Intermediate Algebra 12th Edition Lial Solutions Manual Download

Solution Manual for Intermediate Algebra 12th
edition Lial Hornsby and McGinnis 0321969359

9780321969354
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Chapter 4 (c) 290  (290 )  1
Exponents, Polynomials, and (d) 80 150  11  0

Polynomial Functions
N2. (a) 50  1
4.1 Integer Exponents and Scientific Any real number (except 0) raised to the
power zero is equal to 1.
Notation
(b) Since x  0, 5x  0 and (5x)0  1.

Classroom Examples, Now Try Exercises
1. Apply the product rule for exponents, if (c) 50  (50 )  1
possible.
(d) 100  90  11  0
(a) m  m  m
8 6 86
m 14
1
3. (a) 65 
(b) m5  p4 cannot be simplified further because 65
the bases m and p are not the same. The 4 1

product rule does not apply. (b) 2x  , x0
 2x 
4
(c) Use the associative and commutative
 1  7
(c) 7 p  7  
4
properties to group constants together and , p0
variables together.  p 4  p4
5 p4   
9 p5   5  9  p4 p5  
1 1 1 2


1
 45 p 45 (d) 41  21     
4 2 4 4 4
 45 p9
1
N3. (a) 94 
(d) (3x2 у3)(7xу4 )  37 x2 xy3 у4 94
  21x21 y34 1
(b) 3y 6  , y0
 21x у 3 7
3y  6
282 Chapter 4 Exponents, Polynomials, and Polynomial Functions  1  4
(c) 4k 3  4  ,
N1. Apply the product rule for exponents, if k0
possible.  3 
 k  k3
(a) 85 84  854  89 1 1
(d) 41  61    3  2  5 
(b) r7  r  r71  r8 4 6 12 12 12
(c) p2  q2 cannot be simplified further because 1 1 1 43

4. (a)   1  1  43  64
the bases p and q are not the same. The 3 1 3 1
4 4
product rule does not apply. 43
(d) (5x4 у7 )(7xу3 )  57 x4 xу7 у3 1
33 3
 35x41 y73 (b)  3  1  1  1  9


91 1 33 9 3 3 1
 35x5 y10
9
2. (a) 290  1   9  9  1
1
Any real number (except 0) raised to the 27 1 27 3

power zero is equal to 1.
(b) 29  1
0
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

4.1 Integer Exponents and Scientific Notation 283
1 1 1 53
      
 
3
 3
3
N4. (a) 2
33 x 2 23 6
3x
53 5 125 (c)  27x 27 x
1 1 53 1 1     ,
 
3
3
 y3  y3  3 y9
53
  y
10 2 12 y0
(b)  10  1 1  1 25 4
    4 4
2

25
1 10 2
25 102 1 7. (a)  3 3 81
   
   

2 5  3  2  24 16
1 32 32 84 8  1 5  2x 5
    
100 1 100 25  4 25 (b)     
2x 1
    
 2x  25 x5  32x5 , x  0
5. Apply the quotient rule for exponents, if 5
possible.
N7. (a)  1   3   3 9

8 1 2 2 2
(a) m  m813  m 5  m0
13 5
3 1 2
,
m m     1
68  5 3
3 3 33 27
56 68 2
 
(b) 5 5  5 , or 25 (b)      5 3 125
58  3  5
 x3
  2(5)  10
5 1
(c) , y  0, cannot be simplified because 8. (a) 4 2  4  4  10
y 5 4
the bases x and у are different. The quotient

(b) x4  x6  x8  x    x2 
4 6 8 1
rule does not apply.
x2
N5. Apply the quotient rule for exponents, if
2
2
m n m 
4 2
2 n
possible. 2 2 m n


t (c)  
 t82  t6 , t  0 m3n
(a)
8 m3n m3n
43 21
t2 m4 n2 
4   
(b) 5  52 7 m n


m3 n
4 4  m43n3  m1n3 
1
42 mn3
m4
(c) , n  0, cannot be simplified because  2 y 2  4 y 1
n3
(d)  x3   x 
the bases m and n are different. The quotient    
rule does not apply. 22 y2 41 y1
 6  1
6. (a) (r5 )4  r5  4  r 20 x x
2 1 1
24 y

   32  y5 
5 2 
 9 y10
2 2
(b) 3 y 5   9 y x5
22 y y
 3 3 33 27  4x5  x5

284 Chapter
(c) 4 Exponents,
 Polynomials, and Polynomial Functions
    1
 4   x3 
43
3
64 N8. (a) x  x  x  x
8 4 814
 3n4  (3)3 n43 27n12 x3

(d)  m2   m23   m6 1
  32  6 
(b) (53 )2  5  5 
3 56
N6. (a)  9x   93 x3  729x3
  m 
4 4
 2 
4
(b) 2m3  3
 16m3  4  16m12

(c) p2q4  p2 q4 N10. (a) Move the decimal 10 places to the right.


 
p2q1 p2 q1 4.451010  44, 500, 000, 000
 p2(2) q4(1) (b) Move the decimal 5 places to the left.

p 4 5.9 105  0.000059
 p4q3 
q3 200, 000  0.0003 2 105  3104
11. 
3 2 0.06 6 102
(d)  2x   5x 
2 2
   2  3105 104
 y2   y   2
    6 10
2
23 x6 5 x
4
2  3101
 6  
y y2 6 102
2 23
23 x6 5 x4  103
 6
y6 y2  1103  1000
8x10 8x10
 
5 0.00063 400, 000 6.3104  4 105
2
y4 25y4
N11. 
1400  0.000003 1.4 103  3106
9. (a) Move the decimal to the right of the first
6.3 4 104 105
nonzero digit. Count 7 places from the 
decimal point (understood to be after the 1.4  3103 106
last 0) to the caret. Use a positive exponent 6.3 4 101
on 10 since 29, 800, 000  2.98. 
1.4  3103
29, 800, 000  2.98107 6.3 4
 104
(b) Move the decimal to the right of the first 1.4 3
nonzero digit. Count 8 places. Use a  6 104  60, 000
negative exponent on 10 since
0.000 000 0503  5.03. 12. d  rt, so
0.000 000 0503  5.0310 8 d
t
N9. (a) Move the decimal to the right of the first r
nonzero digit. Place a caret after the first 9.3107 9.3  73
   10  2.9 104.
nonzero digit, 7. Count 9 places from the 3.2 103 3.2
decimal point (understood to be after the
last 0) to the caret. Use a positive exponent N12. d  rt, so
on 10 since 7,560, 000, 000  7.56. (b) Move the decimal 4 places to the left.
7,560, 000, 000  7.56 109 6.8104  0.00068
(b) Move the decimal to the right of the first
nonzero digit. Count 7 places. Use a
negative exponent on 10 since
0.000 000 245  2.45.
0.000 000 245  2.45  107
10. (a) Move the decimal 3 places to the right.
2.51103  2510
286 Chapter 4 Exponents, Polynomials, and Polynomial Functions
d
t [Note that 30, 000, 000, 000  31010.]
r
1.2 101531010

1.2
 101510
3
 0.4 105  4.0 104 , or 40, 000 secondsIt
would take 4.0 104 seconds.
Exercises
ab
2
1.  a2b2 by a power rule. Since
a2b2  ab2 , the expression (ab)2  ab2 has
been simplified incorrectly. The exponent
should apply to both a and b.

2. (5x)3  53 x3 is correct. 19. r 2  s4 cannot be simplified because the product

rule does not apply.
 4 3 4 3
3.    3 , a  0 20. p3  q2 cannot be simplified because the
 a  a
 4 3 43 product rule does not apply.
43 43
Since  , the expression    has
a3 a a a 21. (a) 90  1 B
been simplified incorrectly.
4. у  у  у
2 6 26
у 8
(b) 90   90     1  1 C
(c) 9  1 B

0
Since у8  у12 , the expression у2  у6  у12
has been simplified incorrectly.

(d) 9  1 C
0
5. x3  x4  x34  x7 is correct.
22. (a) 8x0  81  8  D 
6. xу  x  у  x 1  x
0 1 0
Since x  0, the expression xу0  0 has been (b) 8x0  81  8  E 
simplified incorrectly.
(c) (8x)0  1 B
7. Your friend multiplied the bases, which is
incorrect. Instead, keep the same base and add (d) (8x)0  1 B
the exponents.
45  42  452  47 23. 150  1, since a0  1 for any nonzero base a.

8. Do not divide the bases. 24. 190  1, since a0  1 for any nonzero base a.
65 7776 
 
32 9
864 (not 8) 25. 80   80     1  1
9. 134 138  1348  1312 26. 100   100     1  1
10. 116 114  1164  1110
27. 250  1 since 25 is in parentheses.
11. 8 8  8 8  8
9 9 1 91
8 10
0
28. 30  1 since 30 is in parentheses.

12. 12126  121 126  1216  127
29. 30  3  11  2

0
13. x  x  x  x
3 5 9 359
x 17
30. 50  5  1 1  2
0
14. у  у  у  у  у
4 5 6 456 15
31. 30  30   1 1  0
15. 3w 9w   39 w

5 3 53
 27w8
32. 50  50  11  0

16. (5x2 )(3x4 )  5 (3)x24  15x6 33. 40  m0  11  2
34. 80  k 0  11  2


17. (2x2 у5 ) 9xу3    2  9  x у
21 53
 18x3 у8
18. 8s t 3s t   83s

4 3 5 43 15
t  24s7t6 35. (a) 52 
1

1
B
52 25
1 1
(b) 52     D 
2
5 25


2 1 1 4 1 1
(c) 5   B 49. а   
5 2 25 a 4
a4
2 1 1 6 1 1
(d)  5    D 50. b  
52 25 b6 b6
1 1 1 1
36. (a) 43   C 51. 3x
3
 
3x 27x3
3 3
4 64
1 1
(b)  43   
64  D 52. 2x
5
 1 1
 32x5

3 5
4
3 1 1 1
 2x 
(c) 4     D  1 1 6 5 11
43 64 64 53. 5  6 

1 1
   
5 6 30 30 30
3 1 1 1
(d)  4    C 1 1 1 1 4 1 5
54. 2  8     
43 64 64 2 8 8 8 8
1 1 1 1 3 8 5
37. 54  , or 55. 81  31     
54 625 8 3 24 24 24
1 1 1 1 2 3 1
38. 72  , or 56. 61  41     
72 49 6 4 12 12 12
1 1 1 1 2 1 3
39. 35  , or 57. 21  41       
35 243 2 4 4 4 4
1 1 1 1 3 1 4
40. 83  , or 58. 31  91        
83 512 3 9 9 9 9
1 1 1
41. 9  
1
59.  42  16
91 9 42
1 1
42. 141   60. 1  33  27
141 14 33
1 1 1 2
43. (4x)2    3
61. 2  3  27
 4x  2 42 x2 16x2 33 22 4

3 2
3 1 1 1 62. 3  2  4
44. (5t)    22 33 27

5t  3
53t3 125t3
4
48 
63. 86 2
 4  4 , or 16

2


45. 4x
x 2 46
5 59 97 2
46. 5t 
3 64.  5 , or 25
t3 5
1 57
3 65. x12  128 4
x

47. а

 x
 x8
a3
1 y14  1410
48. b  
4
66.  y 
 y4
b4 y10

r7
 6x  3
1   6  x 2  3  216x6
3
 r710  r 3  3
2
67. 10
85.
r
 2x 
r 5
  2  x5  5  32x 25
5 5
8 86.
y 1
68.
y12  y
812
 y4  4 3
 4m2  4
3
y m2  3 64m6 64m6
64 4(2) 42 6
87.    
69. 6 6  t  t3 t3 t3
6
2
5 n4  3
3
6  5n4  3
125n12
75 53 53 8 88.     

7 7 7  r2  r2  3

70. 3 r6
 
7
 
89.  s    1 s  s
3 3 4 4 3 4
71. 6  637  610  1
12
 
 
6 7
6 10  t5  t5 4
t 20
 
 54  42 
90. 2a    2  a
1 4 6 6 46
72.
52  5  5 6  56  64a
24


 b5  b 56
b30
7  
73.  71(1)  72 , or 49 1 1
1 3
71 91. (a)  3 B
   
 8 3  1 
74.  81(1)  82 , or 64 
81  1 1
 3 1
(b)         3  D 
3 1
 r 3     
75. r6  r3(6)  r36  r3 1 1
(c)   1 
 
 3   3  D 
   
 
 4  3  1 
76. s  s48  s48  s4
s8  1 1  3 1

(d)         3  3 B

3 3 1
x
cannot be simplified because the quotient    
77.
y 2 2 2
2
rule does not apply. 
92. (a) 
 
 5 

25  A 
 
   
y5 5 2 4
78.  2  2 2 25
t3
cannot be simplified because the quotient (b)      5   (A)

 5  2



4
rule does not apply.    
79. (x3 )6  x3  6  x18  2 2  5 2

(c)   5     2    25
4 (B)
   
у   у5  4  у20
4
5
80.
 2 2  5 2 25
3
(d)           (B)
3 5 2 4
81.  3   3  27    
 
 5  53 125  1 3  4 3 3
 4  64
 4    1 
2
93.
2
82.  4   4  16    
 
3 32 9  1 2  5 2 2
3 94.   5  25
5  1 
3 3 3
83. 4t   4 t  64t    
2 3  3 3
5t  95.     2   3
4 3
84.  54 t4  625t 4 27
3  8
3 2
   


 3 3  2 3 23 8 113. (k 2 )3 k 4  k 2(3) k 4
 
96.      33 27
2 3
     k 6 k 4
 4 2  5 2 52 25
 k 6  4
 
97.      42 16
5 4
   
 k 2
 5 2  4 2 42 16 
1
 
98.  4     52 25 2
5
    k
 2t  4
3 4 3 4
81 114. (x3 )4 x5  x3(4) x5
 
99.      24 t4 16t4
3 2t
   
 x12 x5
 3z 3  4 3 43 64
 x12  5
 
  
3 3 3
100.   3 z 27z
4 3z
   
 x7
 1  2
 4x  2 2
4 x 2
2 1
101.      2  16x 
 4x   1  1 x7
 1 3  5x 3 5 3 x3 115. 4r2 (r4 )2  4r2 (r8 )
3
102.  5x      3  125x 28
   1  1  4r
 x 5  2 5 25 32  4r6
 
103.  2     x5 x5  
x
    116. 2m 1(m3 )2  2m 1(m6 )
t 4  4 4  2m16
104.     t   4t4  256
4
5
4 t4
     2m
105. 35 36  35(6)  31  1  1 117. (5a1 )4 (a2 )3  54 a1 4a2(3)
31 3
 54 a4 a6
1 1
106. 44  46  4
4  (6)
 42  , or  54 a46
16
42  54 a10
3  2  (4) 1 54 625
107. a3a2a4  a  a5   
a5 a10 a10
1 118. (3 p4 )2 ( p3 )1  32 p4  2 p3(1)

108. k 5k 3k 4  k 5  (3)  4  k 4 
k4  32 p8 p3
3 2 3(2) 6  32 p83
109. 5  5 5  32 p11
4  2
4
 44(2)  48 32 9
110.  
p 11 p11
 x   x
4
3
4(3) 1
 x12 
119. (z4 x3 )1  z   x  
111. 4 1 3 1
x12
 z4 x3
112.  x   x
3 6 3(6)
x 18 1
 18
x z4

x3


120. ( y2 z4 )3  y2(3) z4(3) 4a5 (a1 )3 4a5a13 4a5a3
129.  
 y6 z12 (a2 )2 a22 a4
y6  4a534

z12  4a2
 
4
121. 7k 2  2k  4k 5
0
 7  2  k 2 k 1 
a2
 14k 21 2 3 4 2 12
12k (k ) 12k k
130. 
 14k 3
6k 5 6k 5

122. 3а2 5а6 2а  0
 35 а2а6 1 
12 2125
6
k
 15а26  2k 5
15
 15а4   131. The first step may be the most confusing.
a4 4 2 4 2
( y )  (1 y2 )
123. ( p2 )0 1 p4 p4  1 ( y4 )2
 
5 p4 5 5  1 y 42  y8
(m4 )0 1 m3 m3 It is not necessary to include these steps once

124.   the concept of squaring a negative is committed
9m3 9 9
to memory.
8
125. m2n8  m2(6) n83  m8n11  m  y 
4 2
y42

m6n3 n11 1
6 y5 6 y51

a9b6 a93b6(4)  a12b10 b10
126.   12 y8
a3b4 a 
6 y5
3 pq q 3 p1q12 3 pq
2 3
1
127.
6 p 2q 4   
6 p2q4 6 p2q4 6 y5 y8
1 12 34 1
 p q 
21 1 1 1 1 1 6 y13
 p q    
   
4
2 2 p1 q1 2 m1 2  14 m 1 4 

 
132.

1 9m 3 2
 9m 32
2 pq
2m4

8xy  y 3
8x1 y13 8xy4
91 m
4 6
128. 4x5 y4  4x5 y4  4x5 y4
  15 44 
2m4  6
2x y
296 Chapter 4 Exponents,4Polynomials, and Polynomial Functions
 2x y 0

91
10
2 2m
  9
4
x

2k  2 p 
2
m5 22 k 2m5
3
 2 p 3 3 p4 1
133.  3 p  4 1
3 137. 
 2  
q
 q 4 
km k 3m3
2 k 2 23 53
m
  q     q 
2
3 4 1
23 p3 31 p4
 22 k 5m2  6  4
q q
2 2 k5 4k 5
 
3 34
m2 m2 2 p
 31 q64
2
3rs  32 r 2 s2 8 p1 8
134.  32 r 2 s4  
32 r 2 s4  3q10 3 pq10
 322 r22 s24 3 3
 5z3   8a1 
 34 r4 s2 138.  2a2   15z2 
2    
4s 4 s2
  4 53 z9 83 a3
3 r 81r  
23 a6 153 z6
1 2 1
 3k 2   2  (3k )  2 23 a6a3153
135.  4  k (k 4 )1 k  3 9 3 6
k 5 z 8 z
 
31k 2 2  15 3  2 3 a63
   5   8  z96
k 4k1    
31 2k 2 33 a9 27a9
  43 z15 
k 3 64z15
k 2k 3 22 y4 ( y3 )1  y4 y3 y2
 
3 139.
25 y2 252
2k5
 y
432
y
9
3  
2
23 8
 7m2  m3 72 m22 m3
136.      31 m4 (m2 )1 m4m2m2
 m3    
 
4 3 2 4 140. 2
m 2 1 2
  3 m 33
m4  m3 m422
 
72 4m6 312
m436 m4 m4
  
72 4 33 27
m m 2
   5m4n3  2
72  4 196 
141.    5m n

 9 5

 m5n2 
 
  n 
2 2
 52 m9 5
1 18 10
 m n
52
n10

25m18

 3r 
2
  8x 10 y7 r 5 2r6
2 2

2 2
142.  8x6 y3  146.
 
 x4 y4  2 3  

 
у 
2 10 2
2 r r
 8 (x ) 7
32 r22r 5 2 62

1 20 14 r2r3 2 r 
 x y 12
32 r4 r5 2
 
2
8 
r 2r3 2 r
x20
  32  22 r 451223
64 y14
 32  22 r14
3
 3x4 y6   x10 y1 
3
32 22 36
143.    
15x6 y7   5 
14 14
    r r
3
 5 
 2m p   4m p 
2
3 2
 2 2
 x10 y1 
  147.
 3mp   2m p 
1 3
125 4 3 4
 30 3
x y 22 m4 p6 42 m4 p2
125 y3  31 m1 p4 23 m9 p12 Power rule

x30 4  3 m
1
 44
 p  62
 p 
3 

 4a3b2 

3

 a2b6  19 412 Product rule

4 2 m
2 3
144.  
12a5b4   3 
    3m0 p4
3 3 
  2  423 m48
8 8
a b6 
p
  3( p )
 Quotient rule
27 32m8

a6b18
27a6 3 p4 3
 
 32m8 32m8 p4
b18
2k 2 k3 
5 y z  2 yz 
2 2 k 2 k3  

145. (5k 2 )3  3 ) 148. 3 4 32

(53 k 2 2
  3 y z 
5 1
1 5
k k k21k5 5 10 y4 z 3 2
2 k 3 6 2 6 8 2 2 10
 (5 k )

5 y z 2 y z
k 6 Power rule
10 y12 z331 y3 z2
 22 k11 (53 k 6 )
 25(3 2) y 123z 32

1 62 810
2 53 k116
2 10 (2 ) y z Product rule
22 k17 4k17 53y 4 z2
  
53 125 2 4 y9 z1
15 y49 z21

8
Quotient rule
5 3
15 y z

8
15

8 y5 z3

 3y x  4 y x  x 
4 1
3 3 4 2 2
 p2 q1 
2  p3 4q2   pq5 
3
 
149. 151.  2   5   2 
  
3 2
3 2
18x y y 3
x 3
 2p   3q   q 
p4q2 p3 41 q2 p3q15

 3y x
3 3

4 y4 x2 x 8   
22 p4 31 q5q6
Power rule
18x3 y2 y9 x6 Power rule 1 433 2215
4 p q
 Product rule
12x328 y34 2231 p4q56
 Product rule 4 15
18x36 y29
3p q
 2
2x3 y7 2  4 p4q1

3x3 y11 3 p44q151
 Quotient rule
2x33 y711 44
 Quotient rule
3 3 p8q14
4 
2y 16

3 3 p8
2 
 4 16q14
3y
1 2 1
 a6b2   6a2   2b1a2 
150.  2m x  3m x 
3 2
1
4
3
152.  2a 2    5b4 
   3b2 
 
     

3 5
m2 x3
 m x 2

a 6b2 62 a 4 21 b1 a 2 Power rule
21 m3 x2 33 m12 x3 21 a2 52 b8 31b2

 m6 x9 m10 x5
Power rule 62  23a642b21

2 2 82 Product rule
m312 x23 5 2a b

12 3
233 m610 x95 Product rule  363a2 6b
m15 x5 25a b

54m x 4 4 108a122b36
 Quotient rule
m154 x54 25
 Quotient rule 108a14b9

54 
25
m11x9
 108b9
54 
1 25a14

54m11x9 153. In scientific notation, a number is written with a
decimal point after the first nonzero digit and
multiplied by a power of 10. A number written
in scientific notation is expressed in the form
a 10n , where 1  a  10 and n is an integer.

154. (a) 16.8105 is not in scientific notation 162. Move the decimal to the right of the first
because the decimal point is not after the nonzero digit. Count 8 places. Since the number
first nonzero digit. The correct notation is 9.76 is to be made larger, the exponent on 10 is
positive. Also, affix a negative sign in front of
16.8105  1.68106.
the number.
(b) 6 109 is in scientific notation. 976, 000, 000  9.76 108
(c) 0.2 102 is not in scientific notation 163. $1, 000, 000, 000  $1109
because the decimal point is not after the
$1, 000, 000, 000, 000  $11012
first nonzero digit. The correct notation is
0.2 102  2 103. $3, 800, 000, 000, 000  $3.81012
257,891  2.57891105
155. Move the decimal to the right of the first
nonzero digit. Count 2 places. Since the number
164. 365, 482, 000  3.65482 108
5.3 is to be made larger, the exponent on 10 is
positive. 677, 000  6.77 105
530  5.3102 2, 271, 343, 000  2.271343109
nonzero digit. Count 3 places. Since the number 165. 7.2 104  72, 000
1.6 is to be made larger, the exponent on 10 is Move the decimal point 4 places to the right
positive. because of the positive exponent. Attach extra
zeros.
1600  1.6 103
157. Move the decimal to the right of the first 166. 8.91102  891
nonzero digit. Count 1 place. Since the number Move the decimal point 2 places to the right
8.3 is to be made smaller, the exponent on 10 is because of the positive exponent.
negative.
167. 2.54 103  0.002 54
0.830  8.3101 Since the exponent is negative, move the
158. Move the decimal to the right of the first decimal point 3 places to the left.
168. 5.42 104  0.000 542
7.2 is to be made smaller, the exponent on 10 is
negative. Since the exponent is negative, move the
decimal point 4 places to the left.
0.0072  7.2 103
169. 6 104  60, 000
nonzero digit. Count 6 places. Since the number Move the decimal point 4 places to the right
6.92 is to be made smaller, the exponent on 10 because of the positive exponent. Attach extra
is negative. zeros.
0.00000692  6.92 106 170. 9 103  9000
160. Move the decimal to the right of the first Move the decimal point 3 places to the right
nonzero digit. Count 1 place. Since the number because of the positive exponent. Attach extra
8.75 is to be made smaller, the exponent on 10 zeros.
is negative.
171. 1.2 105  0.000 012
0.875  8.75101 Since the exponent is negative, move the
161. Move the decimal to the right of the first decimal point 5 places to the left.
172. 2.7 106  0.000 002 7
3.85 is to be made larger, the exponent on 10 is
positive. Also, affix a negative sign in front of Since the exponent is negative, move the
the number. decimal point 6 places to the left.
38, 500  3.85104

12 104 12 104 179. 20, 000  0.018 2 104 1.8102

  
173.
2 106 2 106 300  0.0004 3102  4 104
 6 1046 2 1.8 104 102

 
 6 102 3 4 102 104
 0.06  0.3104224
5  0.03104
174. 16 10  16 1058  3000

8 4
410
 4 103 840, 000  0.03 8.4 105  3102
180. 
 0.004 0.00021 600 2.1104  6 102
8.4  3
3102 3102   105242
175.  2.1 6
12 10 3 1.2 104 4
2  105
3 10 2
 
1.2 104  2 105
 2.5106  200, 000
 0.000 0025
181. (1.5E12) * (5E 3)
176.
5103 5  32
25102  25  10 
 1.51012 510 3

  0.2 105 
 1.5 5 10123 
  0.000002  7.5109

0.051600 5102 1.6 103 182. (3.2 E 5) * (3 E12)

  
177.
0.0004 4 104  3.2 105 31012
51.6 102 103


4

104 
 3.2  3 10512 
 2 10234  9.6 107
 2 105 183. 8.4 E14/(2.1E 3)
 200, 000
8.4 104

0.003 40, 000 310  4 10
3 4
2.1103
178. 
0.00012 1.2 104 8.4 104
 2.1  3
3 4 1034 10

12 101 104  4 10143 
2.5101
 1103414  4 1017
0
2
 1106 10
184. (2.5 E10)/(2 E 3
 1, 000, 000
2.5 1010
 
2 103

3)
 1.251010 
3
 1.251013

185. (a) 317.4 million  317, 400, 000 189. Since d  rt, t 
d
. Divide the distance
 3.174 108 r
traveled by the speed of light.
(b) $1, 000, 000, 000, 000  $11012 9 1012 9 1210 2
 310
(c) Divide the amount by the number of people  10
31010 3
to determine how much each person would It will take 300 seconds.
have to contribute. d 7
$11012 190. Use d  rt, or  t, where d  9.310 and
 $0.3151104 r
3.174 108 r  2.9 103.
 $3151 9.3107 9.3  73 

    4
In 2014, each person in the United States

10 3.2 10
would have had to contribute about $3151 2.9 103 2.9
in order to make someone a trillionaire. It would take about 3.2 104 or 32,000 hours.
Note that there are 24 365  8760 hours in
186. (a) 317.4 million  317, 400, 000 one year.
 3.174 108 32, 000 hours

 3.7 years
8760 hours/ year
(b) $17, 270, 000, 000, 000  $1.727 1013
191. First find the number of seconds in a year.

(c) Divide the amount by the number of people.
1 year  365 days
$1.727 1013
 $0.5441110 5  36524 hr
3.174 10 8
 8760 hr
 $54, 411
In 2014, the national debt is about $54,411  8760 60 min
per person.  525, 600 min
 525, 600 60 sec
187. Divide 1.22 1010 by 4.0 105.
1.22 1010  31, 536, 000 sec
 0.305105  3.1536 107 sec

4.0 105
 3.05104 Now use d  rt and multiply the rate light
travels by the number of seconds in a year.

The population of Monaco is about 3.05104.
1 light year  (1.86 105 mi/sec)
188. If x represents the amount that each person
 (3.1536 107 sec)
should expect to pay, then
2000 x  8.009 107.  1.86 3.15361057

8.009 107  5.87 1012 mi
x 
2 103 There are about 5.87 1012 miles in a light
year.
8.009 107
  d
2 103 192. Use d  rt, or  t, where d  9.3107 (the
 4.0045104  40, 045

r distance from the sun to the Earth) and
Each person should expect to pay about r  1.86 105 (the speed of the sunlight).
$40,045. 9.3107 9.3  75

  10  5102
1.86 105 1.86
It would take 500 seconds or

500
 8.3 minutes.
60

4.2 Adding and Subtracting Polynomials 295
people N1. 2x3  2x5  4x2  7  x is written in

193. (a) 516  5.16 102
square mile descending powers as 2x5  2x3  4x2  x  7.
(b) The density D is the population P divided The leading term is 2x5. The leading
by the area A. coefficient is 2.
P
D 2. (a) a4b2  ab6 has two terms, so it is a
A binomial, and its degree is 1 6  7.
We want to find the area, so solve the
formula for A. (b) 100 has one term, so it is a monomial, and
DA  P its degree is 0 (100  100x0 ).
P
A N2. (a) 4x3 10x5  7 has three terms, so it is a
D trinomial, and its degree is 5 (from 10x5).
5.15105
 (b) 6m2n5 has one term so it is a monomial,
516
5.15105 and its degree is 2  5  7.

5.16 102 3. (a) 2z4  3z4  z4  9x4
 0.9981052  2z4  z4  3x4  9x4
 0.998103  998  3z4  6x4
The area is 998 square miles.
(b) 3t  4r  4t  8r
people
194. (a) 92.12  9.212 10 1
 3t  4t  4r  8r
square kilometer  t  4r
(b) Recall from problem 193, part (b), that,
given the density D and the population P, (c) 5x2 z  3x3z2  8x2 z  12x3z2
P  5x2 z  8x2 z  3x3 z2  12x3 z2
the area is A  .
D  13x2 z  9x3 z2
P
A
D N3. (a) 2x2  8x2  x2
4.70 106  (2  8 1)x2


92.12  5x2
4.70 10 6

9.212 101 (b) 3 p3  2q  p3  5q
 0.51020 1061  3 p3  p3  2q  5q
 0.51020 105  51, 020  4 p3  7q
The area is approximately 51,020 square

kilometers. (c) x2t  4x2t  3xt 2  7xt2
 3x2t  4xt 2
4.2 Adding and Subtracting Polynomials
4. (a) (5 p3  6 p2 )  (8 p3 12 p2 )
Classroom Examples, Now Try Exercises  5 p3  8 p3  6 p2 12 p2
1. 3z4  2z3  z5  6z is written in descending  3 p3  6 p2

powers as z5  3z4  2z3  6z. The leading (b) Add using the vertical method.
term is z5. The leading coefficient is 1. 6r5  2r3  r2
8r5  2r3  5r2
2r5  0r3  4r2

(c) Add using the horizontal method. 4. In 3r, the coefficient is 3 and, since 3r  3r1,
(6r  2r  r )  (8r  2r  5r )
5 3 2 5 3 2
the degree is 1.
 6r5  8r5  2r3  2r3  r2  5r 2 5. In 15 p2 , the coefficient is 15 and the
 2r  4r
5 2
degree is 2.
N4. Add using the horizontal method. 6. In 27k3, the coefficient is 27 and the
(7x2  9x  4)  (x3  3x2  5) degree is 3.
 x3  7x2  3x2  9x  4  5 7. In x4 , since x4  1x4 , the coefficient is 1 and
 x  4x  9x 1
3 2 the degree is 4.
5. (a) Subtract using the horizontal method. 8. In y6 , since y6  1y6 , the coefficient is 1 and
( p4  p3  5)  (3 p4  5 p3  2) the degree is 6.
 p4  p3  5  3 p 4  5 p3  2 t 1 1
9. In  t, the coefficient is , and since
 p4  3 p4  p3  5 p3  5  2 6 6 6
t 1 1
 2 p4  4 p3  3  t , the degree is 1.
6 6
(b) Subtract using the vertical method.
m 1 1
2k 3  3k 2  2k  5 10. In  m, the coefficient is , and since
4 4 4
4k 3  6k 2  5k  8 m 1
 m1, the degree is 1.
Change all the signs in the second 4 4
polynomial, and add. 11. In 8  8x0 , the coefficient is 8 and the degree
2k 3  3k 2  2k  5
is 0.
4k3  6k 2  5k  8
12. In 2  2x0 , the coefficient is 2 and the degree
2k3  9k 2  3k  3 is 0.
N5. Subtract using the vertical method. 13. In x3  1x3, the coefficient is 1 and the
2y  7y  4
2
degree is 3.
8 y2  2 y  10
14. In  y9  1y9 , the coefficient is 1 and the
Change all the signs in the second polynomial,
degree is 9.
and add.
2 y2  7 y  4 15. 2x3  x  3x2  4
The polynomial is written in descending

8 y2  2 y  10 powers of the variable if the exponents on the
6 y2  5 y  14 terms of the polynomial decrease from left to
right.
2x3  3x2  x  4
Exercises
The leading term is 2x3. The leading
1. Only choice A is a trinomial (it has three terms) swers will vary. One
2. A
with descending powers and having degree 6. example of a polynomial
n
of four terms in the
variable x, having degree 5, written in coefficient is 2.
descending powers, and lacking a fourth degree
16. q  3q  2q 1  3q  q  2q 1
2 4 4 2
term is
7x5  2x3  6x2  9x. The leading term is 3q4. The leading
coefficient is 3.
17. 4 p  8 p  p  p  8 p  4 p
3 5 7 7 5 3
The leading term is p7. The leading coefficient

3. In 7z, the coefficient is 7 and, since 7z  7z1,
the degree is 1. is 1.

18. 3y2  y4  2 y3  y4  2 y3  3y2 36. 3 p4  5 p4  2 p4  3  5  2 p4  6 p4
The leading term is y 4 . The leading coefficient

37. x  x  x  x  x
is 1.
  1111 1 x
19. 10  m3  3m4  3m4  m3 10  5x

The leading term is 3m4. The leading
coefficient is 3. 38. z  z  z  z   111 1 z
 0z  0
20. 4  x  8x2  8x2  x  4
The leading term is 8x2. The leading 39. m4  3m2  m is already simplified since there
coefficient is 8. are no like terms to be combined.
21. 25 is one term, so it's a monomial. 25 is a 40. 5a5  2a4  9a3 is already simplified since
nonzero constant, so it has degree zero. there are no like terms to be combined.
22. 15 is one term, so it's a monomial. 15 is a 41. 5t  4s  6t  9s  5t  6t   4s  9s 
nonzero constant, so it has degree zero.
 t 13s
23. 7m  22 has two terms, so it's a binomial. The
exponent on m is 1, so 7m  22 has degree 1. 42. 8 p  9q  3 p  q  8 p  3 p   9q  q
 5 p  8q
24. 6x 15 has two terms, so it's a binomial. The
exponent on x is 1, so 6x 15 has degree 1. 43. 2k  3k 2  5k 2  7
25. 7 у6  11у8 is a binomial of degree 8.  
 3k 2  5k 2  2k  7
26. 12k 2  9k5 is a binomial of degree 5.  3  5 k 2  2k  7
27. mn5 is one term, so it's a monomial. Since  8k 2  2k  7
m  m1 and 1 5  6, the degree is 6. 44. 4x2  2x  6x2  6

28. a3b is one term, so it's a monomial. Since  
 4x 2  6x2  2x  6
b  b and 3 1  4, the degree is 4.
1
 4  6 x2  2x  6
29. 5m3  6m  9m2 has three terms, so it's a  2x2  2x  6
trinomial. The greatest exponent is 3, so the
degree is 3. 45. n4  2n3  n2  3n4  n3
30. 4z2 11z  2 has three terms, so it's a  n4  3n4  2n3  n3  n2

trinomial. The greatest exponent is 2, so the  1 3 n4  2 1 n3  n2
degree is 2.
 2n4  n3  n2
31. 6 p q  3 p q  2 pq  q has four terms, so
4 3 2 3 4
it is classified as none of these. The greatest 46. 2q3  3q2  4q  q3  5q2

sum of exponents on any term is 5, so the
polynomial has degree 5.
  
 2q3  q3  3q2  5q2  4q 
 2 1 q  3  5 q  4q
3 2
32. 8s3t  4s2t 2  2st3  9 is none of these and has
degree 4.  q3  8q2  4q
33. 5z4  3z4  5  3 z4  8z4 47. 3ab2  7a2b  5ab2 13a2b

5 5 5 5  3  5 ab2  7 13 a2b

34. 8r  2r  8  2 r  6r  2ab2  20a2b
35. m3  2m3  6m3  1 2  6 m3  7m3

48. 6m2n  8mn2  3mn2  7m2n 57. y 3

 
 3y  2  4 y3  3y2  2 y 1 
 6  7 m n  8  3 mn
2 2
 y3  4 y3  3 y2  3y  2 y  2 1
 m n  5mn 2 2
 1 4 y3  3y 2  3  2 y  2 1
49. 4  2  3m  6m  9  5 y3  3 y2  5 y  1
 4  2  3m  6m  9
 3  6 m  4  2  9
58. 2x 5
 
 2x4  x3 1  x 4  3x3  2 
 3m  11  2x5  2x4  x4  x3  3x3 1 2
 2x5  2 1 x4  1 3 x3  1 2
50. 8  3a  4  5a
 8  3a  4  5a  2x5  x4  2x3  1
 5  3 a  8  4 59. Change all signs in the second polynomial
 2a  4 and add.
3r  8  2r  5  3r  8  2r  5
51. 6  3 p  2 p  1  2 p  9  3r  8  2r  5
 6  3 p  2 p 1 2 p  9  3r  2r  8  5
 3  2  2 p  6 1 9  r  13
 p4
60. Change all signs in the second polynomial
52. 8  4x   x 1  11x  5 and add.
 8  4x  x 111x  5 2d  7  3d 1  2d  7  3d  1
 4x  x 11x  8 1 5  2d  3d  7  1
 4 111 x  8 1 5  d  8
 8x 12 61. 2a  3a 1 4a  5a  6

2 2
53. 5x 2
 
 7 x  4  3x2  6x  2   2a  3a 1  4a  5a  6
2 2
 5x2  3x2  7x  6x  4  2  2а2  4а2  3а  5а 1 6

 8x2  x  2  2a2  2a  7
54. 4k 3
 
 k 2  k  2k 3  4k 2  3k  62. q  2q 10  3q  5q  5
4 2 4 2
 4k3  2k 3  k 2  4k 2  k  3k   q  2q 10  3q  5q  5

4 2 4 2
 6k  3k  2k
3 2
 q4  3q4  2q2  5q2  10  5
55. 6t 2
 
 4t4  t  3t 4  4t2  5   2q4  7q2  15
 4t4  3t 4  6t2  4t2  t  5 63. z 5

 
 3z2  2z  4z 5  2z2  5z 
 4  3t  6  4  t  t  5
4 2
 z5  3z2  2z  4z5  2z2  5z
 t  2t  t  5
4 2
 z5  4z5  3z2  2z2  2  5z
56. 3 p 2
 
 2 p  5  7 p2  4 p3  3 p   3z5  z2  7z
 4 p3  3 p2  7 p2  2 p  3 p  5 64. 5t  3t  2t   4t  2t  3t 

3 2 3 2
 4 p3  3  7 p2  2  3 p  5
 5t  3t  2t   4t  2t  3t 
3 2 3 2
 4 p  10 p  5 p  5
3 2
 5t3  4t3  3t2  2t 2  2t  3t
 t3  5t 2  t

65. 21p  8 Change all the signs in the second polynomial,

9 p  4 and add.
4z2  2z 1
12 p  4 Add vertically.
3z2  5z  2
66. 15m  9
7z2  7z  3
4m 12
19m  3 Add vertically. 73. Add column by column to obtain the result on
the bottom line.
67. 12 p2  4 p 1 12z2 11z  8
3 p2  7 p  8 5z2 16z  2
9 p2 11p  9 Add vertically. 4z2  5z  9
13z2 10z  3
68. 6 y3  8 y  5
9 y3  4 y  6 74. Add in columns.
6m3  2m2  5m
3y3 12 y 1 Add vertically.
8m3  4m2  6m
69. Subtract.
12a 15 3m3  2m2  7m
7a  3 m3  8m2  8m
and add. 75. 6 у3  9 у2 8
12a 15 4у  2у  5у
3 2
7a  3 10 у3  7 у2  5у  8
5a  18
70. Subtract. 76. 7r8  2r6  r5
3b  6 3r6 5
2b  8 7r8  5r6  r5  5
and add. 77. Subtract.
3b  6 5a4  8a2  9
2b  8 6a3  a2  2
5b  14 Change all the signs in the second polynomial,
71. Subtract. and add.
6m2 11m  5 5a4  8a2  9
 6a3  a2  2
 2
8m  2m 1 6m2 11m  5
and add.
78. Subtract.
5a4  6a3  9a2 11  2m3  8m2
8m2  2m  1 m4  m3  2m
14m2 13m  6 Change all the signs in the second polynomial,

72. Subtract. and add.
4z2  2z 1  2m3  8m2
3z2  5z  2 m4  m3  2m
m4  m3  8m2  2m


79. 7 у  6 у  5  4 у  2 у  3
2 2
 

83.   у4  у2  1  у4  2 у2  1    
  
 7 у  6у  5  4у  2у  3
2 2

 3у 4  3у 2  2 
 7 у2  4 у2  6 у  2 у  5  3
  у4  у2 1 у4  2 у2 1
 3 у2  4 у  2
 3у4  3у2  2
80. Note that the two expressions can first be   у4  у4  3у4  у2  2 у2  3у2
rewritten as follows.
 11 2
 
 4x  2z2  3m  4x  2z2  3m
 у  4 у2  4
4
 2z  4x  3m
2
 p   3 p  6    5 p   8  9 p    4 p


84. 2
2z 2
 
 3x  m  z 2  2m
  2 p  3 p  6   5 p  8  9 p   4 p
 2z2  z2  3x  m  2m   p  6 14 p  8  4 p
 3z2  3x  m   p  6 18 p  8
The problem becomes
  p  6 18 p  8

3z2  3x  m  2z2  4x  3m    p 18 p  6  8
 3z  3x  m  2z  4x  3m
2 2  19 p 14
 3z2  2z2  3x  4x  m  3m
 5z2  7 x  2m.
85.  3z2  5z  2z 2  6z   
 

  8z 2  5z  z 2   2z 2  
81. Simplify the expression in brackets first.    


3m 2
 
 5n2  2n  3m2  4n2  
 
  3z 2  5z  2z2  6z
  3m2  5n2  2n  3m2  4n2   8z  5z  z  2z 
2 2 2
 
   3z  2z  5z  6z 
 3m2  3m2  5n2  4n2  2n 2 2
 
 n  2n 2

Now perform the subtraction.
  8z  z  2z  5z 
2 2 2
 
 4m 2
 
 3n2  5n  n2  2n      z 11z   11z  5z 
2 2
  4m2  3n2  5n  n2  2n   z 2 11z  11z2  5z

 
 4m2  3n2  n2  5n  2n  z 2 11z2 11z  5z
 
  4m2  4n2  7n   10z2 16z


82.  4m2  8m  4m3
  
86. 5k  5k  2k   4k  8k    11k   9k 12k  

 3m2  2m  5m3   m2
  
   4k   11k   3k 
 5k  5k  2k 
 5k  5k  6k  11k  3k
 4m2  8m  4m3  3m2  2m  5m3  m2
 5k  k  14k
 4m3  5m3  4m2  3m2  m2  8m  2m
 5k  k  14k
 9m3  6m2  6m  20k

4.3 Polynomial Functions, Graphs, and Composition 301
87. To find the perimeter of each figure, add the N2. P  x  0.02675x2  0.4873x  47.26
lengths of each edge.
The year 2010 corresponds to
4x 2
   
 2  6x2  5x  2  2x 2  3x  1  x  2010  2000  10.
P 10  0.0267510  0.487310  47.26
2
 4x2  2  6x2  5x  2  2x2  3x  1
 4x2  6x2  2x2  5x  3x  2  2  1  49.46 million
Thus, in 2010 about 49.46 million students
 (4  6  2)x2  (5  3)x  (2  2 1) were enrolled in public schools in the United
 12x2  8x  5 States.
88. To find the perimeter of each figure, add the 3. f  x  3x2  8x  6, g  x  4x2  4x  8
lengths of each edge.
(a)  f  g  x
2x 2
 
 5x 1  3x  2  2x 2  5x 1   f  x  g  x
 3x  2
 2x2  5x 1 3x  2  2x2  5x 1 3x  2
  
 3x2  8x  6  4x2  4x  8 
 3x2  8x  6  4x2  4x  8
 2x2  2x2  5x  3x  5x  3x 1 2 1 2
 x2 12x 14
 (2  2)x2  (5  3  5  3)x  (1 2 1 2)
 4x2 16x  2 (b) f  g  x
 f  x  g  x
   
4.3 Polynomial Functions, Graphs, and
 3x2  8x  6  4x2  4x  8
Composition
 3x2  8x  6  4x2  4x  8
Classroom Examples, Now Try Exercises  7x2  4x  2
1. f  x  x2  5x 11 3 2 3 2
N3. f  x  x  3x  4, g  x  2x  x 12

f 4  4  54 11
2
 16  20 11 (a) f  g  x

 47  f  x  g  x
3 2   
 x 3  3x2  4  2x3  x2 12 
N1. f  x  x  2x  7
3 2  x3  3x2  4  2x3  x2 12

f 3  3  23  7
 27  2  9   7  x3  2x2  8
 38 (b) f  g  x
2. P  x  0.02675x2  0.4873x  47.26  f  x  g  x

The year 2005 corresponds to   
 x 3  3x2  4  2x3  x2 12 
x  2005  2000  5.
 x  3x  4  2x  x  12
3 2 3 2
P 5  0.026755  0.48735  47.26
2
 3x3  4x2  16
 49.03 million
Thus, in 2005 about 49.03 million students
were enrolled in public schools in the United
States.

4. f  x  18x2  24x, g  x  3x N5. f  x  3x  7 and g  x  x  2
f ∘ g  7   f  g 7 Definition
(a) f  g  x
 f 7  2 g  x  x  2
 f  x  g  x
 f 5 Subtract.
 (18x2  24x)  3x
 3 5  7 f (x)  3x  7
 18x2  21x
 22
 f  g 1
 181  211
2
6. f  x  x  4 and g  x  x2
 18  21  g ∘ f 3  g  f 3 Definition

 39  g 3  4 f  x  x  4
 g 1 Simplify.
(b) f  g  x
 1 g(x)  x2
2
 f  x  g  x
1
 (18x2  24x)  3x
 18x2  27x N6. f  x  3x  7 and g  x  x  2
f  g 1  g ∘ f  7   g  f  7   Definition
 181  27 1
2  g 37   7 f  x  3x  7
 18  27  g 28 Simplify.
 9  28  2 g(x)  x  2
 26
N4. f  x  x2  4, g  x  6x2
7. f  x  3x  6 and g  x  x3
(a) f  g  x
 f  x  g  x (a) f ∘ g  2   f  g 2 Definition

 x 2  4  6x2     
 f 23 g  x  x3
 5x2  4  f 8 Cube 2.
 3 8  6 f (x)  3x  6
(b) f  g  x
 30
 f  x  g  x

 x 2  4  6x2    (b)  g ∘ f  x  g  f  x Definition
  f  x  g  x  x3
3
 7x2  4
f  g 2 4  3x  6
3
f  x  3x  6
 7 4  4 2
 f
N7. f  x  x  5 and g  x  x 6
 7 16  4 
 108 (a)  g ∘ f 1  g  f 1
 g 1 5
5. f  x  x  4 and g  x  x2
2 Definition
f  x  x  5Subtract.
f ∘ g 3  f  g 3 Definition
 6  2
2
g(x)  x2  2
 f 3 
2 g  x  x2  34
 f 9 Square 3.
 94 f (x)  x  4
5

(b) f ∘ g  x  f  g  x Definition Exercises

 f x 2  2  g (x)  x2  2 1. A polynomial function is a function defined by
a polynomial in one variable, consisting of one
 
 x 2  2  5 f (x)  x  5 or more terms and usually written in
descending powers of the variable.
 x2  3
2. A and D are not poynomial functions because
8. x f  x  2x2 they have at least one term axn where n is not

a whole number.
2 8
3. f  x  6x  4
1 2
0 0 (a) f 1  61  4
1 2  6  4  10
2 8 (b) f 2  6  2   4
 12  4  8
(c) f 0  6  0   4
 0  4  4
4. f  x  2x  5
(a) f 1  21  5

Any value of x can be used, so the domain is
 25  7
, . The maximum y-value is 0 and there
is no minimum y-value, so the range is (b) f 2  2 2  5
, 0.  4  5  1
N8. x f  x  x2  4 (c) f 0  2 0  5

 05  5
2 0
1 3 5. f  x  x2  7x
4 (a) f 1  1  7 1

2
0
1 3  1 7  8
(b) f 2  2  7  2 

2 0 2
 4 14  10
(c) f 0  0  7 0

2
 00  0
6. f  x  x2  5x
(a) f 1  1  51

Any value of x can be used, so the domain is 2
, . The minimum y-value is 4 and  1 5  4

there is no maximum y-value, so the range is
4, .

(b) f 2  2  5  2  f  x  5x4  3x2  6

2
11.
 4  10  14
(a) f 1  51  31  6
4 2
(c) f 0  0  5  0 

2
 5  1 3  1 6
 00  0  53 6  8
f  x  x2  3x  4 (b) f 2  5  2   32  6

4 2
7.
 5 16  3  4  6
(a) f 1  1  31  4
2
 80 12  6  74
 1 3  4  8
(c) f 0  50  30  6
4 2
(b) f 2  2  3  2   4

2
 5  0  3 0  6
 46 4  2
 006  6
(c) f 0  0  30  4
2
12. 4 2
f  x  4x  2x 1
 004  4
(a) f 1  41  21 1

4 2
8. f  x  x2  5x  4
 4 1 2  11
(a) f 1  1  51  4

2  4  2 1  5
 1 5  4  2
(b) f 2  4  2   2  2  1
4 2
(b) f 2  2  5  2   4

2  4  16  2  4 1
 4 10  4  10  64  8 1  71
(c) f 0  40  2 0 1

4 2
(c) f 0  0  5  0   4
2
 0  0  4  4  4  0  2  0 1
 0  0 1
9. f  x  2x2  4x 1  1
(a) f 1  21  41 1

2
13. f  x  x2  2x3  8
 2  4 1  7
(a) f 1  1  2 1  8

2 3
(b) f 2  2  2   4 2  1

2
  1  2 1  8
 8 8 1  1  1 2  8  11
(c) f 0  20  4  0   1

2
(b) f 2    2   22  8
2 3
 0  0 1  1  4  2  8  8
 4 16  8  4
10. f  x  3x2  x  5
(c) f 0    0   2 0  8
2 3
2
(a) f 1  31  1  5

 3 1 5  3  0  2  0  8
 0  0  8  8
f 2  32   2   5
2
(b)
 12  2  5  9 14. f  x  x2  x3  11
(c) f 0  30  0  5 (a) f 1  1  1 11

2 2 3
  1  1 11

 0  0  5  5
 1 111  11

(b) f 2    2   2 11

2 3 (b) x  2005 1990  15
   4   8  11 P 15
 0.0094215  0.404115  15.2515
3 2
 4  8 11  1
 280.6
(c) f 0    0   0  11
2 3
 31.7925  90.9225  228.75  280.6
   0   0 11
 568.48 $568.5 billion
 11
 (c) x  2012 1990  22

15. P  x  0.6558x2  5.278x  1.048
P 22
(a) x  2000  2000  0  0.0094222  0.404122 15.2522
3 2
P 0  0.65580  5.2780  1.048

2
 280.6
 1.0 million pounds  100.30416 195.5844  335.5  280.6
(b) x  2006  2000  6  711.38024 $711.4 billion 

P 6  0.65586  5.2786  1.048
2
 56.3 million pounds 18. P  x 
  0.4499x3  8.274x2 15.65x  450.9

(c) x  2012  2000  12
(a) x  2000  2000  0
P 12  0.655812  5.27812 1.048
2
P 0
 158.8 million pounds
 0.4499 0  8.2740 15.650
3 2
16. P  x  0.0042x2  0.3187x  11.49  450.9

(a) The year 1930 corresponds to x  0.  0  0  0  450.9
P 0  450.9 $450.9 billion 
 0.0042 0  0.3187 0  11.49

2
(b) x  2006  2000  6
 11.49  11.5% P 6
 0.4499 6  8.2746 15.656
3 2
(b) x  1970 1930  40
P 40  450.9
 0.004240  0.3187 40  11.49
2
 97.1784  297.864  93.9  450.9
 5.462  5.5%  745.4856 $745.5 billion
(c) x  20111930  81 (c) x  2012  2000  12

P 81 P 12
 0.0042 81  0.3187 81 11.49  0.4499 12  8.27412 15.6512
2 3 2
 13.2315  13.2%  450.9
17. P  x  777.4272 1191.456 187.8  450.9
 0.00942x3  0.4041x2 15.25x  280.6 (a) x  1990

1990  0  1052.7288 $1052.7 billion
P 0
 0.009420  0.40410 15.250
3 2
 280.6
 0  0  0  280.6
 280.6 $280.6 billion


19. (a) f  g  x  f  x  g  x 24. The functions f (x) and g(x) can be any two
 5x 10  3x  7 polynomials that have the sum of x2  x  5,
 8x  3 such as f  x  2x2  3x  2 and
(b) f  g  x  f  x  g  x g  x  3x2  2x  3.

 5x 10  3x  7
25. f  g  x  f  x  g  x
 5x 10  3x  7
 2x 17  
 x 2  9   2x 
 x2  2x  9
20. (a) f  g  x  f  x  g  x
 4x  1  6x  2 26. f  g  x  f  x  g  x
 2x  3  
 x 2  9   2x 
(b) f  g  x  f  x  g  x  x2  2x  9
 4x  1  6x  2
27. f  g 3  f 3  g 3
 4x  1  6x  2
 10x 1  
 32  9  2 3
 06  6
21. (a) f  g  x
Alternatively, we could evaluate the
 f  x  g  x polynomial in Exercise 25, x2  2x  9, using
  
 4x 2  8x  3  5x2  4x  9  x  3.
 x2  12x 12 28. f  g 3  f 3  g 3

  3  9    2  3 
2
(b) f  g  x  
 f  x  g  x  9  9  6
  
 4x 2  8x  3  5x2  4x  9   06  6
  4x 2
 8x  3  5x 2
 4x  9 29. f  h  x  f  x  h  x
 9x2  4x  6  
 x 2  9   x  3
 x2  9  x  3
22. (a) f  g  x
 f  x  g  x  x2  x  6
  
 3x2  9x  10  4x2  2x  12  30. f  h  x  f  x  h  x
 x2  7 x  22  
 x 2  9   x  3
(b) f  g  x  x  x 12

2
 f  x  g  x f  h3  f 32 h 3


31.
  
 3x2  9x 10  4x2  2x 12  3  9  3  3
   
  
 3x2  9x 10  4x 2  2x 12   9  9  6
 7x2 11x  2  06  6
23. The functions f (x) and g(x) can be any two 32. f  h  2   f 2  h 2
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.  

  2   9    2   3
2
polynomials that have the sum of 3x3  x  3,
such as f  x  3x3 1 and g  x  x  2.  4  9  5

 5  5  10

 1  1  1
33.  g  h10  g 10  h 10 40.  g  h   g  h  
 4  4  4 
 2  10    10   3     
 1  1 

 20  13  2    3 

 4  4 
 
 33    
34.  g  h10  g 10  h 10 1  13 

  2    4 
 2 10  10  3  
15
 20  7 
4
 13
41. (a) P  x  R(x)  C(x)
35.  g  h3  g 3  h 3  10.99x  (2.5x  50)
 2  3   3  3  10.99x  2.5x  50
 6  6  8.49x  50
 6  6  0
(b) P 100  8.49100  50
36.  g  h1  g 1  h 1  $799
 21  1  3
42. (a) P  x  R(x)  C(x)
 2  2
 25x  (4.3x  75)
0
 25x  4.3x  75
 g  h  
1 1 1  20.7x  75
g h
 
37.
  
 4    
4 (b) P 50  20.7 50  75
 1   14   $960
2  3
4 4 
   
1  11
  
43. f ∘ g  x   2x 1
2
 
2  4 
9  f ∘ g  5    2  5  12
 The answer is choice B.
4
 g  h 
1
g
 1  1
h
44.  g ∘ f  x  2  x 2  1
 
38.
  
 3
3
   
 1   13 
 g ∘ f  5   2  5 2  1
2  3 The answer is choice D.
 3   3 
   
 f ∘ f  x    x 2 
2
2  8  45.
  
 
 f ∘ f  5    5 2 
3  3  2
6
  2 
3 The answer is choice A.
 1  1  1
39.  g  h    g  h   46.  g ∘ g  x  2  2x 1 1
 2  2  2 
    
 1  1 
  g ∘ g  5   2 2 5 1 1
 2    3  The answer is choice C.
 2  2 
   
 7
 1   
 2 
9

2

47. h ∘ g  4   h  g  4   54.  f ∘ h  0   f h 0

  h 2  4  3  f (0  5)
  h 11  f (5)

  11 5  (5)2  4
 6  29
48.  f ∘ g  4   f  g  4   55.  g ∘ f  x  g  f  x

 f 2  4  3
 f 11

 g x2  4 
 112  4  2x 2
 4  3
 125  2x2  8  3
 2x2 11
49.  g ∘ f  6   g  f 6

 g 62  4  56.  g ∘ h  x  g h  x
 g  x  5
 g 40
 2  40  3  2  x  5  3
 83  2x 10  3
 2x  7
50. h ∘ f  6   h  f 6
h ∘ g  x  h  g  x
 
57.
 h 62  4
 h  2x  3
 h 40  2x  3  5
 40  5
 2x  2
 35
58. h ∘ f  x  h  f  x
f ∘ h  2   f h 2

51.
 f 2  5 
 h x2  4
 f (7)  x2  4  5
 7  4
2  x2 1
 53 1
59. f ∘h    1  1 
  f  h    f   5
2 2 2
52. h ∘ g 2  h  g 2       
 h  2  2   3  9 
 f 

 2 

 
 h(1)  9 2

1 5     4
 6  2 
81 16 97
  
53.  f ∘ g  0   f  g 0 4 4 4
 f  2  0   3
 f 3
 32  4
 13

1   1   1  2  68. Using the second table, g 1  9. Using the

60. h ∘ f     h  f    h    4
2 2 2
        first table, (g ∘ g) 1  g  g 1  g 9  12.
 17 
 h   69. f  x  12x, g  x  5280x
 4 
17  f ∘ g  x  f  g  x
 5
4  f 5280x
17 20 3  125280x
  
4 4 4  63, 360x
 1   1    1  ( f ∘ g)  x computes the number of inches in

61.  f ∘ g   f g   f 2  3  x miles.
       2  
2 2
        
 f  2  70. f  x  60x, g  x  24x
 22  4
f ∘ g  x  f  g  x
 4 4  8
 f 24x
 1   1   1  2   6024x
62.  g ∘ f     g  f     g     4  1440x

2 2 2
       
 17  ( f ∘ g)  x computes the number of minutes in
 g   x days.
 4 
 17  71. (a) x  4s
2 3
 
 4 x 4s


17 6 23 4 4
   x
2 2 2 s
63. Using the second table, g  2   3. Using the
4 
first table, ( f ∘ g)  2   f  g 2  f 3  1. (b) у  s2
 x 2

64. Using the second table, g  7   6. Using the y    from part  a 
 4 
first table, ( f ∘ g)  7   f  g 7  f 6  9. y  x
2
16
65. Using the second table, f 3  1. Using the
62
first table, (g ∘ f ) 3  g  f 3  g 1  9. (c) y  Let x  6.

16
36
66. Using the second table, f 8  2. Using the y  2.25
16
first table, (g ∘ f ) 8  g  f 8  g 2  3. The area is 2.25 square units.

67. Using the second table, f 4  3. Using the
first table, ( f ∘ f ) 4  f  f  4    f 3  1.

72. (a) x  3s 75.

x
s
3 x f  x  2x 1
x
2 22  1  5
(b) Substitute s  into y  3 and
3 4 1 21 1  3
simplify. 0 20 1  1
3
y  1 2 1 1  1
4
22 1  3
2
 
x 2
  3
  
3
4 This is a linear function, so plot the points and
x2 draw a line through them.
3
9
4
 3
36
3
(c) y  Any x-value can be used, so the domain is
36
12  2
3 , . From the graph, we see that any
 y-value can be obtained from the function, so
36
the range is , .
144 3

36 76. x f  x  3x  2
4 3 2 32  2  4
73. r t   2t, A  r    r2 1 31  2  1

 A ∘ r  t   A  r t  0 3 0   2  2
 A2t 
3 1  2  5
   2t 
2 1
 4 t 2 2 3 2  2  8
This is the area of the circular layer as a
function of time.
This is a linear function, so plot the points and
74. r t   4t, A  r    r2 draw a line through them.
 A ∘ r  t   A  r t 
 A4t 
   4t 
2
 16t 2
This is the area of the circular oil slick as a
function of time. Any x-value can be used, so the domain is
, . From the graph, we see that any
y-value can be obtained from the function, so

77. x f  x  3x2 Any x-value can be used, so the domain is

, . From the graph, we see that the
2 3  2   12 y-values are at least 0, so the range is 0,   .
2
1 3  1  3 f  x  x3  1
2
79. x
3  0   0  2 3 1  7
2
0 2
3 1  3  1
2
1 1  0
3
1
3  2   12  0 3 1  1
2
2 0
Since the greatest exponent is 2, the graph of f 1 13 1  2

is a parabola.
 2 1  9
3
2
The greatest exponent is 3, so the graph of f is

s-shaped.
Any x-value can be used, so the domain is

, . From the graph, we see that the
y-values are at most 0, so the range is , 0.
1 Any x-value can be used, so the domain is

78.
x f  x  x2
2 , . From the graph, we see that any
1 y- value can be obtained from the function, so
2  2 2  2 the range is , .
2
1 1 80. x f  x  x3  2
1  12 
2 2
2   2   2  10
3
1
0  0 2  0
1   1  2  3
3
2
1 1
1 12  0  0  2  2
3
2 2
 1  2  1
3
1 1
2  2 2  2
2
  2   2  6
3
2
Since the greatest exponent is 2, the graph of f
is a parabola. The greatest exponent is 3, so the graph of f is
s-shaped.

Any x-value can be used, so the domain is (b) 5a3  6a2  2a  3
, . From the graph, we see that any 2a  5

y-value can be obtained from the function, so
the range is , .  25a3  30a2  10a  15
10a4 12a3  4a2  6a
4.4 Multiplying Polynomials 10a4  37a3  34a2  16a  15
Classroom Examples, Now Try Exercises N3. 3t 2  5t  4
t 3
   8 9 k
1. 8k3 y 9ky3 3
 k1  у1  у3
 9t 2 15t  12
 72k31 y13
3t3  5t2  4t
 72k 4 y4

N1. 3s2t 15s3t4   315 s 2
 s3  t1  t4
3t3 14t 2  19t  12
4. (a) 5r  32r  5

 45s23t14 F O I L
 45s5t5  10r  25r  6r 15
2
2. (a) 2r 9r  5  2r 9r   2r 5  10r2  31r 15

 18r2 10r (b) 4 y  z  2 y  3z 
(b) 2k  5m3k  2m F O I L
 2k  5m3k   2k  5m2m  8 y2 12 yz  2 yz  3z2
 2k 3k   5m3k   2k 2m  8 y2 10 yz  3z2
  5m  2m 
N4. (a)  2x 1  7x  2
 6k 2 15km  4km 10m2
F O I L
 6k 2 11km 10m2  14x2  4x  7x  2

N2. (a) 3k3 2k5  3k 2  4   14x2 11x  2
 
 3k3 2k5  3k3 3k   3k
2 3
4 (b) 3 p  k  5 p  4k 
F O I L
 6k8  9k 5 12k3
 15 p 12kp  5kp  4k 2
2
(b) 5x  2x 1 x  4

 15 p2  7kp  4k 2
 5x  2x 1 x    2x 1 4 
5. Use  x  у  x  у   x2  у 2 .
 5x 2x2  x  8x  4
 
 5x 2x2  7x  4 (a) m  5  m  5  m2  52

 
 m2  25
 10x3  35x2  20x
3. (a)

4x  3y (
3x  y b
)

x

4
y


x

4
y


x
2


4
y

2

x
2

4
2
y
2
  x2 16 y2
 4xy  3 y2   y  4x  3y 

12x2  9xy  3x  4x  3y  (c) 4 у2  у  7  у  7  4 у2 у
2
 49 
12x2 13xy  3 y2 Combine
like terms.  4 у4 196 у2

4.4 Multiplying Polynomials 313
N5. Use  x  у  x  у   x2  у2. (b)  p  2q  2

3
2 2   p  2q  p  2q 
(a)  x  8 x  8   x  8
 x2  64   p 2
 4 pq  4q2  p  2q 
 p3  4 p2q  4 pq2  2 p2q  8 pq2  8q3
(b) 3x  7 у  3x  7 у  3x2  7 у 
2
 p3  6 p2q  12 pq2  8q3
 3 2 x2  7 2 у2
 x  2
4
 9x2  49 у2 (c)
  x  2  x  2
2 2
(c) 5k 2k  32k  3
 5k 2k   32 
 
2

 x 2  4x  4  x 2
 4x  4
 5k 4k 2  9  x  4x  4x  4x 16x2  16x
4 3 2 3
   4x2 16x  6
 20k  45k
3
 x 4  8x 3  24x 2  32x  16
6. Use  x  у 2  x2  2xу  у2 N7. (a) This is the product of a sum and a

difference.
or  x  у   x2  2xу  у 2 .
2
 4x  у   2   4x  у   2

(a) t  9  t  2  t  9  9
2
  4x  у  22
2 2 2
 t2  18t  81 The first term is the square of a binomial.

2 2  4x  у2  22
(b) 2m  5  2m  2  2m  5   52
  4x   2  4x  у   у2  22
2
 4m2  20m  25
 16x2  8xу  у2  4
(c) 3k  2n  3k   2 3k  2n   2n
2 2 2
(b)  у  3
4
 9k 2 12kn  4n2
  у  3  у  3
2 2
 x  y 2  x2  2xу  у2
N6. Use
 у 2
 6у  9  у 2
 6у  9 
or  x  у   x2  2xу  у 2 .
2
 у4  6 у3  9 у2  6 у3  36 у2  54 у
(a)  у 102  у2  2  у 10  102  9 у2  54 у  81
 у2  20 у  100  у4 12 у3  54 у2 108 у  81
(b)  4x  5 у    4x   2  4x  5 у   5 у  f  x  3x 1, g  x  2x  5
2 2 2
8.
 16x2  40xу  25у2  x  у  2  z2

7. (a) This is the product of a sum and a  x2  2  x  y   y2  z2
difference.  x2  2xу  у2  z2
 x  y   z   x  y   z
  x  у  z2
2
The first term is the square of a binomial.

 f g  x  f  x  g  x
 3x  12x  5
 6x2 15x  2x  5
 6x2 13x  5
Using the last result, the following is derived.
 f g  2   6 2
132  5
2
 24  26  5
 7

N8. f  x  3x2 1, g  x  8x  7 

8. 5m3n4 4m2n5   54 m 32 45
n
 f g  x  f  x  g  x  20m5n9
 3x2 18x  7
9. 3x 2x  5  3x 2x  3x 5  6x2 15x
  24x3  21x2  8x  7
Using the last result, the following is derived. 10. 5 у 6 у 1  5 у 6 у   5у 1  30 у2  5 у

 f g  2 
11. q3 2  3q   q3 2  q3 3q 
 242  212  82  7
3 2
 2q3  3q4
 192  84 16  7
 99 12. 3a4 4  a   3a4  4   3a4 a 
 12a4  3a5
Exercises
1.  2x  53x  4 
13. 6k 2 3k 2  2k 1 
F O I L  
 6k 2 3k 2  6k 2 2k   6k 2 1
 2x 3x  2x 4  (5) 3x   5  4 
 18k 4 12k3  6k 2
 6x  8x 15x  20
2
 6x2  7x  20 (Choice C) 
14. 5r3 2r 2  3r  4 
2.  2x  53x  4  
 5r3 2r2  5r3 3r   5r3  4 
F O I L  10r5 15r4  20r3
 2x 3x  2x 4  5  3x   5  4 
 2 15. 2t  33t2  4t 1
 6x2  23x  20 (Choice A)   
 2t 3t 2  4t 1  3 3t 2  4t 1
3.  2x  53x  4  2t 3t   2t 4t   2t 1
2
 33t   34t   31

F O I L 2
 2x 3x  2x 4  53x  54

 6t3  8t2  2t  9t2 12t  3
 6x  23x  20 (Choice D)
6x  8x  15x  20
16.
 6t3  8t2  9t2  2t 12t  3

 6x2  8x 15x  20 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
 6t3  t 2 14t  3
17. m m  5  m  8 24. 2m  65m  3


 m m2  8m  5m  40  Rewrite vertically and multiply.
2m  6

 m m2  3m  40  5m  3
 m m   m 3m  m 40
2  6m  18  32m  6
 m3  3m2  40m 10m2  30m  5m 2m  6
 10m2  24m 18 Combine like terms.

18. p  p  4  p  6

 p p2  2 p  24  25. 5m  3n
5m  3n
 p3  2 p2  24 p
15mn  9n2
19. 4z  2z 13z  4

25m2 15mn

 4z 6z 2  8z  3z  4 2 2
 25m  9n

 4z 6z 2  5z  4  26. 2k  6q
   4z 5z   4z 4
 4z 6z 2 2k  6q
 24z3  20z2 16z 12kq  36q2

4k 2 12kq
20. 2 y 2 y 18 y  3

 36q2

4k 2
 2 y 16 y2  2 y  3
 32 y3  4 y2  6 y 27.  b2  3b  3
2b  4
21. 4x3  x  3 x  2 2
 4b  12b  12

 4x3 x 2  2x  3x  6  2b  6b 2  6b
3




 4x3 x 2  x  6 2b3  2b2  18b  12
 4x3 x 2   4x 3
 x   4x3 6 28.  r2  4r  8
 4x  4x  24x
5 4 3
3r  2


22. 2 у5  у  8 у  2 2r  8r  16

2
у  3r 12r 2  24r

3
 2 у5 2
 2 у  8 у 16
 2у

5
у 2 6 3
r
у 3
16 
1
 0
r
2

3
2
r

1
6
 2 у5  у   2у
2 5
6 у   2 у5 16
29. 2z3  5z2  8z  1
4z  3
 2 у7 12 у6  32 у5
6z3 15z2  24z  3

23. 2 у  33 у  4 8z4  20z3  32z2  4z
Rewrite vertically and multiply.

2у  3 8z4 14z3 17 z2  20z  3
3y  4
 8 y 12  4 2 y  3
6 y2  9 y  3y 2 y  3

6 y2  y  12 Combine like terms.

30. 3z4  2z3  z  5 37. 3x  2  5x 1

2z  5 F O I L
15z4 10z3  5z  25  15x2  3x 10x  2
6z5  4z4  2z2 10z  15x2 13x  2
6z5 19z4 10z3  2z2 15z  25 38.  4x 16x  7

F O I L
31. 2 p2  3 p  6
2  24x2  28x  6x  7
3p  4 p  1
 24x2  34x  7
 2 p2  3 p  6
 8 p3  12 p2  24 p 39. 5x  2 y  4x  3 y
6 p4  9 p3 18 p2 F O I L
4 3 2  20x2 15xy  8xy  6 y2
6 p  p  4 p  27 p  6
 20x2  23xy  6 y2
32. 5 у2  2 у  4
40. 3x  4 y  2x  3y 
2 y2  у  3
F O I L
15y2  6 y 12
 6x2  9xy  8xy 12 y2
5 y3  2 y2  4 y
 6x2 17xy  12 y2
10 y4  4 y3  8 y2
4 3 2 41.  z  w3z  4w

10 y  y  21y  2 y  12
F O I L
33. m  5  m  8  3z2  4zw  3zw  4w2

F O I L  3z2  zw  4w2
 m2  8m  5m  40
42. s  t  2s  5t 
 m2  3m  40
F O I L
34.  p  4  p  6  2s  5st  2st  5t 2
2
F O I L  2s2  3st  5t2

 p2  6 p  4 p  24
43. 6c  d 2c  3d 
 p2  2 p  24
F O I L
35. 4k  33k  2  12c 18cd  2cd  3d 2
2
F O I L  12c2 16cd  3d 2
 12k 2  8k  9k – 6
36. w  2  2w  5
 12k 2  k  6
5 F O I L
 10w2  25w  4w – 10 44. (2m  n) 3m  5n
F O I L
 6m2 10mn  3mn  5n2
 6m2  7mn  5n2
45. Use the formula for the product of the sum and
 10w2  21w 10 difference of two terms.
(x  9)(x  9)  x2  92
 x2  81

46. Use the formula for the product of the sum and Now multiply the last polynomial times 4x.
difference of two terms. 4x(9x6 16)  36x7  64x
(z  6)(z  6)  z2  62
 z2  36 57. Use the2formula
2
for the square
2
of a binomial.
 y  5  у  2  у  55
47. Use the formula for the product of the sum and  y2 10 у  25
difference of two terms.
(2 p  3) 2 p  3  2 p  32 58. Use the formula for the square of a binomial.
2
 a  3
2
 a2  2  a  3  32
 4 p2  9
 a2  6a  9
48. (3x  8) 3x  8  (3x)2  82
59. Use the formula for the square of a binomial.
 9x2  64
 x 1
2
 x2  2  x  112
49. (5m 1)(5m 1)  5m 12
2
 x2  2x 1
 25m2  1
60.  t  2 2  t 2  2  t  2  22
50. (6 y  3)(6 y  3)  6 y   32
2
 t 2  4t  4
 36 у2  9
61. (2 p  7)2  2 p   2  2 p  7   72
2
51. (3a 2c)(3a  2c)  3a   2c

2 2
 4 p2  28 p  49
 9a2  4c2
62. 3z  82  3z 2  23z 8  82
52. (5r  4s)(5r  4s)  5r   4s 
2 2
 9z2  48z  64
 25r2 16s2
63. (4п  3m)2
   4п  2  4п  3m  3m
2
53. (4m  7n 2 )(4m  7n 2 )   4m   7n 2
2 2 2
 16п2  24nm  9m2

 16m2  49n4
2 64. (5r  7s)2
54. 2k 2
 6h 2k 2
  
 6h  2k 2  6h
2
 (5r)2  25r  7s    7s 
2
 4k 4  36h2
 25r 2  70rs  49s2

55. 3y 5 y3  2 5 y  2
3  65.  k  5 p 2  k  2  k 
2 5
  5 p 
2
   p 
First multiply 5 y 3
2  5 y  2.
3  7   7   7 
10 25
 k2  kp 
5 y     p2
2
  2
2
3
 2 5 y 3  2  5 y3 7 49
 25у6  4   3   3 2
q  3 r   q2  2  q 
2
r   
Now multiply the last polynomial times 3у. 66. r

 
3y(25 y  4)  75 у 12 у
6 7  4   4   4 
3 9
  q2  qr  r 2
 
56. 4x 3x3  4 (3x3  4) 2 16
First multiply 3x  43x

3 3

4 .
2
67. (0.2x 1.4 y)2
 0.2x  2(0.2x) 1.4 у  1.4 y 
2 2
(3x3  4)(3x3  4)  (3x3)2  4

6  0.04x2  0.56xу 1.96 y2
 9x 16

68. (0.3x 1.6 y)2 76. [3m  2)  p

2
 0.3x  2(0.3x) 1.6 у  1.6 y 

2 2
 3m  2  2 3m  2 p  p2
2
 0.09x2  0.96xу  2.56 у2

 3m  2(3m) 2  22  2 p(3m  2)  p2
2
 2  2  2  2 2  9m2 12m  4  6mp  4 p  p2

69.  4x   4x    4x   3 
3 3
    
77.  2a  b   3
2
4
 16x  2
 2a  b  2 2a  b  3   32
2
9
 2a  2 2a  6   b2   6  2a  b  32
2
 5  5 2 5
2
70. 3t  3t     3t     
 4  4  4   4a2  4ab  b2 12a  6b  9
25
 9t 
2
78.  4k  h   4

2
16
71. 0.2x 1.30.5x  0.1  4k  h  2  4k  h  4   42

2
F O I L  [(4k)2  2(4k)(h)  h2 ]  84k  h 16

 0.1x2  0.02x  0.65x  0.13  16k 2 8kh  h2  32k  8h 16
 0.1x2  0.63x  0.13
79.  2a  b   3  2a  6   3
72. 0.1y  2.10.5 y  0.4
 2a  b  32
2
F O I L  2a  22a  b   b2   9
2
2
 0.05 y  0.04 y 1.05 y  0.84  

 0.05 y2 1.01y  0.84  4a  4ab  b  9
2 2
 1 80.  m  p   5   m  p   5

73. 3w  z   w  2z 


 4    m  p  52
2
F O I L 
 m2  2mp  p2  25
 3w  6wz 
2 1
wz 
1 2
z 
4 2 81.  2h  k   j   2h  k   j
23 1
 3w 
wz  z2 2
 (22  k)2  j2
4 2
 2   (2h)2  2(2h)(k)  k 2  j2
74. 5r  y  r  5 y 
 2 2 2

 3   4h  4hk  k  j
 
F O I L 82.  3m  y   z   3m  y   z 
2 10
 5r  25ry 
2
ry  2
 3m  y   z2
y 2
3 3
 3m  23m y   y2  z2
73 10 2
 5r 2  ry  y2
3 3  9m2  6my  y2  z2

75. [(5x 1)  6 y] 2
 (5x 1)2  2(5x  1) 6 y    6 y 

2
 (5x 1)2 12 у(5x 1)  36 y2

 [5x  2 5x1 12 ]  60xу 12 y  36 y2
2
 25x2 10x 1  60xу 12 y  36 y2

 у  2   у  2  у  2 87. (q  2)4  (q  2)2 (q  2)2

3 2
83.
  у  2  у  2   22   у  2
2  (q2  4q  4)(q2  4q  4)
 

 y2  4 y  4   y  2 q2  4q  4
Rewrite vertically and multiply. q2  4q  4
y2  4 y  4
y2 4q2  16q  16
 4q3  16q2  16q
2 y2  8 y  8
q4  4q3  4q2
y3   4 y2  4 y
q4  8q3  24q2  32q 16

y3  6 y2  12 y  8
2 88. (r  3)4  (r  3)2 (r  3)2
84. (z  3)3   z  3 (z  3)  (r2  6r  9)(r 2  6r  9)

  z2  2 3 z   9 (z  3)
  Rewrite vertically and multiply.
 
 z 2  6 z  9 (z  3) r 2  6r  9
Rewrite vertically and multiply. r 2  6r  9
z 2  6z  9 9r 2  54r  81
z 3 6r3  36r 2  54r
 3z2  18z  27 r 4  6r3  9r 2
z3  6z2  9z
r 4  12r3  54r 2  108r  81
z3  9z2  27z  27
89. 2a  b3a2  2ab  b2 
85. (5r  s) 3
 (5r  s)2 5r  s  3a2  2ab  b2

 (25r 2 10rs  s2 ) 5r  s  2a  b
 125r3  50r 2s  5rs2  25r 2s 10rs2  s3 3a2b  2ab2  b3

 125r3  75r 2s 15rs2  s3 6a  4a2b  2ab2
3
86. (x  3 y)3 6a3  7a2b  4ab2  b3
 (x  3 у)2 (x  3у) 90. m  5 p   m 2  2mp  3 p2 

 (x  6xу  9 у )(x  3 у)
2 2
 x3  6x2 у  9xу2  3x2 у 18xу2  27 у3 m2  2mp  3 p2

 x3  9x2 у  27 xу2  27 уЗ m  5p

 5m p  10mp2  15 p3
2
m3  2m2 p  3mp2
m3  7m2 p  13mp2  15 p3


91.  4z  x   z 3
 4z x  2zx  x
2 2 3
 a2  3ab  2b2
Rewrite vertically and multiply. a  3b
z3  4z2 x  2zx2  x3  3a2b  9ab2  6b3

4z  x a3  3a2b  2ab2
 z3 x  4z2 x2  2zx3  x4 a3  7ab2  6b3
4z4  16z3 x  8z2 x2  4zx3 Now multiply the last polynomial times ab.
4z4  17z3x  12z2 x2  6zx3  x4 

ab a3  7ab2  6b3 

92. 3r  2s  r 3  2r2s  rs2  2s3   a4b  7a2b3  6ab4
Rewrite vertically and multiply. 96. mp m  p  m  2 p  2m  p
r3  2r 2s  rs2  2s3 First multiply m  p  m  2 p  2m  p  .
3r  2s m  p  m  2 p  2m  p
2r3s  4r2s2  2rs3  4s4   m  p  m  2 p    2m  p 
3r 4  6r3s  3r2s2  6rs3  m2  3mp  2 p2 2m  p 
3r 4  8r3s  r2 s2  4rs3  4s4 Rewrite vertically and multiply.
93. m 2
 2mp  p2  m 2
 2mp  p2  m2  3mp  2 p2
2m 
p
Rewrite vertically and multiply. m2 p  3mp2  3
m2  2mp  p2 2p
2  2mp  2 2m  6m p  4mp
3 2 2
m p
2 2 3 2m3  5m2 p  mp2  2 p3
 m p  2mp  p4
Now multiply the last polynomial times mp.
2m3 p  4m2 p2  2mp3 mp(2m3  5m2 p  mp2  2 p3 )
m4  2m3 p  m2 p2
 4 3 2 2 3 4
2m p  5m p  m p  2mp
m4  4m2 p2  4mp3  p4
97. (x  у)2  3  4  72  49
2
94. 3  x  y (3  x  y)
Rewrite vertically and multiply. x2  у2  32  42  9  16  25
3  x y Since 49  25, (x  у)2  x2  у2.
3 x  3x
2
x
 9
3  x y 98. (x  у)3  (3  4)3  73 
343
 3y  xy  y2
x3  у3  3 3
 xy
 3y  43  27 
64  91
Since 343
 91, (x 
у)3  x3 
у3.
 2 2 99. (x  у)4  (3  4)4  74  2401
9  x  6y y
x4  у4  34  44  81 256  337
95. ab a  b  a  2ba  3b
Since 2401  337, ( x  у)4  x4  у4.
First multiply a  b  a  2ba  3b.
100. (x  у)5  (3  4)5  75  16,807

a  b  a  2ba  3b
  a  b  a  2b   a  3b  x5  у5  35  45  243  1024  1267
Since 16, 807  1267, (x  у)5  x5  у5.
 a2  3ab  2b2 a  3b

101. The formula for the area of a triangle is 107. f (x)  x  1, g(x)  2x  3
1
A  bh. Use b  3x  2 у and h  3x  2 у. ( fg)(x)  f (x)  g(x)
2  (x 1)(2x  3)
1
A  3x  2 y 3x  2 y  2x2  3x  2x  3
2
   2x2  x  3
1
 9x2  4 y2
2
9 108. f (x)  x  7, g(x)  4x  5

 x 2  2 y2
( fg)(x)  f (x)  g(x)
2
 (x  7)(4x  5)
102. Use A  s2 with s  x2  8. 2
 4x  5x  28x  35
A  (x  8) 2 2
 4x2  23x  35
 (x2 )2  2(x2 ) 8  82
 x4 16x2  64 109. f (x)  2x  3, g (x)  4x2  6x  9
( fg)(x)  f (x)  g(x)
103. The formula for the area of a parallelogram is
A  bh. Use b  5x  6 and h  3x  4.  (2x  3)(4x2  6x  9)
A  (5x  6)(3x  4) Multiply vertically.
 15x2  20x  18x  24 4x2  6x  9

2x  3
 15x2  2x  24
1  12x2  18x  27
104. Use A  bh with b  2x  3 and 8x 12x2  18x
3
2
h  x2  2x  4. Find bh first. 8x3  27
x2  2x  4
110. f (x)  3x  4, g(x)  9x2 12x  16
 2x  3
( fg)(x)  f (x)  g(x)
3x2  6x  12  (3x  4)(9x2 12x  16)
2x3  4x2  8x
Multiply vertically.
2x3  7x2  14x  12 9x2  12x  16
A
1
(2x3  7 x2 14x  12) 3x  4
2 36x2  48x  64
7
x  3
x  7x  6
2
27x  36x2  48x
3
2
105. f (x)  2x, g(x)  5x 1 27 x3  64

( fg)(x)  f (x)  g (x) 111. ( fg)(x)  f (x)  g(x)
 2x(5x 1)  (x2  9)  2x 
 10x2  2x  2x3 18x
106. f (x)  3x, g(x)  6x  8 112. ( fh)(x)  f (x)  h(x)

( fg)(x)  f (x)  g (x)  (x2  9)  x  3
 3x(6x  8)
 x3  3x2  9x  27
 18x2  24x
113.  fg  2   f  2   g 2
 (22  9)[2 2]
 54  20

 1  1  1
114. ( fh) 1  f 1 h 1 121.  fh   f  h  
2
 4  4  4 
 (1  9) 1 3      
 82  16  1 2   1 
     9    3

115. (gh)(x)  g(x)  h(x)  4    4 
  2x  x  3  1 144  1 12 
     
4 4 

16 16  
 2x2  6x   
143  13  1859
116. ( fh) 1  f 1 h 1   16  4  64
 
 [(1)2  9]  [(1)  3]  1  1   1 
 84  32 122.  fh   f    h    

 5  5   5 
117.  gh3  g 3 h 3  1 2   1 


    
 [23]  [(3)  3]  5   9     3
 66  36   5 
 1 225  1 15 
   
  
25 25 5 5 
118.  fg 2  f 22 g 2   
 [(2)  9]  [2(2)] 244  16  3584
   
25 5 125
 
 (4  9)  (4)
 5(4)  20 123. The length of each side of the entire square is a.
To find the length of each side of the blue
 fg  
1  1  1 square, subtract b, the length of a side of the
119.  f  g   green rectangle, that is, a  b.
 2  2   2 
     
 1 2    1  124. The formula for the area A of a square with
     9  2   side s is A  s2. Since s  a  b, the formula
2    2 
     
for the area of the blue square would be
 1 36 
4
  1 A  a  b  .
2
 
 35 35 125. The formula for the area of a rectangle is
 4  1  A  LW . The green rectangle has length a  b
4 4
 1  1  1 and width b, so each green rectangle has an
120.  fg    f   g   area of a  b  b or ab  b2.
 3  3  3
      Since there are two green rectangles, the total
 1 2    1 
area in green is represented by the polynomial
     9  2    2(ab  b2 ) or 2ab  2b2.
3 3
     
 1 81  2  126. The length of each side of the yellow square is
     
 9 9  3 
2
b, so the yellow square has an area of b .
80  2  160 127. The area of the entire colored region is
  
 
9 3 27
 
represented by a2 , because each side of the
entire colored region has length a.
128. Using the results from Exercises 123–127, the
area of the blue square equals
a2  (2ab  2b2 )  b2  a2  2ab  b2.

4.5 Dividing Polynomials 323
129. (a) Both expressions for the area of the blue 16x3  8x2  4 16x3 8x2 4
square must be equal to each other; that is, N1. (a)   
4 4 4 4
(a  b)2 from Exercise 124 and  4x3  2x2 1
a2  2ab  b2 from Exercise 128.

81y4  54 y3  18 y 81y4 54 y3 18 y
(b) From Exercise 124, the area of the blue (b)   
square is (a  b)2. From Exercise 128, the 9 y3 9 y3 9 y3 9 y3
2
area of the blue square is a2  2ab  b2.  9 y  6 
Since these expressions must be equal, y2
 a  b
2
 a2  2ab  b2. 2k + 5
This equation reinforces the special product 2. k  6 2k 2  17k  30
for the square of a binomial difference.
2k 2  12k
130. a
Area: Area: 5k  30
a2 ab 5k  30
b Area: Area: 0
ab b2 Check: k  6  2k  5  2k 2  17k  З0
Answer: 2k  5
a b
3x + 5
The large square is made up of two smaller
N2. x  3 3x2  4x  15
squares and two congruent rectangles. The sum
of the areas is a2  2ab  b2. Since a  b
2
3x2  9x
must represent the same quantity, they must be 5x  15
equal. Thus, a  b  a2  2ab  b2.
2
5x  15
0
4.5 Dividing Polynomials
Check: (x  3)(3x  5)  3x2  4x 15
Classroom Examples, Now Try Exercises Answer: 3x  5
10x2  25x  35 10x2 25x 35 3. Divide 4x3  3x  8 by x  2.
1. (a)    Add a term with 0 coefficient as a placeholder

5 5 5 5
3 2 for the missing x2-term.

 4x  2x 1
4x2  8x  19
x  2 4x3  0x2  3x 
(b) 4x  7x 3 12x  4x 3 7x 3 12x3
4 3 2 4 3 2 8
4x 4x 4x 4x 4x3  8x2
7 3
 x  
4 x 8x2  3x
8x2 16x
6a2b4  9a3b3  4a3b4
(c) 19x  8
a3b4
9a3b3 4a3b4 19x  38
6a2b4  3 4  3 4
 3 4 ab ab  46
ab
6 9 Remainder
  4
a b


Check: (x  2) 4x 2  8x  19  46  N4. Divide 2x4  8x3  2x2  5x  3 by 2x2  2.
 (4x3  3x  38) – 46 x2  4x  2
2x2  2 2x4  8x3  2x2  5x  3

 4x3  3x  8
46 2x4  2x2
Answer: 4x2  8x 19 
x2 8x3  4x2

N3. Divide 2x3 12x 10 by x  4. 8x3  8x
Add a term with 0 coefficient as a placeholder

4x2  3x  3
for the missing x2 -term.
2x2  8x  20 4x2  4
x  4 2x3  0x2  12x  10 3x  1
Remainder
2x3  8x2 3x 1
Answer: x2  4x  2 
8x2  12x 2x2  2
8x 2
 32x
5. Divide 8x3  21x2  2x  24 by 4x  8.
20x  10 2x2 
5
x  3
20x  80 4
70 4x  8 8x3  21x2  2x  24
Remainder
 x  4  8x3  16x2
Check: 2x 2  8x  20  70 2
5x  2x
 (2x 12x  80)  70
3
5x2  10x
 2x3 12x 10 12x  24
Answer: 2x2  8x  20 
70 12x  24
x4 0
4. Divide 4m4  23m3 16m2  4m 1 by 5

Answer: 2x  x 3
2
m2  5m. 4
4m2  3m  1
N5. Divide 6m3  8m2  5m  6 by 3m  6.
m  5m 4m  23m  16m2  4m  1
2 4 3
4
 2m2  m  1
4m4  20m3 3
3m  6 6m3  8m2  5m  6
3m3 16m2

6m3  12m2
3m3 15m2
m2  4m 4m2  5m
m2  5m 4m2  8m
m1 3m  6
Remainder 3m  6
m 1 0
Answer: 4m2  3m 1
m2  5m 4
Answer: 2m2  m 1
3

6. f  x  2x2 17 x  30, g  x  2x  5 2. When dividing polynomials that are not

monomials, first write them in descending
f  f  x 2x2 17x  30 powers.
   x  
 g  g  x 2x  5 3. If a polynomial in a division problem has a
 x+ 6 missing term, insert a term with coefficient
2x  5 2x2  17x  30 equal to 0 as a placeholder.
2x2  5x 4. To check a division problem, multiply the

divisor by the quotient. Then add the
12x  30 remainder.
12x  30 15x3 10x2  5 15x3 5 10x2

0 5.   
5 5 5 5
 f 
We conclude that   x  x  6, provided  3x3  2x2  1
 g 
the denominator, 2x  5, is not equal to zero; 27m4 18m3  9 27m4 18m3 9
6.   
5 9 9 9 9
that is, x   .
2  3m4  2m3 1
 f 
Using the above result,  x  x  6, we 9 y2 12 y 15 9 y2 12 y 15
  7.   
g 
 f    
have 1  1  6  5. 3y 3y 3y

5
3y
   3y  4 
g
  y
N6. f  x  8x2  2x  3, g  x  2x 1 2 2
  f  x 2 80r  40r 10 80r 40r 10

8.   
f 8x  2x  3
   x 
10r 10r 10r 10r

 g  g  x 2x 1  8r  4 
1
4x + 3 r
2x  1 8x2  2x  3 15m3  25m2 30m

9.
8x2  4x 5m3
6x  3 15m3 25m2 30m
  
6x  3 5m3 5m3 5m3
5 6
0  3 
 f  m m2
We conclude that  x  4x  3, provided 3 2 3 2
  64x  72x 12x 64x 72x 12x

g
  10.   
the denominator, 2x 1, is not equal to zero; 8x 3
8x 3
8x 3
8x3
1 9 3
that is, x  .  8 
2
 f 
Using the above result,
 
 x  4x  3, we  x 2x2
 g   4m2n2  21mn3 18mn2
11.
14m2n3
 f 
have
 
8  32  3  35. 4m2n2 21mn3 18mn2
g  2 3  2 3  2 3
  14m n 14m n 14m n
2 3 9
Exercises   
7n 2m 7mn
1. We find the quotient of two monomials by
using the quotient rule for exponents.

12. 24h2k  56hk 2  28hk y  4
17. y  5 y  y  20
2
16h2k 2
24h2k 56hk 2  28hk y2  5 y

  16h2k 2
16h2k 2 16h2k 2 4 y  20
3
  7  7 4 y  20
2k 2h 4hk
0
8wxy  3wx y 12w xy
2 2 2
Answer: у  4
13.
4wx2 y
8wxy2 3wx2 y 12w2 xy y 3
  
18. y  6 y  3y  18
2
4wx2 y 4wx2 y 4wx2 y
2 y 3 3w y2  6 y
  
x 4 x 3 y  18
12ab2c 10a2bc 18abc2 3y  18

14.
6a2bc 0
12ab c 2
10a bc 2
18abc 2 Answer: y  3
  
6a2bc 6a2bc 6a2bc q 8
2b 5 3c 19. q  4 q2  4q  32
  
a 3 a 
q2  4q
r2  7r  6
8q  32
15. 3r  1 3r3  22r2  25r  6
8q  32
3r3  r2
0
21r  25r 2
Answer: q  8
21r 2  7r  q 7
q   2q  35
2
 18r  6 20. q  5
 18r  6 
q2  5q
 0
7q  35
Answer: r  7r  6 2
7q  35
3b2  4b  8 0
16. 2b  5 6b3  7b2  4b  40 Answer: q  7
6b  15b
3 2
t 5
8b  4b 21. 3t  2 3t  17t  10
2 2

8b2  20b 3t 2  2t
16b  40 15t  10
16b  40 15t  10
0 0
Answer: 3b2  4b  8 Answer: t  5

k 4 2z2  3z  1
22. 2k  5 2k  3k  20 26. 4z  3 8z3  6z2  5z  3
2
2k 2  5k 8z3  6z2
8k  20 12z2  5z
8k  20 12z2  9z
0 4z  3
Answer: k  4 4z  3
p 4 0
23. p  6 p2  2 p  20 Answer: 2z2  3z  1
p2  6 p m2  m  3
m3  2m2  0m  9
4 p  20 27. m  3
4 p  24
m3  3m2
44
m2  0m
Remainder
44 m2  3m
Answer: p  4  

p6 3m  9
x 3
3m  9
x  11x  16
2
0
24. x  8
Answer: m  m  3
2
x2  8x
p2  p 2
3x  16
28. p  2 p3  3 p2  0 p  4
3x  24
8 p3  2 p2
Remainder p2  0 p
8
Answer: x  3  p2  2 p
x8
2 p  4
m2  2m  1
 2 p  4
3m3  5m2  5m  1
25. 3m  1
 0
3m 3 m 2
Answer: p  p  2
2
6m 2
 5m
6m 2
 2m
3m  1
3m  1
0

Answer: m2  2m  1

x2  2x  3 4m  3
29. 4x  1 4x  9x  10x  3
3 2
32. 2m2  3m  6 8m3  18m2  37m  13
4x3  x2 8m3  12m2  24m

8x2  10x  6m2  13m  13
8x2  2x 6m2  9m  18
12x  3 4m  5
12x  3 Remainder
4m  5
6 Answer: 4m  3 
Remainder 2m2  3m  6
6 x2  x 3
Answer: x2  2x  3 
4x  1 33. x  1
x3  0x2  2x  3
2z2  4z  1 x3  x2
30. 5z  3 10z3  26z2  17z  13

x2  2x
10z 
3
6z 2
x2  x
20z2  17z 3x  3
20z  12z
2 3x  3
5z  13 0
5z  3 Answer: x2  x  3
10  x2  2x  6
  5x2  0x  18
Remainder 34. x  3 x 3
10
Answer: 2z2  4z 1 
5z  3 x3  3x2
2x  5 2x2  0x
31. 3x  2x  4 6x3  19x2  14x  15
2
2x2  6x
6x3  4x2  8x  6x  18
6x  18
15x2  6x  15
0
15x2  10x  20
Answer: x  2x  62
 4x  5
Remainder 2x2  x  5
4x  5 35. x  5 2x  11x  0x  25
3 2
Answer: 2x  5 
3x  2x  4
2
2x3  10x2
 x2  0x
x2  5x
5x  25 0
5x  25
Answer: 2x2  x  5

2x2  5x  5
36. x  1 2x3  3x2  0x  5 39. 2k 2  1
2k2  3k  1
4k  6k  0k  3k  1
4 3 2
2x3  2x2 4k 4  2k 2
5x2  0x 6k3  2k 2  3k
5x2  5x 6k 3  3k
5x  5 2k 2 1
5x  5 2k 2 1
0 0
Answer: 2x2  5x  5 Answer: 2k  3k  1 2
3x2  6x  11 3k2  4k  1
3x  0x 
3 2
x  4 9k 4  12k3  0k 2  4k  1
37. x  2  40. 3k  1
2 
 
3x3  6x2 9k 4  3k 2
6x2  x 12k 3  3k 2  4k
6x2  12x 12k 3  4k

11x  4 3k 2  1
11x  22
3k 2  1
26
0
26
Answer: 3x2  6x 11 Answer: 3k 2  4k  1
x2
z2  3
3k2  6k  21
41. 2z  5 2z  5z  6z  15
3 2
38. k  2 3k3  0k 2  9k  14
2z3  5z2
3k 3  6k 2
6z  15
6k 2  9k 6z  15
6k 2  12k
0
21k  14
Answer: z  32
21k  42
28 p2 6
28 42. 3 p  1 3 p  p  18 p  6
3 2
Answer: 3k 2  6k  21
k 2 3 p3  p2
18 p  6
18 p  6
0
Answer: p  6 2

2 y2  2 x2  4x  2
43. 3y2  2 y  3 6 y4  4 y3  0 y2  4 y  6 47. x2  3 x4  4x3  5x2  3x  2

6 y4  4 y3  6 y2 x4  3x2
6 y2  4 y  6  4x3  2x2  3x
6 y2  4 y  6 4x3  12x
0 2x2  9x  2
Answer: 2 у  2 2
3x2 6
2t2  4 9x  4
44. 4t2  3t  8 8t 4   6t3  0t 2  12t  32 9x  4
Answer: x2  4x  2 
x2  3
8t 4  6t3  16t2
3t2  5t  7
16t 2  12t  32
48. t2  5 3t 4  5t3  8t 2  13t  2
16t 2  12t  32
3t 4  15t 2
0
Answer: 2t2  4 5t3  7t 2  13t
5t3  25t
p2  p 1
45. p  1 p3  0 p2  0 p  1 7t 2  12t  2
3 2 7t 2  35
p  p
12t  37
p2  0 p
12t  37
p2  p Answer: 3t2  5t  7 
t2  5
p 1 5
p  1 p2  p2
2
0 
49. 2 p  2 2 p3  7 p2  9p  3
Answer: p2  p  1

2 p3 + 2 p2
4a2  2a  1 5 p2  9 p
46. 2a  1 8a  0a
3 2
 0a  1 5 p2  5 p
8a3  4a2 4p  3
Answer:
2a  1
 4a2  2a
4a2  2a

4p  4
1
p2 
5
p  2  1

2 2p 2
2a  1
0
Answer: 4a2  2a  1

1 2
x2  x  2 x  1
3 3
7
50. 3x  3 3x3  4x2  7x  4 53. 3x  1 2x2  x  1
3
3x3 + 3x2 2
2x 2
x
x2  7 x 3
x2  x 3x  1
3x  1
6x  4
6x  6 0
2
2 Answer: x 1
Remainder 3
1 2 1
Answer: x2  x  2  m  1
3 3x  3 2
7
3 54. 2m  3 m  2
m  3
a  10 2
2
3
51. 2a  6 3a2  11a  17 m2  m
2
3a2  9a 2m  3
20a  17 2m  3
20a  60 0
1
77 Answer: m  1
3 2
Answer: a 10  77

2 2a  6 3
a 2
5 4
t  1 23
4 55. 4a  3 3a  2 a 5
4
52. 4t  12 5t  19t 
2
7 
2 3a2  9 a
5t  15t 4
4t  7 8a  5
4t  12 8a  6
5 1
5 5
Answer: t 1 Remainder
3 1
4 4t  12 Answer: a2
4 4a  3
P  x  x3  4x2  3x  5
3
q 1 59.
P 1  1  41  31  5
3 2
5
19
56. 5q  2 3q2  q  3
5  1 4  3  5  13
 2 6 Now divide the given polynomial by x  1.
3q  q x2  5x  8
5
x  1 x3  4x2  3x  5
5q  3
5q  2 x3  x2 

1  5x2  3x
Remainder
5x2  5x
3 1
Answer: q 1 8x  5
5 5q  2
8x  8
57. The volume of a box is the product of the
13
height, length, and width. Use the formula
V  LW H . For simplicity, units will be Remainder
The remainder in the division is the same as
omitted until the end.
V  LW H P 1, that is, 13. This suggests that if a
V polynomial is divided by x  r, in this case
W
LH x  1 or x  1, then the remainder is equal
Here, L  H   p  4 p  p2  4 p, so to P r , in this case P 1.
V 2 p3 15 p2  28 p
W  . 60. P  x  4x3  8x2 13x  2 and D  x  2x 1.
LH p2  4 p
2x2  3x  5
2p  7 2x  1 4x3  8x2  13x  2
p2  4 p 2 p3  15 p2  28 p 
3 2 4x3  2x2
2p  8p
7 p2  28 p  6x2  13x
6x2  3x
7 p2  28 p
10x  2
0
10x  5
The width is (2 p  7) feet.
3
d
58. Use r  with d  2m3 15m2  35m  36 Remainder
t If P  x   Q  x  D  x  R  x  , then
and t  2m  9. 
Q  x  2x2  3x  5 and R  x  3.
m2  3m  4
2m  9 2m3  15m2  35m  36

2 
2m3  9m

6m2  35m
6m2  27m
8m  36
8m  36
0
The rate is (m2  3m  4) mph.

f  f  x 10x2  2x g  x  0
61.  g   x  g  x 
  2x x7  0
10x2 2x x7
 
2x 2x Exclude x  7 from the domain.
 5x 1 4x2  6x  9
The x-values that are not in the domain of the 2x  3 8x  0x
65. 3 2
 0x  27
quotient function are found by solving
g  x  0. 8x3  12x2
2x  0
12x2  0x
x0
12x2  18x
Exclude x  0 from the domain.
18x  27
f  f  x
18x2  24x 18x  27
62.    x  
 g  g  x

3x
0
18x2 24x Quotient: 4x2  6x  9
 
3x 3x g(x)  0
 6x  8
2x  3  0
The x-values that are not in the domain of the
quotient function are found by solving 2x  3
g  x  0.
3
x
3x  0 2
3
x0 Exclude x  from the domain.
Exclude x  0 from the domain. 2
2x  3 9x2  12x  16
27x3  0x2  0x  64
66. 3x  4
63. x  1 2x2  x 3
2x2  2x 27x3  36x2
3x  3  36x2  0x
3x  3 36x2  48x
0 48x  64
Quotient: 2x  3 48x  64
g  x  0 0
x 1  0
Quotient: 9x2 12x  16
x  1 g(x)  0
Exclude x  1 from the domain. 3x  4  0
4x  5 3x  4
64. x  7 4x  23x 5x  35
2
 35
5x  35
4x2  28x
x

 from the
4 domain.
3
Ex
clu
de
x
4

3

f  f  x x2  9

67.    x  
 
0
Quotient: 4x  5  g  g  x 2x
We must exclude any values of x that make the

denominator equal to zero, that is, x  0.

f  x
f  x2  9 h 
3 3 9

68.    x    h   3   2   3 
 
 h  h  x x  3 78.   
  3  2  2
 x  3 x  3  g   2   3  3

 
g  2 
  2  2 
x3    
 x  3, x  3 9 3
 
6 2
69.  f  f 2 22  9 5 5
 g   2   g 2    Chapter 4 Review Exercises
  2  2 4 4
70.  f  f  1 12  9 8 1. 43  4  4  4  64
 1    4
 h  h 1 1 3 2  1 4 1 1 1 1 1
2.       
 h  h  x x  3  3  3 3 3 3 81
 
g  x
 
  x 
g ,x0
71.  
  2x 3. 53  555  125
g g  x 2x
72.  x   ,x3 2 2 2 32
 h 
  h  x x3 4.
  
32
 h  h 3 3  3 0 31 2 1 1
 
73.  g 3  g 3   0

 
2 3 6  2  3
2
 
 g  g 1 2 1 2 1  2  33
74.  1 
     18
h h 1 1 3 4 2
5.  2   3 
4
4
1  1 2 1 36
f 9  3 2
 f   1  2  2     
    4 4

75.   3 3 3 3
 g  2  g  1  2  1 1    
   

2 2 2 2
 
2  2 
81
35 
 16
4
6.  5   4   4  4  16
2 2
 3   3 2 9 36
f 9  4 5 5 5 25
 f   3   2   2     
76.           4 4 1 1
 g  2  g  3   3 3 7. 51  61    6 5 1
2  
 
   
 2  2  5 6 30 30 30
27  1 1 2 1 3

 4   27  3 27 1 9
3 4 1   
344 Chapter 4 Exponents, Polynomials, and Polynomial Functions 8. 2
4 3 4
1
 41     
2 4 4 4 4
9. 30  30  1 1  0
3   3 4  2 1
2
4
1
 1    3 
7 10.  38 
 h   1  h  38
 
77.        2   2  2 
7 4
2
42
 8
x 
 
 g   2   1  1  1 2 11. x x
g  2 
 2  2 
   

Chapter 4 Review Exercises 335

 xy   3r5 2
2
12. 3
 x1 2 y  3 2   9r 1 
3
18.
 5r 3   5 
 x2 y6   2r 
2 10
1 y6 3 r 93 r 3
 2  y  2
6
 2 6  3 15
x x 5 r 2 r
5 106 93 315
2
 2 r  3 r
z 
3
3
13. z 6  z 9 z 6 3 2
25 16 729 12
 z96 
9
r 
8
r
 z15 
1 25729 1612
z15  r
98
14.  5m   m 
3 2 4 3
 52 m 6 m 12 
2025 4 2025
8
r 
8r 4
 25m612
 25m18 
25 19. 3x y 4x
4 3 2
y5   34 x x 4 2 3 5
y y
m18  12x 42 35
y
3r 2 r4 32 r 2r4 92 r6  12x2 y8

 
2
15. 9r 3 
r 2r 3 r 2 r3
6m4 n3 41 32
9192 r246 20. 3mn2  2m n
 
2 3 5 1
r 
2m n
91 r12
 
2n
, or 2n
r 5 5
m m5
  
r125 r17
9  9 5 p q  4 p q  20 p
2 5 3

25 13
 21.
q
5 5
 5 5
16. 5z 3 
 5 25z 3 2p q 2p q

 z1  z2 z12 10 p3q2
 
25 
 p5q5
z3 z1  10 p35q25
25 25  10 p8q7
 
z31 z4
10 p8
1 
 6m4   m2  61 m4 m2 q7
 
17.  m9   16  m9 16
    22. In 6 , the base is 6 and the expression

0
m429
1
 simplifies to 1. In 60 , the base is 6 and the
6  16
1 1 expression simplifies to 1.
 m7 
96 96m7 23. Move the decimal to the right of the first
nonzero digit. Place a caret to the right of the
first nonzero digit. Count 4 places. Since the
number 1.345 is to be made larger, the
exponent on 10 is positive.
13, 450  1.345  104

24. Move the decimal to the right of the first 33. (a) The distance from Mercury to the sun is
nonzero digit. Count 8 places. Since the number 3.6 107 mi and the distance from Venus to
7.65 is to be made smaller, the exponent on 10
the sun is 6.7 107 mi, so the distance
is negative.
between Mercury and Venus in miles is
0.0000000765  7.65108

6.7 10   3.6 10 
7 7
nonzero digit. Count 1 place. Since the number  6.7  3.6107

1.38 is to be made smaller, the exponent on 10  3.1107.
is negative. d
0.138  1.38101 Use d  rt, or  t, where d  3.1107

r
26. 308, 700, 000  3.087 108 and r  1.55103.
53, 000  5.3104 3.11073 3.1 

2 2 1.5510  1.55  1073
100  110 or 10   2 104

27. 1.21106  1, 210, 000  20, 000
Move the decimal point 6 places to the right It would take 20,000 hr.
because the exponent is positive. Attach extra
zeros. (b) From part (a), it takes 20,000 hr for a
spacecraft to travel from Venus to Mercury.
28. 5.8103  0.0058 Convert this to days (24 hours  1 day).
20, 000
Move the decimal point 3 places to the left 20, 000 hr  days
because the exponent is negative. 24
 833 days
16 104  16 104  8
29. It would take about 833 days.
8108 8
34. The coefficient of 14p5 is 14. The degree of the
 2 104 or 0.0002
term is 5.
6 102 6 35. The coefficient of z 2  1z2 is 1. The

30.  1025
4 10 5 4 degree of the term is 2.
 1.5103 or 1500 x 1 1
36. The coefficient of  x is . The degree
0.0000000164 1.64 10 8 10 10 10
31.  of the term is 1.

0.0004 4 104
37. The coefficient of 504p3r5 is 504. The degree of
108  4
1.64
 the term is 3  5  8.
4
 0.41104 38. (a) In descending powers of k, the polynomial
is 11k 3  3k 2  9k.
 4.1105 or 0.000041
(b) The polynomial is a trinomial since it has
0.0009 12, 000, 000 9 1.2 10 10
4 7
32.  
400, 000 4 105
9 104 1.2 107 10.8
  10475
4 10 5 4
 2.7 102 or 0.027 t of k is 3.
h
39. (a) In descending powers of m, the polynomial
r
e is 9m7  14m6.
e (b) The polynomial is a binomial since it has
t two terms.
e
r (c) The degree of the polynomial is 7 since the
m highest power of m is 7.
s
.
(c) T
h
e
d
e
g
r
e
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
l
y
n
o
m
i
a
l
i
s
3
s
i
n
c
e
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
p
o
w
e
r
40. (a) The polynomial is already written in 47. f  x  2x2  5x  7

descending powers of y;
5 y4  3y3  7 y2  2 y. (a) f 2  22  52  7

2
(b) The polynomial has four terms, so it is none  24 10  7

of these choices.  8 10  7
(c) The degree of the polynomial is 4 since the  18  7  11
highest power of y is 4.
(b) f 3  2 3  53  7
2
41. (a) The polynomial is already written in
 2 9  15  7
descending powers; 7q5r3.
 18 15  7
(b) The polynomial is a monomial since it has  3  7  4
just one term.
(c) f 0  2 0  5  0   7
2
(c) The degree is 5  3  8, the sum of the
exponents of this term.  007
42. One example of a polynomial in the variable x 7
that has degree 5 is lacking a third-degree term

and is written in descending powers of the 48. f  x  2x  3, g  x  5x2  3x  2
variable as x5  2x4  x2  x  2.
(a)  f  g  x  f  x  g  x
43. Add by columns.
3x2  5x  6

  2x  3  5x2  3x  2 
 5x2  2x  3x  3  2
4x2  2x  5
2 2  5x2  x  5
1x  3x  1 or  x  3x  1
44. Subtract.
(b) f  g  x  f  x  g  x
5 y3  8y  3   2x  3  (5x2  3x  2)
4 y2  2 y  9  2x  3  5x2  3x  2
Change the signs in the second polynomial  5x2  5x  1

and add.
5 y3  8y  3
(c) f  g 1
 f 1  g 1
 4 y2  2 y  9
  2  1  3  5  1  3  1  2 
2
5 y3  4 y2  6 y 12  
 1  10
45. 4a 3
 
 9a  15  2a3  4a2  7a  
8
 4a3  9a  15  2a3  4a2  7a y
2
 4a3  2a3  4a2  9a  7a  15

 6a3  4a2 16a 15 9

y
46. 3y 2
 
 2 y 1  5 y2 11y  6 
49.
5
 3 y2  5 y2  2 y 11y 1 6
 11
(d) f  g 1  f 1  g 1

 110 from part (c)
 9
f (x)  3x2  2x 1, g(x)  5x  7
(a)  g ∘ f 3  g  f 3

 
 g 3  32  2  3 1
 g 32
 5  32  7
 167

(b) f ∘ g 3  f  g 3 (b) x  2000 1990  10

f 10  21.76910  626.67 10
3 2
 f 5  3  7
 f 22 1875.0 10  95, 408
 3  222  2  22 1  117, 556 twin births
 1495 (c) x  20111990  21

f 21  21.769 21  626.67 21
3 2
(c) f ∘ g 2  f  g 2
 f 5  2   7 1875.0 21  95, 408
 f 3  130, 791.761  130, 792 twin births
 33  2 3 1
2
51. Make a table of values to find ordered pairs so
 20 the function can be graphed.
(d)  g ∘ f 2  g  f 2 x f  x  2x  5

 g 32  22 1
2
  2 2 2  5  9
 g 7
577 1 2 1  5  7
 42 0 20  5  5
21  5  3
(e) f ∘ g  x 1
 f  g  x 2 22  5  1
 f 5x  7
 35x  7  2  5x  7 1 This is a 1inear function, so plot the points and
2
draw a line through them.

 3 25x2  70x  49 10x  14 1 
 75x  210x  147 10x 13
2
 75x2  220x  160
(f)  g ∘ f  x  g  f  x

 g 3x2  2x 1 
 53x  2x 1  7
2
Any x-value can be used, so the domain is
, . From the graph, we see that any
 15x2  10x  5  7 y-value can be obtained from the function, so
 15x2  10x  2 the range is , .
50. f (x)  21.769x3  626.67x2

1875.0x  95, 408
(a) x  1990 1990  0

f 0  21.7690  626.67 0
3 2
1875.0 0  95, 408

 95, 408 twin births

52. Make a table of values to find ordered pairs so Any x-value can be used, so the domain is
the function can be graphed. , . From the graph, we see that any
x f  x  x2  6 y-value can be obtained from the function, so
2 22  6  2
 
54. 6k 2k 2  7  6k 2k 2  6k 7  
1  6  5
2
1  12k3  42k
 0 55. 2x  x  4  x  7
2
0  6  6
F O I L
 1
2

 6  5

1
 2x x  7x  4x  28
2
 2  2x  x 
2
2  6  2 2
11x  28
Since the greatest exponent is 2, the graph of f  2x3  22x2  56x
is a parabola.
56. 3m  25m 1
F O I L
 15m  3m 10m  2
2
 15m2  7m  2
57. 3w  2t  2w  3t 
Any x-value can be used, so the domain is F O I L
, . From the graph, we see that the  6w2  9wt  4wt  6t2
y-values are at least 6, so the range is
 6w2 13wt  6t 2
6, .
53. Make a table of values to find ordered pairs so 58. 2 p 2

 6 p (5 p2  4)
the function can be graphed. F O I L
x f  x  x3 1  10 p4  8 p2  30 p3  24 p
 10 p4  30 p3  8 p2  24 p
2 1  9
3
2
59. 3q  2q  4   q  5
2
1  1  2
3
1
 3q  2q  4   q   3q
2 2

 2q  4 5
0  1  1
3
0
 3q3  2q 2  4q 15q 2 10q  20
1  1 1  0
3  3q3  2q2 15q2  4q 10q  20
 3q3 13q2 14q  20
  2   1  7
3
2
 6r 1 6r   
2
60. 2 2
1  6r 2 12
The greatest exponent is 3, so the graph of f is
s-shaped.  36r4  1
61. 4m  32  4m2  2  4m  3   32

 16m2  24m  9
62. 3t  2s 2  3t 2  2 3t  2s   2s2

 9t2 12ts  4s2

 fg 1  36 1  91

3 2
4 y3 12 y2  5 y 4 y3 12 y2 5y (b)
63.   
4y 4y 4y 4y  36  9
5  45
 y2  3y 
4 f  12x2  3x
x2  4x  6 68. (a)    x 
64. x  5 g 3x
2
x3  9x2  26x  30
 12x  3x
 3x
x  5x
3 2 3x
 4x 1, x  0
 4x2  26x
4x2  20x  f 
(b)   2   4 2 1
6x  30  g 
6x  30 7
0
Answer: x  4x  6
2 Chapter 4 Mixed Review Exercises
1 1
p2  6 p  9 1. (a) 42   (A)
65. 2 p  3 2 p3  9 p2  0 p  27 42 16
2 p3  3 p2
(b) 42   4 2    16  G 


12 p2  0 p (c) 40  1 C
12 p2 18 p
(d) 4  1 C
0
18 p  27
18 p  27 2 1 1
(e) 4    A 
54 4 2 16
Remainder (f) 40   4 0    1  E 
54
Answer: p2  6 p  9 
2p 3 (g) 40  40  1 1  0 B
 p2  3 p  6
 5 p 15 p
4 3
 33 p 2
 9 p  18 (h) 40  40  1 1  2  H 
66. 5 p  3
2
(i) 42  41  1  1  1  4  5



F
5 p4 
15 p3  3 p2 42 4
15 p 3
30 p 2
 9 (j) 42  16 I 16
p
P 16
 9
p 16
2. A 
 30 p2  18 D
30 p2  18 4.365106

0 42.23
Answer: p  3 p  6 4.365106

2
4.223101
67. (a)  fg  x  12x2  3x   3x   1.03363105
 12x2 3x  3x 3x  103, 363
The area is approximately 103,363 mi2.

 36x3  9x2

 Chapter 4 Mixed Review Exercises 341

 
1 3 2 2
3. 6 y y  y3 y4 10. x  3 8x  1
8x2  23x  2
 
61  6 y4 y1
6 y4 y1
8x2  24x
y3441
 36 x 2
x  3
y15 y4
  5
36 36
5
4. 53 
1

1

1 Answer: 8x 1 x  3
53 555 125
11.  4x 1  2x  3
3    9   9
2
5. F O I L
 8x2 12x  2x  3
6.  z 2 3
13 z23  8x2 10x  3

5  z 3 1 5z31
z6 12.
 5z x   2zx 
2 3 2 2 1

5z3  10zx  3z x 
3 2 1 4 2
z63
 52 z4 x6 21 z1x2
5 
z9 1
102 z2 x6 32 z2 x8
  2510 z3 x4
2
5 5z9

7. 7 p5 3 p4  p3  2 p2  
2  9z4 x726
25100 z x
 
 7 p5 3 p4  7 p5  p   7 p 2 p 
3 5 2 
29
1250z7 x6
 21p9  7 p8 14 p7 
9
8.  2x  92   2x  2  2  2x  9   92 13.  3m  5n   p  3m  5n   p
 4x2  36x  81
 3m  5n   p 
2 2
 y  2y 
5 4
 3m  23m5n  5n  p2
6 3 2 2
9.
4  9m2  30mn  25n2  p2
 y30 2 y12
y3012 20 y3x3 15y4 x  25yx4
 14.
24 10 yx2
y18 1 20 y3 x3 15y4 x 25yx4

 
24 16 y18   
10 yx2 3y310 yx
5x
2
2 10 yx
2
 2y x 
2

2x 2

15. 2k 1  3k 2  2k  6
 2k 1 3k 2  2k  6
 3k 2  2k  2k 1 6
 3k 2  4k  7

Chapter 4 Test  4 p2 3  6 p8 2

4.
1 1  q4   8 
q
1. (a) 7 2
 
 
C    
72 49
43 p6 62 p16
  
(b) 70  1  A  q12 q16
(c) 70   1  1 43 p10

 D   2 28
6 q
(d) 7  1  A 
0
64 16
 
36 p10q28 9 p10q28
(e) 72  49  E 
 2x   4x 
0 2
5. 4
y 3 3 8
y
1 1
(f) 7  2  
1 1
 14 x6 y16

2
7 2

2

7

9 F 
16
14 14 14 x6 y16

1 1
(g) 7  2  91  B 6. 9.1107  0.00000091
9 Move the decimal point 7 places to the left
71 21 2 because the exponent is negative.
(h)    G 
21 71 7 7. 2, 500, 000  0.00003
0.05 5, 000, 000
(i) 72  49 I  2.510 310 6 5





(j) 7
2

1

1
C 510 510 2 6
72 49 
7.5101

2.  3x y   4x y 
2 3 2 3 4 25104
 0.31014
 32 x22 y32 4x3 y4

 0.3103
 32 x4 y6 4x3 y4
 3104 , or 0.0003
4x43 y64

32 8. f  x  2x2  5x  6, g  x  7x  3
4x7 y10 4x7

 9  9 y10 (a) f  x  2x2  5x  6
 
3
36r 4 r 2 4 23

 24  5  4   6
f 4 2
3.
   2  16  20  6
4
6r 
36r r  32  20  6
6r4  12  6  18
6r4r 6

r4 (b) f  g  x  f  x  g  x
6r10 6  (2x2  5x  6)  (7x  3)
 
r4 r14
 2x2 12x  9

344 Chapter 4 Exponents, Polynomials, and Polynomial Functions Chapter 4 Test 343
(c)  f  g  x  f  x  g  x 10. Make a table of values to find ordered pairs so
 
the function can be graphed.
 2x2  5x  6  7 x  3
x f  x  2x2  3
 2x2  5x  6  7x  3
22  3  5
2
 2x2  2x  3 2
2 1  3  1
(d) Using the answer in part (c), we have the 2
following. 1
 f  g 2  22  22  3
2
20  3  3
2
0
 8  4  3  7
21  3  1
2
1
9. f  x  3x  5, g  x  x  2 2
22  3  5
2
(a)  f ∘ g 2  f  g 2 2
 f   2  2
2 Since the greatest exponent is 2, the graph of f
is a parabola.
 f 6
 365
 23
(b) f ∘ g  x  f  g  x

 f x2  2  The domain of the function is ,  and the
 3x 2
 2  5 range is , 3.
 3x2  6  5 11.
Make a table of values to find ordered pairs so

 3x2 11 the function can be graphed.
(c)  g ∘ f  x  g  f  x x f  x  x3  3

 g 3x  5
2  3  11
3
2
 3x  5  2
2
1  3  4
3
 9x2  30x  25  2 1
 9x2  30x  27 0  3  3
3
0
  1  3  2
3
1
  2   3  5
3
2
Since the greatest exponent is 3, the graph of f

is a cubic (s-shaped).

The domain of the function is ,  and the 18. x 3


 3x2  4   x 1
range is , . Insert 0x for the missing x-term.
x2  4x  4
12. 5x  3  2x 1
F O I L x  1 x3  3x2  0x  4
 10x2  5x  6x  3 x3  x2
 10x2  x  3 4x2  0x
13 2m  53m2  4m  5  4x2  4x

4x  4

 2m 3m2  4m  5  4x  4
 5(3m2  4m  5) 0
 6m3  8m2 10m Answer: x2  4x  4

15m  20m  25
2
 6m3  7m2  30m  25 19. 4x 3


 3x2  2x  5
14. 6x  у  6x  у  6x2  у2  3x 11x  8   x

3 2
x 
 36x2  у2  4x3  3x2  2x  5  3x3 11x
2  8  x2  x
15. (3k  q)2  3k   2 3k  q   q2  x3  2x2 10x 13

 9k 2  6kq  q2
20. f (x)  x2  3x  2, g(x)  x  1
16.  2 у   3z  x    2 у   3z  x 
 2 у  (3z  x)2
2
(a)  fg  x  f  x  g  x
 4 у2  (9 2
6  2
) 
 x 2  3x  2  x 1
 z zx x
  4 у2  9z2  6zx  x2 
 x 2  3x  2  x
 16 p3  32 p2  24 p   x  3x  21
2
17.
4 p2  x3  3x2  2x  x2  3x  2
 x3  4x2  5x  2
3 2
16 p 32 p 24 p
  
4 p2 4 p2 4 p2
6 (b)  fg 2  f 2  g 2
 4 p  8 
  2   3  2   2    2  1
2
p  
 4  6  21
 0 1  0
Alternatively, we could have substituted 2
for x into our answer from part (a).

Chapters R–4 Cumulative Review Exercises 345
f 
(c)  f  x x2  3x  2 4.  |8 13 |  | 4 |  | 9 |   | 5|  4  9
 
   x 
 

 g  g  x x 1  549
x  2  99  0
x  1 x2  3x  2 5. 58  2z   4 7  z   7 8  z   3
x2  x 40 10z  28  4z  56  7z  3
2x  2 6z 12  7z  53
65  z
2x  2
Thus, the solution set is 65.
0
 f  6. 3 x  2  5 x  2  2x  4
Thus,   x  x  2 if x 1  0, that is,
 g  3x  6  5x 10  2x  4
x  1. 2x  4  2x  4
(d) Using our answer from part (c), The last statement is true for all real numbers,
f   so the solution set is {all real numbers}.

  2  2  2  0.
 g  7. Solve A  p  prt for t.
A  p  prt
Chapters R–4 Cumulative Review A  p  prt Subtract p.

Exercises A p
t Divide by pr.
1. (a) 34 is a natural number, so it is also a whole pr
number, an integer, a rational number, and a

real number. 8. 2 m  5  3m 1  5
A, B, C, D, F 2m 10  3m 1  5
(b) 0 is a whole number, so it is also an integer, m 11  5
a rational number, and a real number. m  6
B, C, D, F m6
(c) 2.16 is a rational number, so it is also a real The solution set is , 6.
number.
D, F 9. | 3x 1 |  2
(d)  36  6 is an integer, so it is also a 3x 1  2 or 3x 1  2
rational number and a real number. 3x  3 3x  1
C, D, F 1
x 1 or x
(e) 13 is an irrational number, so it is also a 3
 1 
real number. The solution set is  3 , 1 .
E, F  
 
4
(f)  is a rational number, so it is also a real 10. 3z 1  7
5 3z 1  7 or 3z  1  7
number.
D, F 3z  6 3z  8

z  2 or 8
z
2. 9  4 16  4  9  4  16  4  36  4  32
3
 8
 1 2  1 3 1 1 The solution set is ,   2, .
    3
3.
 3   2  9 8  

8 9  1
 
72 72 72

11. Look for news: Because the slope is 4 and the у-intercept is
33% of 5000  0.335000  1650 0, the equation of the line in slope-intercept
form is у  4x.
Check email:
1600
 32% (b) The standard form is Ax  Bу  C.
5000 у  4x
Find or check a fact:

0  4x  у, or 4x  у  0
1050
 21%
5000 17. If у  0, x  4, so the x-intercept is 4, 0.
Play games: If x  0, у  3, so the у-intercept is 0, 3.
14% of 5000  0.14 5000  700

Draw a line through these intercepts. A third
12. The sum of the measures of the angles of any point may be used as a check.
triangle is 180°, so
 x 15  6x 10   x  5  180.
Solve this equation.
8x  20  180
8x  160
x  20
Substitute 20 for x to find the measures of the 18. Graph the boundary, у  2x  6, as a solid line
angles. through the intercepts 3, 0 and 0,  6. A
x  5  20  5  15
third point such as 1,  4 can be used as a
x 15  20 15  35
check.
6x 10  620  10  130 Using 0, 0 as a test point results in the false
The measures of the angles of the triangle are inequality 0  6, so shade the region not
15°, 35°, and 130°. containing the origin. This is the region below
13. Use the definition of slope with x1  4, the line. The solid line shows that the boundary
is part of the graph.
у1  5, x2  2, and у2  3.
y2  y1 3  5 8 4
m   
x2  x1 2  4 6 3
14. The slope of every horizontal line is 0.

15. (a) Use the point-slope form with x1  4,
у1  1, and m  4.
y  y1  m  x  x1 
0
m
y  1  4 x  4 
y 1  4x  16 4
y  4x 15 
(b) The standard form is 0

у  4x 15 
4x  у  15
4
1
16. (a) Find the slope. 
19. G , (2, 3), and (2,  3). Choose a test point not
r on the line. Using (1, 1)
a results in the false statement 5  0, so shade
p the region not containing 1, 1. This is the
h region below the line. The dashed line shows
Ax  By  C. t that the boundary is not part of the graph.
h
e
b
o
u
n
d
a
r
y
,
3
x

2
y

0
,
a
s
a
d
a
s
h
e
d
l
i
n
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h

0
,
0

5.5  25.3 Since x  3,

20. (a) m 
41 0 3x  4 у  1  1

19.8 3 3   4 у  1
41 9  4y 1
 0.48
4 y  8
The average rate of change is approximately
0.48 gallons per year; that is, the number y2
of gallons of milk drunk in the United The solution set is 3, 2.
States per capita decreased an average of
0.48 gallons per year during the selected 24. 3x  2 y  4  1
years. 6x  4 у  7  2 
(b) y  mx  b Multiply equation (1) by 2 and add the result to
y  0.48x  25.3 equation (2).
6x  4 y  8  1  2
(c) For the year 2000, x  2000 1970  30. 6x  4 y  7 2
y  0.48 30  25.3 0  15 False
 10.9
Since a false statement results, the system is
The model approximates about 10.9 gallons inconsistent. The solution set is .
of milk was drunk per person in 2000.
25. x  3y  6z  7 1 
21. 4,  2  , 1, 0  , 2, 0  , 5, 2 2x  y  z  1 2
The domain is the set of first components, that x  2 y  2z  1 3
is, 4,  1, 2, 5. To eliminate x, multiply equation (1) by 2
The range is the set of second components, that and add the result to equation (2).
is, 2, 0, 2. 2x  6 y  12z  14 1 2

The relation is a function since each first 2x  y  z  1  2 
component is paired with a unique second
component.  7 y  13z  13  4 
To eliminate x again, multiply equation (3) by

22. g  x  x2  2x  6 2 and add the result to equation (2).
g 3  32  23  6 2x  y  z  1  2 
 9  6  6 2x  4 y  4z  2 3 2
 9  5 y  3z  3 5
Use equations (4) and (5) to eliminate z.
23. 3x  4 y  1 1  Multiply equation (4) by 3 and add the result to
2x  3y  12 2 13 times equation (5).
To eliminate y, multiply equation (1) by 3 and equation (2) by 4. Then add the results.

21y  39z   39 4 3 65y  39z  39 513
9x  12 y  3 3 1 86 y  0
8x  12 y  48 4   2 
y  0
17x  51
From equation (5), 3z  3, so z  1.
x  3 From equation (3), x  2  1, so x  1.
The solution set is 1, 0, 1.

 2m 
26. The length L of the rectangular flag measured 3
2 3
12 feet more than its width W, so 30. n
L  W  12. 1
  n 
3 3
 23 m 2 3
The perimeter is 144 feet.

P  2L  2W 2  23 m23n33
Substitute W 12 for L into equation (2).  23 m6n9
144  2W 12  2W

m6 m6
 
144  2W  24  2W 23 n9 8n9
120  4W
30  W 31. 3x 2
 
 8x 1  x 2  3x  9 
From equation (1), L  30 12  42.  3x2  8x  1 x2  3x  9
 
The length is 42 feet and the width is 30 feet.
 3x2  x2  8x  3x  1 9
27. Make a chart.
 2x  5x  10
2
Number Percent
of Liters
of Solution
(as a
decimal)
Liters of Pure
Alcohol
32.  x  2 у x2  2xу  4 у2 
Multiply vertically.
x 0.15 0.15x
x2  2xy  4 y2
y 0.30 0.30 у
x  2y
9 0.20 0.20 9  1.8
2x2 y  4xy2  8 y3
From the first and third columns, we have the x3  2x2 y  4xy2
following system: x3  8 y3
x у 9 1  Thus,
0.15x  0.30 у  1.8  2   x  2 у x2  2xу  4 у2  x 3

 8 у3.
To eliminate x, multiply equation (1) by 15

and add the result to 100 times equation (2). 33. 3x  2 у  5x  у 
15x  15 у  135 F O I L
15x  30 у  180  3x 5x  3x  y   2 y 5x  2 y  y 
15у  45  15x2  3xy 10xy  2 y2
у 3  15x2  7xy  2 y2
From equation (1), x  3  9, so x  6.

Agbe should use 6 L of 15% solution and 3 L 16x3 y5  8x2 y2  4
of 30% solution. 34.
4x2 y
 3  
3
3
23 m3 n3 9 3 16x3 y5 8x2 y2 4

35228.
Chapter
2m4 nExponents, Polynomials,
8m nand Polynomial Functions 
 2      2 2
p 
p 2 3 p 6 4x 2 y 4x y 4x y
 
1
  4xy4  2 y 
x6 y3 z1 y4 y3 y7 x2 y
29.  
x7 y4 z x6 x7 z1z x13 z2

m2  2m  3

35. m 1 m3  3m2  5m  3

m3  m2
 2m2  5m
2m2  2m
3m  3
3m  3
0
The remainder is 0. The answer is the quotient,
m2  2m  3.

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Solution Manual for Intermediate Algebra 12th

edition Lial Hornsby and McGinnis 0321969359

Chapter 4 (c) 290  (290 )  1

Exponents, Polynomials, and (d) 80 150  11  0

(b) Since x  0, 5x  0 and (5x)0  1.

1. Apply the product rule for exponents, if (c) 50  (50 )  1

the bases m and p are not the same. The 4 1

(c) Use the associative and commutative

(c) p2  q2 cannot be simplified further because 1 1 1 43

Any real number (except 0) raised to the 27 1 27 3

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

N7. (a)  1   3   3 9

the bases x and у are different. The quotient

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

 3n4  (3)3 n43 27n12 x3

N6. (a)  9x   93 x3  729x3

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

 p2(2) q4(1) (b) Move the decimal 5 places to the left.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

2. (5x)3  53 x3 is correct. 19. r 2  s4 cannot be simplified because the product

been simplified incorrectly.

(c) 9  1 B

has been simplified incorrectly.

Since x  0, the expression xу0  0 has been (b) 8x0  81  8  E 

45  42  452  47 23. 150  1, since a0  1 for any nonzero base a.

28. 30  1 since 30 is in parentheses.

29. 30  3  11  2

15. 3w 9w   39 w

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34. 80  k 0  11  2

18. 8s t 3s t   83s

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43 64 64 53. 5  6 

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44. (5t)    22 33 27

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75 53 53 8 88.     

(d)         3  3 B

79. (x3 )6  x3  6  x18  2 2  5 2

83. 4t   4 t  64t    

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1 118. (3 p4 )2 ( p3 )1  32 p4  2 p3(1)

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(m4 )0 1 m3 m3 It is not necessary to include these steps once

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 a2b6  19 412 Product rule

145. (5k 2 )3  3 ) 148. 3 4 32

 25(3 2) y 123z 32

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21 m3 x2 33 m12 x3 21 a2 52 b8 31b2

 Quotient rule 108a14b9

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12 104 12 104 179. 20, 000  0.018 2 104 1.8102

 6 1046 2 1.8 104 102

174. 16 10  16 1058  3000

51.6 102 103

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 $3151 9.3107 9.3  73 

 3.174 108 32, 000 hours

191. First find the number of seconds in a year.

 0.305105  3.1536 107 sec

 3.05104 Now use d  rt and multiply the rate light