Greek Words:

• Philo = to love
• Sophia = wisdom

• the love of reasoning making wisdom as its primary goal.

• Philosophy is defined as the science that by natural light of
reason studies
• the highest principles of things.
A.) Philosophy is a science
B.) It employs Natural Light of Reason
C.) Philosophy has an inclination to Study All
Things.
D.) Philosophy employs First Cause or Highest
Principle
A.) Philosophy is a science

• It is called as such because it is systematic and

follows certain steps or procedures.
• it is an organized body of knowledge same as
any other sciences
B.) It employs Natural Light of Reason

• philosophical investigation does not use any

laboratory instrument, investigative tools nor
supernatural approach
• Philosophers use their natural thinking capacity or
use the so-called unaided reason.
C.) Philosophy has an inclination to Study All
Things.

• Other sciences concern themselves with a

particular object of investigation but Philosophy
concerns all things.
• Multidimensional or Holistic
D.) Philosophy employs First Cause or Highest
Principle

• principle means a reason (or an explanation)

from which something proceeds in any manner
whatsoever.
FIRST CAUSE OR HIGHEST PRINCIPLE

1.) Principle of Identity

2.) Principle of Non-Contradiction
3.) Principle of Excluded Middle
4.) Principle of Sufficient Reason
PRINCIPLES OF FIRST CAUSE OR HIGHEST PRINCIPLE

1.) Principle of Identity

•“everything is what it is”

•What is not is not and what is is.
PRINCIPLES OF FIRST CAUSE OR HIGHEST PRINCIPLE
2.) Principle of Non-Contradiction

•It is an impossibility for a particular

thing to be and not to be at the same
time at the same respect.
PRINCIPLES OF FIRST CAUSE OR HIGHEST PRINCIPLE
3.) Principle of Excluded Middle

•Everything must be “either be or not be”

or “either is or is not”.
•There is no middle ground.
PRINCIPLES OF FIRST CAUSE OR HIGHEST PRINCIPLE
4.) Principle of Sufficient Reason

• There is sufficient reason for the being and

existence of everything.
• To say that something is unexplainable already
gives a reason for it being unexplainable.
THE MISSING PESO
Three friends decided to eat in a restaurant. Each has P10. They agreed to
cheap in their money (amounting to P30) and chose a menu which they
could eat together. After finishing their meal, they’ve learned that their
bill amounted to P25.
This is what they did with the remaining P5. Each one got P1 back and
they gave the waiter P2 as tip.
Here’s the puzzle. If each of them contributed P10 and got back P1 later it
means that each one actually spent P9. If we multiply P9 by 3 (friends), it
means that they spent P27. Adding the P2 they gave to the waiter to P27
they spent, makes it P29. If their money from the start is P30, where is
the P1?