300 h, T = 30°C
cosh m-) 7.407 x 103 = e-
h 40 W/m?K
coshm Taking lo9 both sides, we get
0.005 0.0157 m
Perimeter: P td=3.14 x =
o log 7.407 x 1 = - 2
t= 4.90 seconds m=
40x0.0157
0 coshm L -l2- kA400x1.95x10
6.8 (c
= 8.97 m
cosh ml =- 4 Given data:
ww ww
R2
mL = 8.97 x 0.1 = 0.897
ml = (cosh-14) = 2.063 ..(0) k= 400 W/mK; T, = 500 K; p =
9000kg/m Heat flow
For long fin, mL> 2.64
For same material fins T 300K; C,= 385 J/kgK; h= 250 W/mk So, the fin is insulated tip,
By Eqs. (i) and (i), we get T 0
0.005
Q
R+A, +R +F, On=whPkA(T -T.) tanh mi
60x 2sinh2.063 6
sinh4.126 y40x 0.0157 x 400x1.95x10
W e - = 15
= 8.33 x 104 m
-hA
Q1 4++ hA
hAkATKoA h
(130-30)tanh (8.97 x0.1)
W2=55C 0.0699 x 100 x tanh 0.897
T= T. +(T -T.)ePcv
-NAI
= 0.0699 x 100 x 0.7148 =
4.99 W5W
Explanation: When the velocity of the fluid gets
dT T-T)e Pev
doubled across a thermometer it is not necessary dt pcV 612 (d
that the convective heat transfer coefficient "h" Biot number,
decreases by half. ddt h-0cu-T) [magnitude 1
20-(-2)
0.30 0.15,1 Conduction resistance: KA
20 20 5 0 50D hl
PVC Bi =
Time constant hA
000 x 385

250 x 200
x 8.33 x 10
20+2
5+150+0.3+2 22x100250 W 8.8
Convection resistance
hA
100
Biot number is defined as also where
17.31 K/s
Bi =cond
Hconv
 Heat Transfer 443
GATE Previous Years Solved Papers: ME
442 MADE EASY MADE
EASY
2.5x 10 m
0.06
hd5x 0.012 0.0005 =0.01m 6 1 7S o l .
T.9To+(T.-T,)eri(2) 300 100
-250 xt
Bi-k6 20x6 Substituting the values of T, e7801x 2.5x10x 473
neansS that the conduction
than convective resistance
resistance is tar l e s s Eq. (i). we get
-20
ToT,h.P.canai = erf(2) 750-100
200e-0.0271t
430-30 = e0x 60 x 001 650
1030-30
6.13 a T-lo 0.30769 e-0 0271:
=
Fin effectiveness, 0.4 e273 x 10
Taking log9, both sides, we get
Heat transfer withfin: Gn Fin Taking log. both sides, we get o2 log0.30769 = - 0.0271t log.e
For shaft A 400-,
Heat transfer without fin:Q Q log.0.4 = - 4.2/8 x 10* x tx1
.lo9e=1)
for long fin -1.1786 = - 0.027t
where F kPhP e = 0.9162 005
4 . 2 7 3 x1 0 = 2144.16
shaftB 400-
Q = hAB For
kAhPB KAhP KP 6.15 ( Hence
error function of both shafts will be samne.
O.027 1.1/=43.5 s
E hA® hA hA Biot number, .

ZA
6.19 Sol
A
E P 2AA 2as Qacua from fin =6 watt
Bi
For highest fin effectiveness, perimeter or tin
should be large and cross-sectional area should
hA
A B acta-i.e. when efn-
n
be low. It means. for large value of perimeter, fins a LAA Ymar possible
should be closely spaced (to increase the total Conductiveresistance of solid fin at base temperature
number of fins) and for value or cross- Bi = Convective resistance of fluid
a AlA g from fin if entire fin at base temperatu
sectional area, it should be thin.
6.16 Sol.
6.14 d) 075 0.75 = 8 W
Diameter of ball = 10 mm
Diameter of ball, initial 1000 K
d 60 mm = 0.06 m
final350K
40 20 mIs
Initial temperature, Pop 2x10 10 6.20 (a)
T 300 K
T= 1030 C h 1000W/m?K 20 D 60 mm
Ambient temperature, k 40 N/mK 2x107 10 m/s Air
at 20 C
T 30C 16s
Timeconstant =
Convective heat transfer coefticient T= 220°c
h
20 W/m?K
Time required = ts
- -xtA
nAt
Density: P 7800 kg/m3 e pvc h 200 WimK
Conductivity: k = 40 W/mK
20 x2
Specific heat: c = 600 J/kgK
Final temperature of steel bal,
But
PVC = Time constant
hA
10 C = 400 Jkgk
T 430 C = 16 second x 20x 2 = 2.5 hrs. k = 400 WimK
Time
t = "
16 P 9000 kg/m3
The temperature distribution relation is given by 350-300
1000 30oe16
6.18 Sol Time (t) = 90 sec
Given data
0.07143 = et16 Since K being high and size of ball beinng
T-lo pa
..(0 D= 0.01 m; L= 0.2 m; T =
T. - Taking log. both sides, we get
100°C; h = 250 W/mK; p
750°C7801 kg/m*
lumped heat analysis is valid
wnere I =characteristic length of balls log.0.07143 = 0 9 . e log.e C 473 J/kgK
t AT
-2.63916 e PVc
t= 42.23 s
V-A- where Put 3 3
1000
444 | GATE Previous Years Solved Papers:

3 1
Pv-200
pVCp 0.03 9000
400x90

0.5
220 20
T20
T-20
=
e.5 =1.6487
T 141.3°C
6.21 (d)
r = 0.5 mm; C= 400 J/kgK;
p 8500 kg/m3; t = 4.35 sec
To = 100°C, T. = 20°c
T 28°C, T = 4.35 seconds
4
V
A 47tR
-hAT
ePCpV

h300o
28-20 e 0.5x8500x400x5
100-20O
h 299.95 W/m?K