E-COMMERCE

Lecturer: Msc. Phan Tran Duc Lien

2 Internet and World Wide Web
Learning objectives:
1. Explain the concept, origin, growth and current structure of the Internet;
2. Identify the key technology concepts of the Internet;
3. Describe the role of Internet protocols and utility programs;
4. Discuss how the World Wide Web works; and
5. Differentiate between Internet, Intranet and Extranet
““
“Internet” is “inter-network”
▸Interconnected network of thousands of networks and millions of
computers (host computers) linking businesses, educational institutions,
government agencies and individuals together.
The Internet
1. Origins and Growth of the Internet
Year Description
1960s • The US Department of Defence hired many of the best communications technology researchers
to explore the task of creating a worldwide network that could remain operational, even if parts
of the network were destroyed by enemy military action or sabotage.
• Early computer networks depend on leased telephone company lines for connections.
• Method sending information through multiple channels: files and messages are broken into
packets that are labelled electronically with codes for their origins, sequences and destinations.
1969 • The Defence Department researchers used this network called the ARPANET to connect
computers of the University of California at Los Angeles, SRI International, the University of
California at Santa Barbara and the University of Utah.
1972 • E-mail was born when a researcher wrote a programme that could send and receive messages
over the network. Mainly in the military and education research communities.
1979 – 1985 • The network applications were improved and tested
• The explosion of personal computer (PC) during the 1980s
The Internet
1. Origins and Growth of the Internet
Year Description
1986 • The Internet: The National Science Foundation (NSF) connected its huge network of five
supercomputer centres called NSFnet to the ARPANET.
1990s • Global resource: the network has grown from the Defence Department’s computers in 1969 to
more than 300,000 computers.
1995 • NSFnet decided to terminate its network on the Internet
• Variety of corporations, commercial firms and other companies provide networks to handle
the Internet traffic. These networks, along with telephone companies, cable and satellite
companies as well as the government contribute toward the internal structure of the Internet.
2000 - • In the early years of 2000, growth and domination of the search engine market by companies
present such as Google, Yahoo and others. Wi-Fi, a wireless Internet communication.
• Web 2.0 has allowed the development of interactive communication, real-time
communication, augmented reality and most importantly the development of mobile
commerce.
The Internet
2. The Internet Backbone
▸ The Internet’s backbone was formed by network service providers (NSPs): own and
control the major networks.
▸ The backbone has been likened to a giant pipeline that transports data around the
world in milliseconds.
▸ composed entirely of fiber optic cable, with bandwidths ranging from 155 Mbps to 2.5
Gbps.
Bandwidth
▸ Measures how much data can be transferred
over a communication medium within a fixed
period of time.
▸ Expressed in bits per second (bps), kilobits
(thousands of bits) per second (Kbps), megabits
(millions of bits) per second (Mbps) or gigabits
(billions of bits) per second (Gbps).
The Internet
2. The Internet Backbone
▸ An Internet service provider (ISP):
▹ A business that has a permanent Internet connection and offers temporary connections to individuals and
companies free of charge or for a fee.
▹ Two types of ISPs:
 Regional ISP: provides access to the Internet through one or more local telephone numbers to a specific
geographic area.
 National ISP: a large business provides local telephone numbers in major cities and towns nationwide.
• Local area network (LAN) connects to a service provider through a high- speed connection line leased from
the local telephone company.
 High-speed technologies:
• Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL): provides high-speed connections over the regular telephone line.
• Cable Television Internet Services: modem provides high-speed Internet connection through the cable
television network.
Key Technological Concepts of The Internet
▸ Six important basis concepts:
▹ Packet switching;
▹ Transmission control protocol (TCP)/Internet protocol (IP) communications protocol;
▹ Client/server computing;
▹ Intranet;
▹ Extranet;
▹ Internet II.
Key Technological Concepts of The Internet
1. Packet Switching
▸ Packet switching:
▹ A method of slicing digital messages into parcels called “packets”,
▹ Sending the packets along different communication paths as become available and then reassembling the
packets once arrive at their destination.
▹ Messages are first broken down into packets. In each packet, there is a digital code that indicates:
 Source address (the origination point);
 Destination address;
 Sequencing information; and
 Error-control information.
▹ The packets travel from one computer to another
computer until they reach their destination.
These computers are called routers.
Key Technological Concepts of The Internet
1. Packet Switching
▸ Circuit switching:
▹ A centrally controlled, single connection model;
▹ Used leased, dedicated telephone circuits to communicate with terminals and other computers;
▹ Form a single electrical path between caller and receiver, and is maintained for the entire length of the call;
▹ Expensive;
▹ Used up available communication capacity unnecessarily;
▹ Does not work as well for sending data across a large wide area network (WAN) or the Internet;
Key Technological Concepts of The Internet
1. Packet Switching
▸ Routers:
▹ Special purpose computers that interconnect thousands of different computer networks that make up the
Internet and route packets along ultimate destination as travel.
▹ The routers use computer programmes called routing algorithms: ensure that the packets take the best
available path toward destination.
Key Technological Concepts of The Internet
2. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) / Internet Protocol (IP)
▸ The Internet uses two main protocols:
▹ Transmission control protocol (TCP):
 Controls the disassembly of a message or a file into packets before it is transmitted over the Internet
 Controls the reassembly of those packets into their original formats when they reach their destination.
▹ Internet protocol (IP): specifies the address details for each packet, labelling each with the packet’s
origination and destination addresses.
▹ TCP/IP is divided into four separate layers:
 Network Interface Layer: responsible for placing packets on and receiving them from the network medium
(local area network (Ethernet), token ring network or other network technologies).
 Internet Layer: responsible for addressing, packaging and routing messages on the Internet.
 Transport Layer: responsible for providing communication with the application by acknowledging and
sequencing the packets to and from the application.
Key Technological Concepts of The Internet
2. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) / Internet Protocol (IP)
▸ The Internet uses two main protocols:
▹ TCP/IP is divided into four separate layers:
 Application Layer: the ability to access the services of the lower layers.
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP): used for transferring web pages.
• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP): used to send mails to a server.
• Post Office Protocol (POP): the client retrieves the mail from an Internet server by using POP.
• Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP): current e-mail protocol supported by many servers and all
browsers. allows users to search, organize and filter their mail prior to downloading it from the server.
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP): permits users to transfer files (documents, programmes or large
database files) from the server to their client machine and vice versa. FTP is the fastest and most
convenient way to transfer files larger than 1 megabyte.
Key Technological Concepts of The Internet
2. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) / Internet Protocol (IP)
▸ The Internet uses two main protocols:
▹ IP address:
 Every computer connected to the Internet must be assigned an
address, otherwise it cannot send or receive TCP packets.
 IP (Internet protocol version 4 (IPv4)) address: 32-bit numbers
that appear as a series of four separate numbers marked off by
periods . Each of the four numbers can range from 0 to 255.
 Internet protocol version 6 (IPv6): contains 128-bit addresses
Key Technological Concepts of The Internet
2. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) / Internet Protocol (IP)
▸ The Internet uses two main protocols:
▹ Domain Names
 Sets of words that are assigned to specific IP addresses.
 Can contain two or more word groups separated by periods.
 Ex: www.oum.edu.my/portfolio-items/bm/
• “my”: Malaysia;
• “edu”: the computer belongs to an educational institution;
• “oum”: Open University Malaysia
• “portfolio-items/bm/: name of a specific computer or group of computers at the university
• “www”: World Wide Web (WWW).

 The combination of the protocol name and the domain name is called uniform resource locator (URL).
Key Technological Concepts of The Internet
3. Client/Server Computing
▸ Clients:
▹ Powerful personal computers that are connected together in a network to one or more server computers. are
▹ Sufficiently powerful to accomplish complex tasks: displaying rich graphics, storing large files, processing
graphics and sound files - all on a local desktop or hand-held device.

▸ Servers:
▹ Networked computers dedicated to common functions that the client machines on the network need such as
storing files, software applications and utility programmes like Web connection and printers.
Key Technological Concepts of The Internet
3. Client/Server Computing
▸ Advantages of client/server computing:
▹ It is easy to expand capacity by adding servers and clients;
▹ It is less vulnerable than centralised computing architectures.
▹ The processing load is balanced over many powerful smaller machines rather than being concentrated in a
single huge machine that performs processing for everyone; and
▹ Both software and hardware in client/server environments can be built more simply and economically.
Key Technological Concepts of The Internet
4. Intranet
▸ Is a TCP/IP network located within a single organization for purposes of
communication and information processing;
▸ Handling the firm’s information processing and communication needs;
▸ Excellent low-cost;
▸ Uses web browsers and Internet-based protocol, including TCP/IP, FTP and HTTP;
▸ Compatible with the Internet, information from the intranet can be shared among
departments that use different technologies and among external consumers.
▸ Use intranets to reduce software maintenance and update costs for employees’
computer workstations
Key Technological Concepts of The Internet
5. Extranet
▸ Network that connects a company with its
suppliers, business partners or with other
authorized users.
▸ Participant has access to the database, files or
other information stored on computers
connected to the extranet.
▸ Can be set up through the Internet or can use a
separate network.
▸ Some extranets start out as intranets: provide
access of intranet data to extranet users.
Key Technological Concepts of The Internet
6. Internet II
▸ The second era of the Internet built by private corporations, universities and
government agencies.
▸ A consortium of more than 200 universities working with government agencies and
private businesses to make the Internet more efficient.
▸ To create a “giant test bed”: new technologies can be tested without impacting the
current Internet.
▸ Three primary goals of Internet II:
▹ Enable revolutionary Internet application;
▹ Ensure the rapid transfer of new network services and applications to the broader Internet community;
▹ Create a leading-edge high-speed network capability for the national research community.
Key Technological Concepts of The Internet
6. Internet II
▸ Some of the areas being focused :
▹ Advanced network architecture;
▹ New networking capabilities;
▹ Improved middleware;
▹ More advanced applications that incorporate video and audio.
▸ 100 Gbps East-West link: the improvements make possible:
▹ Feature film distribution to millions of viewers;
▹ Differentiated quality of service;
▹ Guaranteed service levels;
▹ Lower error rates.
The World Wide Web
1. Hypertext, Hypertext Mark-up Language (HTML) and Web Browsers
▸ Hypertext:
▹ A way of formatting pages with embedded links that connect one document to another.
▹ Links pages to other objects such as sound, video or animation files.
▹ List of Generic Top Level Domains
1980s 2001 and 2002 2003 2015 2019
.com .biz .asia .academy .com
.edu .info .cat .agency .edu
.gov .name .jobs .asia .gov
.mil .pro .mobi .bargains .co
.net .aero .tel .bid .net
.org .museum .travel .bike .org
The World Wide Web
1. Hypertext, Hypertext Mark-up Language (HTML) and Web Browsers
▸ Hypertext mark-up language (HTML):
▹ Provides web page designers with a fixed set of mark-up “tags” that are used to format a web page.
▹ When tags are inserted into a web page, they are read by the browser and interpreted into a page display.
The World Wide Web
1. Hypertext, Hypertext Mark-up Language (HTML) and Web Browsers
▸ Hypertext mark-up language (HTML):
▹ The function is to define the structure and style of a document including the headings, graphic positioning,
tables and text formatting.
▹ HTML web pages can be created through the following ways:
 By using text editor such as Notepad or Word pad; or
 By using Microsoft Word (simply save the Word document as a web page); or
 By using any one of several web page editors.

▸ Web browsers
▹ Display web pages.
▹ Ex: Chrome (64.9%), Firefox (21.5%), Internet Explorer (7.1%), Safari (3.8%) and Opera (1.6%).
The World Wide Web
2. Applications of the Internet and World Wide Web (Web)
The World Wide Web
2. Applications of the Internet and World Wide Web (Web)
▸ E-mail
▹ Uses a series of protocols to enable messages containing text, images, sound and video clips to be transferred
from one Internet user to another.
▹ Allows attachments (documents, images, audio or video clips).
▹ E-commerce: email is a very effective marketing tool.

▸ Search Engine
▹ Websites such as Google and Yahoo!
▹ Identifies web pages that appear to match keywords (queries), typed by the user and provides a list of the best
matches.
The World Wide Web
2. Applications of the Internet and World Wide Web (Web)
▸ Intelligent Agents (Bots)
▹ Software robots (bots): software programmes that gather and/or filter information on a specific topic and then
provide a list of results for the user.
▹ Different types of bots used in e- commerce on the Web.
▹ Shopping Bot:
 Search online retail sites all over the Web and then report back on the availability and pricing of a range of
products.
▹ Update Bot:
 Allows the user to monitor for updates on the Web and will e-mail the user when a selected site has new or
updated information.
The World Wide Web
2. Applications of the Internet and World Wide Web (Web)
▸ Instant Messaging (IM)
▹ Displays words typed on a computer almost instantaneously.
▹ Recipients can respond immediately to the sender, making the communication like a live conversation.
▹ Some advantages:
 Connects people from everywhere;
 Enable virtual conference without getting all the relevant people;
 staff can also talk to customers or vendors online;
 customer service: boost revenues and customer satisfaction.
The World Wide Web
2. Applications of the Internet and World Wide Web (Web)
▸ Chat
▹ Enables users to communicate via computer in real time
▹ Can only work between two people, can occur between several users.
▹ For many websites, developing a community, chat can be a service that enables to further bond and network,
endearing further to the website.
▹ Used frequently in distance learning, for class discussions and online discussions sponsored by a company.
The World Wide Web
2. Applications of the Internet and World Wide Web (Web)
▸ Cookies
▹ Cookies are a tool used by websites to store information about a user.
▹ Contain any information desired by the site designers: including customer number, pages visited, product
examined and other detailed information on the behavior of the customer at the site.
▹ roles of cookies:
 Useful to consumers because the site will recognize the returning patrons and not ask them to register
again;
 Personalize a site by allowing the site to recognize returning customers and make special offers to them
based on their past behavior
 Permit customization and market segmentation through the ability to change the product or the price based
on prior consumer information;
 Pose a threat to consumer privacy and at times they are bothersome.
The World Wide Web
3. Web 2.0 Features and Services
▸ Social Media
▹ Facebook, Instagram, twitter, WhatsApp, YouTube and others
▹ Allows users to communicate and give feedback in real time and reach people locally, regionally, nationally and
internationally.
▹ People gain accurate and updated information as these platforms are updated every second.

▸ Blog
▹ As a weblog: a personal web page that typically contains a series of chronological entries (newest to oldest) by
its author and links to related web pages;
▹ Include a blog roll and trackbacks;
▹ Allow readers to post comments;
▹ Hosted by a third-party site such as Blogger.com (Google), LiveJournal, TypePad, Xanga, WordPress,
Microsoft’s Windows Live Spaces or prospective blog that is hosted by the user’s ISP.
The World Wide Web
3. Web 2.0 Features and Services
▸ Really Simple Syndication (RSS)
▹ Is an XML format that allows users to have digital content including text, articles, blogs and podcast audio
files automatically sent to computers over the Internet.
▹ RSS aggregator software application install on computer gathers materials from websites and blogs that tell
it to scan and it will bring new information from those sites
▹ Sometimes this is referred to as „syndicated‰ content because it is distributed by news organizations and
other syndicators or distributors.
▹ RSS has turned from a “techie” pastime to a broad-based movement.
The World Wide Web
3. Web 2.0 Features and Services
▸ Podcasting
▹ An audio presentation such as a radio show, audio from a movie or simply a personal audio presentation which is
stored as an audio file and posted to the Web.
▹ Listeners download the files from the Web and play them on their players or computers.
▹ A professional news and talk content distribution channel.

▸ Wiki
▹ A web application that allows users to easily add and edit content on a web page.
▹ Are open source server-side systems that store content in a relational database.
▹ Provide a means to verify the validity of changes via a “Recent changes” page.
▹ The Wikimedia Foundation: operates Wikipedia, Wikibooks, Wikinews, Wikitionary.
The World Wide Web
3. Web 2.0 Features and Services
▸ Internet Television
▹ Streaming Flash-based Video: provided by YouTube
▸ Downloaded Video Podcasts:
▹ Apple’s iTunes and video podcasts TV
▸ High-definition Streaming Files that Use IPTV Protocol
▹ Uses high-bandwidth Internet connections to deliver television programmes to the homes of viewers.
▹ Standard quality television requires about 3 Mbps Internet connectivity using MPEG2 compression but high
definition TV requires about 19 Mbps.
THANK YOU! Any questions?