Solution Manual for Nutrition and You 4th Edition Blake

0134167541 9780134167541
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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the
question.

1) Lipids contain all the following elements except

A) hydrogen. B) oxygen. C) nitrogen. D) carbon.
Answer: C

2) The two essential fatty acids are

A) cholesterol and trans fatty acids. B) PUFAs and MUFAs.
C) linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid. D) monoglycerides and
diglycerides. Answer: C

3) Which of the following terms encompasses all of the other listed terms?
A) lipoprotein B) HDL C) LDL D) VLDL
Answer: A

4) Which of the following types of lipoprotein contains the highest percentage of protein?
A) LDL B) chylomicron C) HDL D) VLDL
Answer: C

5) Phospholipids are made up of how many fatty acid chains?

A) 4 B) 3 C) 2 D) 1
Answer: C

6) The phosphate-containing head of a phospholipid attracts water and is thus said to be

A) hydrophobic. B) polar.
C) nonpolar. D) None of the answers is correct.
Answer: B

7) Sterols contain how many glycerol and fatty acid groups?

A) 5 B) 0 C) 3 D) 2
Answer: B

8) A fatty acid that has a single double bond is called a

A) saturated fatty acid. B) unsaturated fatty acid.
C) polyunsaturated fatty acid. D) monounsaturated fatty
acid. Answer: D

9) Which of the following lipids is a precursor for both vitamin D and testosterone?
A) eicosanoids B) cholesterol
C) saturated fat D) alpha-linolenic acid
Answer: B

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10) What is the maximum number of grams of fat that can be consumed by a person who eats 2,400 calories per
day and wants no more than 30 percent of her calories to be from fat?
A) 80 B) 720 C) 30 D) 100
Answer: A

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11) Which of the following statements regarding trans fats is correct?
A) Their consumption raises both LDL levels and HDL levels.
B) Their consumption raises triglyceride levels and lowers LDL levels.
C) Their consumption raises blood pressure.
D) Their consumption raises LDL levels and lowers HDL levels.
Answer: D

12) Which of the following markers in the blood is not a sign of heart disease?
A) elevated apolipoprotein B (ApoB) levels B) high LDL levels
C) high homocysteine levels D) low levels of C-reactive protein
Answer: D

13) Which of the following substances is not a lipoprotein?

A) chylomicron B) LDL C) VLDL D) micelle
Answer: D

14) Which of the following benefits is associated with omega-3 fatty acids?
A) lowering of blood pressure B) prevention of an irregular heart beat
C) reduction of atherosclerosis D) All the answers are correct.
Answer: D

15) Which of the following lipids do not contain a glycerol backbone?

A) phospholipids B) monoglycerides C) sterols D)
triglycerides
Answer: C

16) Syndrome X includes all following conditions except

A) too much insulin in the blood. B) elevated levels of HDL cholesterol.
C) high blood pressure. D) abdominal obesity.
Answer: B

17) Which of the following actions likely has the smallest impact on your LDL cholesterol level?
A) saturated fat intake B) trans fat intake
C) dietary cholesterol intake D) They all have equal impact.
Answer: C

18) Which of the following statements regarding phytosterols is incorrect?

A) They are found in plant cell membranes.
B) They are found naturally in many vegetables, legumes, nuts, and
seeds. C) They compete with cholesterol for absorption in the intestinal
tract.
D) They raise LDL cholesterol levels as much as saturated fats do.
Answer: D

19) Of the following actions, the most effective way to improve HDL cholesterol levels is to
A) lower polyunsaturated fat intake. B) lower saturated fat intake.
C) drink green tea. D) engage in routine exercise.
Answer: D

20) Which of the following foods should provide the majority of fat in the Mediterranean diet?
A) olive oil and olives B) cheese C) eggs D) dairy
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Answer: A

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21) The current AMDR recommendation for fat in the American diet is
A) 35 to 50 percent. B) 20 to 35 percent. C) 25 to 30 percent. D) 10 to 15
percent. Answer: B

22) The energy content of fat is calories per gram.

A) 11 B) 7 C) 4 D) 9
Answer: D

23) Which of the following types of seafood should pregnant women not consume?
A) scallops B) flatfish C) swordfish D) cod
Answer: C

24) Which of the following is not a component of arterial plaque?

A) fluoride B) calcium C) foam cells D) platelets
Answer: A

25) Which of the following substances has the FDA mandated be added to foods containing olestra?
A) vitamins C and K B) water
C) fat-soluble vitamins D) zinc and calcium
Answer: C

26) What percent of total calories should come from linoleic acid?
A) 0.5 to 1 percent B) 0.6 to 1.2 percent C) 6 to 12 percent D) 5 to 10
percent
Answer: D

27) High levels of C-reactive protein in the blood indicate that

A) a person's HDL will rise in the next few weeks.
B) there is inflammation in the walls of the arteries.
C) a person needs to consume more linoleic acid.
D) a person's risk of type 2 diabetes is
low. Answer: B

28) Which of the following does not raise HDL cholesterol?

A) getting regular exercise B) eating more fiber
C) losing weight D) quitting smoking
Answer: B

29) Which of the following substances is not an eicosanoid?

A) cholesterol B) thromboxanes C) leukotrienes D)
prostaglandins
Answer: A

30) Which of the following substances is a saturated fatty acid?

A) oleic acid B) alpha-linolenic acid
C) linoleic acid D) stearic acid
Answer: D

31) Fat is the common name for which of the following substances?
A) triglycerides B) sterols C) phospholipids D) cholesterol
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Answer: A

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 32) Sterol has four connecting rings made of which of the following elements?
A) hydrogen and oxygen B) calcium and hydrogen
C) carbon and oxygen D) carbon and hydrogen
Answer: D

33) Which of the following substances is a major component of cell membranes?

A) sterols B) phospholipids C) triglycerides D) cholesterol
Answer: B

34) Which of the following lipoproteins delivers fat made in the liver to the tissues?
A) VLDL B) LDL C) HDL D) chylomicron
Answer: A

35) Which of the following lipoproteins has the highest cholesterol content?
A) chylomicron B) VLDL C) LDL D) HDL
Answer: C

36) HDLs remove cholesterol from the cells and deliver it to the
A) pancreas. B) gall bladder. C) heart. D) liver.
Answer: D

37) Chylomicrons transports lipids via which body system?

A) integumentary system B) cardiovascular system
C) lymphatic system D) endocrine system
Answer: C

38) Which of the following substances is produced by hydrogenating an unsaturated fatty acid?
A) a monounsaturated fatty acid B) a saturated fatty acid
C) a trans fatty acid D) a polyunsaturated fatty acid
Answer: C

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

39) More women in the United States die each year from breast cancer than from heart disease.
Answer: True False

40) When describing lipids, the term hydrophobic means that they can readily dissolve in water.
Answer: True False

41) Lecithin and bile are examples of emulsifiers.

Answer: True False

42) Long-chained fatty acids are not absorbed into the bloodstream directly and must be transported by
carriers called chylomicrons.
Answer: True False

43) LDL is a type of lipoprotein that carries digested fat from the GI tract through the lymphatic system.
Answer: True False

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44) VLDL is a lipoprotein that delivers fat made in the liver to various
tissues.
Answer: True False

45) The heart, liver, and resting muscles prefer fat as their fuel source, which spares glucose to be used by the
nervous system and by red blood cells.
Answer: True False

46) Unsaturated fatty acids are liquid at room temperature because they pack together more tightly than
saturated fatty acids.
Answer: True False

47) Trans fats raise LDL and do not affect HDL levels.
Answer: True False

48) Carbohydrate-based fat substitutes use plant polysaccharides to help retain moisture and provide a
fatlike texture.
Answer: True False

49) All fat-free foods are healthy for you.

Answer: True False

50) Fat-free versions of cookies always have fewer calories than their full-fat counterparts.
Answer: True False

51) High blood levels of cholesterol and fat are among the likely contributors to atherosclerosis.
Answer: True False

52) The decrease in estrogen in postmenopausal women plays a part in the increased risk of heart disease in
older women.
Answer: True False

53) High blood cholesterol levels can be partly determined by your genetic makeup.
Answer: True False

54) The primary risk factor for heart disease is an elevated LDL cholesterol level.
Answer: True False

55) Having an HDL level of 40 mg/dl or less is considered a protective factor for heart disease.
Answer: True False

56) Having type 1 diabetes is a preventable risk factor for heart disease.
Answer: True False

57) Americans eat more fat now than they did 50 years ago.
Answer: True False

58) Eating an egg a day may not be associated with an increased risk of heart disease in healthy individuals.
Answer: True False

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59) Metabolic syndrome and syndrome X are two names for the same
syndrome.
Answer: True False

60) Fatty acids consist of a chain of carbon and nitrogen atoms with an acid group at one end.
Answer: True False

61) Real butter has less trans fat than stick margarine.
Answer: True False

62) DHA and EPA are omega-6 fatty acids that are found in fish and are protective against heart disease and
stroke.
Answer: True False

63) It is recommended that you consume at least one serving of fish per week to obtain the necessary omega-3
fatty acids.
Answer: True False

64) Naturally occurring sterols found in plants are called phytosterols.

Answer: True False

65) Normal blood pressure is considered more than 120 mm/Hg for the systolic pressure and more than 80
mm/Hg for the diastolic pressure.
Answer: True False

66) Green tea is high in catechins (a flavonoid), which are antioxidants.

Answer: True False

67) A diet that limits unsaturated fat and trans fat can reduce your risk of heart disease.
Answer: True False

68) The Mediterranean Diet Pyramid recommends eating red meat only occasionally.
Answer: True False

69) Most of the fat in the Mediterranean diet comes from fish oil.
Answer: True False

70) The hydrogenation of an unsaturated fatty acid produces trans fatty acids.
Answer: True False

71) Sterols contain glycerol or fatty acids.

Answer: True False

72) Your body needs cholesterol as the precursor for vitamin A, bile acids, and sex hormones.
Answer: True False

73) The lipid bilayer of cell membranes is primarily made up of phospholipids.

Answer: True False

74) Lipids that are liquid at room temperature are called oils.
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59) Metabolic syndrome and syndrome X are two names for the same
syndrome.
Answer: True False
Answer: True False

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 75) Triglycerides contain a glycerol backbone attached to four fatty
acids.
Answer: True False

76) Lecithin is a phospholipid that is used as an emulsifier in many foods.

Answer: True False

77) Carriers that transport fat and cholesterol in the blood and lymph are known as lipoproteins.
Answer: True False

78) The greater the amount of cholesterol, the higher the density of the transport carrier.
Answer: True False

79) The type of lipoprotein made in the liver to transport just-eaten fat is the chylomicron.
Answer: True False

80) Lipids are hydrophilic, which means they do not dissolve in water.
Answer: True False

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of

paper.

81) Name the three main types of lipids.

Answer: triglycerides (fats), phospholipids, and sterols

82) What is an emulsifier?

Answer: An emulsifier is a compound that keeps incompatible substances, such as oil and water, mixed
together.
Bile and lecithin are two
examples.

83) What are the components of a phospholipid?

Answer: a glycerol backbone, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group

84) Why is it unnecessary to consume cholesterol?

Answer: You need not consume cholesterol because the body can make all the cholesterol it needs.

85) If each day you consume 2,500 calories and want no more than 30 percent of your calories to come from fat,
how many grams of fat can you eat per day? Show your work.
Answer: (2,500 × 0.3) / 9 calories/gram = 83.3 grams of fat as the maximum allowed per day

86) Name at least four roles of fat in the body.

Answer: Fat insulates the body and helps maintain body temperature; cushions certain organs; facilitates
absorption of the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K; is the main source of stored energy in your
body and provides nine calories per gram; in the form of phospholipids, are the main component
of cell membranes.

87) What is the difference between a saturated fatty acid and an unsaturated fatty acid? Discuss the
effects of saturated fats and unsaturated fats on health.
Answer: A saturated fatty acid is filled to capacity with hydrogen, whereas an unsaturated fatty acid is
missing at least one hydrogen and thus has at least one double bond between carbons. Saturated fatty
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75) Triglycerides contain a glycerol backbone attached to four fatty
acids.
Answer: True False
acids are solid at room temperature, and unsaturated fatty acids are liquids at room temperature.
Saturated fats should be limited in the diet; by contrast, replacing saturated fats with unsaturated fats
has a beneficial effect on health.

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88) What is syndrome
X?
Answer: Syndrome X is a group of risk factors that collectively increase the risk for heart disease. The risk
factors include abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, high blood pressure, elevated blood levels of
triglycerides, a low level of HDL cholesterol, too much insulin in the blood, and smaller and denser
LDL cholesterol particles.

89) Describe the process by which plaque forms within arteries.

Answer: LDLs deposited along an injured artery's lining become oxidized; immune cells attracted to the
site engulf the oxidized LDLs and transform into foam cells, which stick to the artery wall; foam
cells accumulate, and with the arrival of platelets and various other circulating substances, thick
deposits of plaque form. As the plaque deposit becomes larger, the artery becomes stiffened and
narrowed internally, reducing blood flow through the vessel.

90) Describe the Mediterranean Diet Pyramid.

Answer: This graphic displays a plant-based diet that includes minimal amounts of saturated fat and high-
sugar foods and is coupled with daily physical activity. Its bottom level features fruits, vegetables,
grains (mostly whole), olive oil, beans, nuts, and legumes. The second tier is fish and seafood. The
third tier contains poultry, eggs, cheese, and yogurt in moderate portions. The top of the pyramid
consists of meat and sweets, which should be consumed less often. Wine is also included in the diet
in moderation.

91) Describe the digestion process of fat, beginning in the stomach.

Answer: Note first that fat digestion begins in the mouth. In the stomach, gastric lipase breaks some of the fat
into
a fatty acid and a diglyceride. The digesting food then travels to the small intestine, where the
majority of
fat digestion occurs. Bile produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder is secreted into the small
intestine, where bile acids emulsify the fat and break it into smaller globules. Pancreatic lipase then
breaks down these fat globules into monoglycerides, glycerol, and free fatty acids, which are then
packaged into micelles for transport through the cells of the intestinal wall. Short-chain fatty acids
enter the bloodstream directly; long-chain fatty acids, cholesterol, phospholipids, and other
remnants are repackaged into chylomicrons for transport via the lymphatic system.

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