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CS Iv
CS Iv
CS Iv
*tambahan
History Taking
SOCRATES
Site
o Unilateral migraine, cluster
o Bilateral tension headache
o Ocular cluster, migraine
o Paranasal sinusitis, mass, localized then becomes diffuse (bifrontal,
bioccipital) due to elevated ICP
o Post herpetic neuralgia along the 1st division of trigeminal V nerve
o Trigeminal neuralgia along the 2nd and 3rd
Onset
o Acute meningeal, hemorrhagic
o Subacute intracranial mass e.g infeksi, tumor
o Chronic migraine
Characteristics
o Pulsatile tension headache or migraine
o Tightness tension headache
o Dull + steady mass
o Sharp neuritic, neuralgia
Radiation
o Tension headache occipital region and radiate to all head
Associated symptoms
o Weight loss mass
o Fever + chills systemic infections or meningitis
o Primary sebab belum diketahui, secondary sudah, ada tanda-tanda red
flags (kalo itntracranial, biasanya ada gejala increase icp
o Vision ocular, migraine, optic nerve and visual pathway lesions
o Nausea + vomiting migraine or mass
o Diarrhea migraine
o Photophobia migraine, meningitis
o Myalgia + tension viral infection
o Ipsilateral rhorrhea and lacrimation cluster
Timing
o Maximal on awaking sinus, mass
o 30 – 90 minutes on the same time each day with exacerbated factors
Exacerbating
o Foods, position, sleep cough
Severity
o Derajat keparahan 1 – 10 scale
o Bisa ditulis pasien tidak bisa melakukan aktivitas
Family history
o Ask the ages and well-being of close relatives (e.g siblings) and the presence of
neurologic disease e.g epilepsy, riwayat kejang demam, apakah ada perkawinan saudara
o Consanguineous marriages …
Social history
o Living environment
o Recent stressors divorce, remarriage…
o If the child is in school academic and social performance
Riwayat imunisasi Sudah imunisasi apa saja
Riwayat pengobatan
Riwayat menyusu pake formula atau masih asi? Asi sampai usia berapa tahun? Apakah
sudah pernah diberikan makanan dewasa? Bagaimana? Apakah bisa?
Clonic phase
generalized flexion
contractions of
muscles alternating
Severity - - -
Time course <30s <30s 1 – 2 minutes
Context Doesn’t occur when Can occur when Can occur when
sitting or lying sitting or lying sitting or lying or
sleep
Precipitating Has specific fasting, No clear Usually spontaneous
factors pain, emotional events precipitating factor but can be triggered
or prolonged standing by sleep deprivation
or stress
Relieving factors Lying flat Self-limiting Self-limiting
Associated Tongue biting, unusual Tongue biting, usual Tongue biting,
features head turning, unusual head turning, common head
sweaty pallor, no cry or unusual sweaty turning, no sweaty
moan, no frothing at pallor, no cry or pallor, cyanosis, cry
mouth, incontinence of moan, no frothing at or moan at onset,
urine may occur mouth, incontinence frothing at mouth,
of urine may occur incontinence of
urine may occur
Period after the Rapid recovery of Rapid recovery of Slow recovery,
event consciousness, rarely consciousness, period of confusion
confused afterwards, rarely confused > 2 minutes, may
injury not common as afterwards, injury feel exhausted and
protective reflexes may occur sleepy, muscle
preserved aches, injury is
common
Muscle weakness
Does the patient have true muscle weakness?
o True muscle weakness or describing a loss of physical or emotional energy, or another
non-neuromuscular problem e.g joint pain or stiffness
o People with motor weakness not able to e.g standing up from squatting position or
moving a limb
Where is the weakness?
o Whether the weakness affects all muscle groups or just a particular area of the body
o Weakness is generalized myasthenia gravis
o Weakness is not generalized find out if it is symmetric or asymmetric
Asymmetric caused by conditions that affect the central or peripheral nervous
systems
Symmetric can be classified as proximal (primary muscle disorders affecting the
axial muscle groups e.g deltoid or muscle for hip flexion) or distal (mainly affects
the hands or feet e.g peripheral neuropathy or motor neuron disease) or localized
What is the cause of the muscle weakness?
o Causes immunological conditions, malignancy, vascular events, drugs or metabolic
disorders
Site Where is the weakness? Which muscle groups? Generalized or
localized? If localized, symmetric or asymmetric? If symmetric,
proximal, distal or in other patterns?
Quality -
Severity Determine what function the patient has in the affected area. can
move the affected area against gravity or is it paralysed? What
can’t the patient do because of the weakness?
Time course Come suddenly? Fluctuate? Worse at the end of the day?
Context Ask the patient if there was anything in particular they noticed at
the time the weakness started
Aggravating factors Anything that makes the weakness worse? Triggers episodes of
weakness?
Relieving factors Relieve the weakness
Associated features Has any pain in their muscles or whether the weakness is
associated with other neurological symptoms e.g sensory changes
Headache
Chronic headaches tension-type and migraine
Tension-type
o Usually bilateral
o Mild to moderate intensity
o Described as pressure or a band around the head
o Muscle tenderness of the head, neck or shoulders
o Classified according to how frequently they occur
o Infrequent less than one day per month
o Frequent 1 – 14 days per month
o Chronic occur 15 or more days per month
o Precipitated factors stress or certain movements of the head and neck
Migraine
o Usually unilateral
o Throbbing, gradual onset and slow offset
o Often associated with nausea, vomiting, photophobia and phonophobia
o Relieving factors lying down
o Premonitory symptoms fatigue, difficulty with concentration, nausea, neck stiffness
and blurred vision
o Often preceded by an aura (visual or speech disturbance, sensory symptoms or motor
weakness) decrease in cortical blood flow
Migraine Tension-type headache
Site Unilateral Bilateral
Quality Dull and throbbing, Non-throbbing, band like
pulsating (pressure or tightness)
Severity Moderate to severe, may Mild to moderate, can be
disrupt daily activities severe, no disruption in
daily activities
Time course Gradual onset with Waves and wanes, variable
crescendo patter, slow duration
offset, often begins in the
mornings but can occur at
any time of the day, lasts for
up to 3 days
Context May occur in context of May occur in context of
stressful life situation stressful life situation
Aggravating factors Physical activity, stress, Stress, certain head and neck
menstruation, oral movements
contraceptives, fatigue, lack
of sleep, certain foods
Relieving factors Analgesic medication, better Analgesic medication
if lie down
Associated features Nausea, vomiting, No associated features,
photophobia (light sensitive) except for mild muscle
and phonophobia, may be tenderness
preceeded by aura (visual or
speech disturbance), motor
weakness and sensory
Sensory disturbance
Symptoms positive (heightened activity) and negative (loss of sensory function)
Positive sensory symptoms tingling, pins and needles, pricking, burning, tightness, a
band-like sensation around their body, or electric shock, stabbing or sharp pain, usually no
sensory deficit on physical examination
o Paraesthesia abnormal sensation perceived without a stimulus
o Hyperesthesia abnormal increase in sensitivity to a stimulus
o Dysesthesia all positive sensory changes
o Hyperalgesia heightened response to a noxious stimulus?
o Allodynia normal stimulus felt as pain
Negative sensory symptoms numbness, coldness or loss of a feeling, often have sensory
deficit on physical examination
o Hypoesthesia diminished ability to handle pain, temperature or touch
o Anesthesia complete inability to handle pain, temperature of touch
o Analgesia complete insensitivity to pain
Pattern of sensory disturbance
o Pattern of sensory loss
A “glove and stocking” distribution due to peripheral neuropathy
A dermatomal pattern due to a spinal cord or nerve root lesion
An area supplied by a particular nerve hemisensory loss due to lesion of the
spinal cord, brain stem, thalamus or cortex
o Does the sensory loss affect on side of the body, a whole limb or part of a limb.
o Symmetric or asymmetric
5. Caloric test (useful to differentiate central versus peripheral lesion in patient who
complains of dizziness)
a. Warm medium is used to test vesibular function in a patient with a low pretest
probability of a peripheral process
b. Mono-caloric testing (MCT) for unilateral vestibulopathy
c. Bi-thermic testing for patients with a high-pretest probability of a
peripheral process
6. Gag’s reflex CN 9 and 10 (glossopharyngeal and vagus)
a. By using a cotton applicator, the examiner stimulates the posterior pharynx
the patient will produce a gagging reaction (which may lead to vomiting in
some patients)
b. Pathological asymmetric response or absence of response when stimulating
one side
7. Rangsang meningeal
a. Kaku kuduk (nuchal rigidity)
i. Memeriksa kaku leher ke semua arah untuk periksai ada atau
tidaknya tahanan saat leher pasien dilakukan Gerakan fleksi (dagu
didekatkan ke sternum pasien) oleh pemeriksa
ii. Positif apabila ada tahanan
iii. Negative tidak ada tahanan
b. Kuduk kaku
i. Kanan kiri
c. Brudzinski I, II, III, IV (kepala) (V, VI extr bawah, tonus) *NGA
LENGKAP*
i. Brudzinski I ini cek pas kaku kuduk juga, jadi lihat ada fleksi nga
dari kedua lutut pasien
1. Positive bila kedua lutut pasien flexi
2. Negative tidak ada response
ii. Brudzinski II fleksi tungkai atas maksimal pada sendi panggul dan
tungkai bawah difleksi pada sendi lutut lalu periksa lutut
kontralateralnya
1. Positive dapat fleksi pada lutut kontralateral
iii. Brudzinski II memposisikan kedua lengan pasien di atas tubuh
dengan sudut lebih dari 90 derajat lalu tekan pada kedua os
zigomatikus pasien
1. Positive apabila kedua lengan pasien fleksi
2. Negative tidak berespons
Sensory test
1) Light touch dengan kapas dinilai kanan dan kiri
2) Pain and heat pin prick (bagian tajam dan tumpul) + tabung reaksi (panas dan dingin)
3) Vibration garpu tala yang digetarkan ujung garpu tala diletakkan
Nystagmus
1) Horizontal
2) Vertical
3) Rotational
4) Etiology vestibulocochlear dan perifer
a) Manuver dix-hallpike
b) +ve jika terjadi nystagmus
c) Untuk memperbaiki dengan manuver epley
5) Langkah-langkah
a) Posisi pasien duduk posisikan jari tangan atau pena sejauh jarak satu lengan sejajar
dengan mata pasien
b) Pasien memusatkan penglihatan ke jari atau pena dan mengikuti pergerakkan jari
pemeriksa dengan perlahan secara vertical dan horizontal
c) Saat mata pasien mengikuti pergerakan jari amati mata pasien apabila terdapat
nystagmus
d) Simetris, arah, fase cepat dan kea rah pandangan mana nystagmus paling jelas terlihat,
dan apabila perubahan arah pandangan mata juga merubah arah nistagmus
6) Dix-hallpike
a) Posisi pasien duduk tegak dekat dengan tepi dari tempat tidur
b) Pemeriksa memutar dan melakukan fiksasi pada kepala pasien 45 derajat ke salah satu
sisi
c) Dengan cepat, pemeriksa menjatuhan badan pasien dengan tangan pemeriksa
memposisikan kepala pasien 30 derajat lebih rendah dari bidang horizontal
d) Amati mata pasien menilai apabila terdapat nystagmus
e) Ulangi pemeriksaan dengan kepala diputar ke arah sebaliknya
f) 30 seconds
4. Trigeminal (sensory and motor) motor (otot mengunyak, membuka dan menutup
mulut dan menggerakkan rahang), sensorik (sensibilitas wajah, mukosa hidung, mulut
dan gigi)
Motoric
o Inspeksi kening dan pipi, apakah ada atrofi dari otot-otot masseter
dan temporalis
o Palpasi otot-otot tersebut sambil pasien merapatkan giginya sekuat
mungkin
Perhatikan tonus
Perhatikan kontraksinya
Laporan??
o Suruh pasien untuk menggigit ‘tongue depressor’
Paralysis otot pemeriksa bisa menarik tongue depressor
dengan mudah pada sisi yang lemah
o Suruh pasien buka mulutnya
Paralysis otot pterygoideus lateralis deviasi rahang kea rah
sisi lesi
Cara pemeriksa letakkan pen di depan hidung pasien secara
vertical ambil patokan gigi inciffivus atas dan bawah
pergeseran dari posisi gigi semula sewaktu membuka mulut
deviasi
o Suruh pasien untuk menggerakkan rahangnya dari satu sisi ke sisi lain
melawan tahanan
Paralisis otot di satu sisi pasien tidak mampu menggerakkan
rahangnya ke sisi yang berlawanan arah dengan otot yang
lumpuh
Sensorik
o Refleks wajab forehead, pipi, dagu (tutup mata) identifikasi,
garpu tala buat sensasi dingin
o Refleks kornea
Pasien diminta untuk melirik kea rah yang berlawanan dengan
arah yang akan dirangsang
Pemeriksa merangsang dengan mengadakan sentuh ringan
langsung ke kornea menggunakan ujung kapas
Perhatikan refleks kornea langsung dan refleks konsensual pada
mata kontralateral
Positif ada kedipan palpebra
o Refleks jaw
6. 7th nerve:
Asymmetrical face muscles are usually along with bone asymmetry facial
and skull bones
Nasolabial folds hypotrophic
Ipsilateral hemiparesis to diagnose central facial paresis (characterized by
paresis of lower facial muscles)
Central palsy angle of the mouth is depressed, lips are thin at the side of
damage
Alternating Miiar-Gubler’s syndrome peripheral palsy of the facial nerve
and contralateral hemiparesis intranatal hemorrhage in the pons
Tutup satu kuping, dan ke kupin satunya dan bisik a word or sentence
suruh pasien ulang
Normal child reacts to sounds loud noise cause to shut their eyes
1st phase of Moro’s reflex loud sounds cause the child to shudder or abduct
his arms
o Abrupt shuddering start reflex
Tendon reflex
o When tendon is tapped muscle contracts
o Hyporeflexia absent atau diminished
o Hyperreflexia hyperactive or repeating reflexed
o Grade:
0 = no response (abnormal)
1+ = slight but present response (bisa normal or abnormal
2+ = brisk response
3+ = very brisk response
4+ = a tap elicits a repeating reflex (abnormal)
Sensation
o Newborns react to hot and cold stimulus
Meningeal signs
o No nuchal rigidity due to open fontanels and sutures no tension of
meninges
o To check nuchal rigidity, harus stabilization of the thorax and neck flexure to
overcome physiologic hypertonicity of neck flexors
o Positive Kernig and lower Brudzinsky are normal until 4 – 6 months old
o Meninges tense, pulsating fontanel, general hyperestesia, opisthotonos,
hanging symptom increasing opisthotonos and leg flexion when lifting the
child
Congenital reflex
Oral group of reflexes (5, 7, 12th CN)
o Kussmaul’s reflex ambil pacifier terus coba kenain ke mulutnya dan lihat
anaknya buka mulut dan keluarin lidahnya sebagai reaksi dari stimulusnya nga
o Sucking reflex taro pacifier or finger ke dalam mulut bayi dan lihat ada
sucing nga
o Palm-mouth reflex of Babkin pressing on both thenars membuat bayinya
buka mulut slightly flex kepalanya (kadang keluarin lidahnya)
normal ada babkin’s reflex
Abnormal kalo babkin’s reflex itu nga ada
Active at 3 months ilang pas 4 months
Moro’s reflex (vestibular 8th nerve)
o hilang pas 3 – 6 bulan
o Pull infant’s arms saat dalam posisi supinasi letting go of the arms
causing sensation of falling.
o Has 2 phases
Arm abduction abduction of the upper extremities and extension of
the arms, fingers extend, slight extension of the neck and spine
Arm adduction arms adduct and the hands come to the front of the
body bar uke sampingnya
o Absence of Moro’s reflex or absence of the second phase pre- or intranatal
pathology involving vestibular nerve, low motor palsies, spastic paresis (kalo
ini dari absent exaggerated and persists)
o Exaggeration or spontaneous Moro’s reflex tectum of mesencephalon of
“start-reflex”, and low seizure
Magnus-Klein’s reflex (is the maturity of 8th and 9th nerves and their connections to
motor centers) or tonic neck reflex
o Passively turning the child’s head extremities extend kea rah dimana
kepalanya di miringkan, tangan biasanya naik, contralateral extremitis flex
(posturenya namanya swordsman posture), extensor’s tone is increased, terus
chinnya juga kea rah kepala yang dimiringkan
o Pre- and intranatal abnormalities can cause late development of this reflex
Grasping reflex
o Taro jari di tangan bayi (child’s palm), terus nanti bakal di genggam oleh bayi
o Reflexnya simetris nga PENTING
o Absent of reflex of ipsilateral side flaccid paralysis
Plantar reflex
o Pressing at the middle of the plantar foot child flex his toes
o Reflexnya simetris atau nga juga PENTING
Babinski’s reflex
o Gentle tickling of the foot child bakal extend the big toe and puts his other
toes in a fan-like fashion
o Simetris dan strength of the reflex
o Motor abnormality Babinsky is spontaneous and present earlier on the
involved side
o Udah nga ada setelah 1 tahun
Reflex in vertical position pegangin bayinya di ketek
Support reflex
o When child’s feet touch the table
o 1st stage flex his legs
o 2nd stage extends his legs against the table (planting his feet)
o Kalo cuman taro toes on the table motor dysfunction
o Planting of toe and crossing of legs spastic paresis
Automated ambulation
o When child’s body is slightly flexed (propulsion position) dia akan
menggerakan kakinya
o Tapi kalo kakinya stuck against each other leaning on the toes (ballet
dance’s posture) various degrees of spastic paresis
Reflex on abdomen position
Protective reflex
o Kalo lying on the abdomen bayi bakal turns his head to the side, nodding
several times buat coba naikin kepalanya
1 – 1.5 bulam protective reflex bakal jadi head elevation reflex
Absence of protective reflex and head elevation impairment of 8th
and 11th CN
Bauer’s reflex (crawling reflex)
o Kalo kakinya si bayi nempel sama tangan kita dia bakal bikin pergerakkan
swimming-like movements dan merangkak
o Abnormal crawling reflex menghilang e.g palsies
Spinal reflex of Galant
o Light stroking parallel to the spine buat anaknya flex his body jadi arc gitu
and flex ipsilateral limbs
o Reflex is absent flaccid or spastic palsies
Resusitasi
Breastfeeding
Tipe gendong bayi buat susu asi:
Cradle
Cross cradle
Football
Cara:
Kalau putting pendek susah bisa digigit sampe lecet. Karena seharusnya yang masuk
ke dalam mulut bayi adalah aerola, putting harusnya sampe di belakang lidah bayi
o Spuit yang dipotong ujung yang dipotong, dan taro di putting dan diisep
buat putting inverted atau ke dalam agar keluar agar bisa diisap bayi
Kelereng dan bola pingpong, setelah menjelaskan botol kaca lanjut menjelaskan bola
kelereng
Kelereng paling kecil 1 hari lambungnya bayi cuman kelereng paling kecil (asi dikit
nga papa awal” karena perutnya cuman sekecil itu)
Kelereng lebih besar 3 hari
Bola pingpong hari ke-7
Ngt dan spuit yang gede seorang ibu pasti bisa nyusuin anaknya kecuali ada gangguan
organic e.g tumor,
utk menghindari bingung putting, bayi juga disuruh nenen di payudara
terus di sudut mulut diselipin ngt tap inga di sogok sampe masuk
terus dorong spuit dikit”, jadi bayi merasa dinenenin sama ibunya
Implant
Oake handscoon steril
Spep tusuk 30 derajat subdermal aspiras
Anestesi tusuk aspirasi buat mastiin nga masuk ke pembuluh darah sampai lihat
nga ada gelembung disekitar kulitnya
Insisi 2 mm, sudut 45 derajat sampai intradermal
Masukin trochar 45 derajat posisi bevel up 30 derajat
Keluarin pendorong masukin implant ke trochar dorong
Pelepasan
Raba implant septik antiseptic dup steril insisi keluarin